Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM ANIMALIA.
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia The...
Transcript of Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia The...
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InvertebratesDomain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
The Metazoans
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Evoln of Animals
• Animals of Kingdom Animalia are multicellular euakaryotic heterotrophs that ingest their food
• Animals have the diploid life cycle and usually reproduce sexually
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• Muscle and Nerve Tissues characterize animals
Enables animals to
1) search actively for their food and
2) prey on other organisms
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• Animals are monophyletic
–Both invertebrates and vertebrates can trace their ancestry to the same ancestor
• Adult vertebrates have a spinal cord (backbone)
• Invertebrates do not have a backbone
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Ancestry of Animals• The colonial flagellate hypothesis states that
animals are descended from an ancestor that resembled a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells
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• Colonial flagellate hypothesis implies that radial symmetry preceded bilateral symmetry in the history of animals
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Radial Symmetry
• Any longitudinal cut produces two identical halves
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Bilateral Symmetry
• Only one longitudinal cut yields two identical halves
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Remember the Choanoflagellate?
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• The choanoflagellates (collared flagellates) resemble the last unicellular ancestor of living animals, and molecular data illustrates that they are the closest living relatives of animals
• As water moves
through the microvilli,
they engulf bacteria
and debris from the water
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Phylogenetic Tree of Animals-Cladogram-
• Based on molecular and morphological data
• The more closely related two organisms are, the more rRNA nucleotide sequences they will have in common
It’s all genetic and chemical
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Morphological Data
• Asymmetry
• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry
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Asymmetry
• There is no particular body shape (e.g., sponges)
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Radial Symmetry• Body parts arranged
around an axis, like spokes of a wheel (e.g., starfish)
– May be sessile –attached to a substrate or less motile
– Enables the animal to reach out in all directions from one center
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Bilateral Symmetry• Body plan having a right and left, or
complementary halves
– Only one longitudinal cut down the center produces mirror halves
– Tend to be active
– Have anterior (front) and posterior (back) ends
– Development of head to localize the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end (Cephalization)
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Embryonic Development• The first three tissue layers are called germ
layers.
• They give rise to the organs and organ systems of complex animals
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Diploblastic
• Animals with two tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) as embryos
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Triploblastic
• Animals that develop further and have all three tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) as embryos
• Can be further divided into protostomes or deuterostomes
• A coelom forms by the splitting of the mesoderm.
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Protostomes exhibit the following events during embryological development
• Spiral cleavage in which the cells divide w/o an ↑ in size
• Fate of cells is fixed – each contributes to development in only one particular way
• blastopore is associated w/ the mouth
• A coelom forms by splitting of the mesoderm, which has arisen from cells near the blastopore
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Coelom• A body cavity
• Lies between the gut and body wall and has a lining (the peritoneum) derived from the mesoderm
• Organs that developed w/in this cavity are cushioned and protected
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Deuterostomes exhibit the following events during embryological development
• Radial cleavage - the new daughter cells sit atop the previous cells
• Fate of cells is indeterminate
• Blastopore is associated with the anus, mouth appears later
• Coelom forms by the fusion of mesodermal pouches from the primitive gut
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Body Cavities - Acoelomate
epidermisgut cavity
no body cavity; region between gut
and body wall packed with organs
Fig. 25-6, p.406
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Body Cavities - Pseudocoelomate
epidermis gut cavity
unlined body cavity
(pseudocoel) around gutFig. 25-6, p.406
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Body Cavities - Coelom
gut cavity
peritoneumlined body cavity
(coelom)
Fig. 25-6, p.406
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Phylum Porifera
The Sponges
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• No symmetry
• No tissues – Cells line all body surfaces but don’t form distinct tissues
• No organs
• Aquatic
• Sessile Filter feeders – water enters through tiny pores and exits through one or more large openings
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• Collar cells trap food
• Cells engulf bacteria or other organic debris
• Collar cells release some of it to amoeba-like cells that process food and carry out other tasks that benefit the sponge
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Water injected with fluorescien dye to watch the filtering process
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Sponge Skeleton• All sponges have
fibers made of spongin – a protein that gives the sponge its flexibility
• The endoskeleton contains spicules –tiny needle shaped structures with 1-6 rays
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Sponge Predators
• Sea Slugs • Very few b/c of spicules and production of foul smelling and toxic substances
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Asexual Reproduction - Budding
• Small buds or pieces break away and grow into new sponges
• Can produce large colonies
• Fragmentation
• Production of Gemmules -encapsulated amoebocytes
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Sexual Reproduction• Eggs and sperm are
released into the central cavity
• Zygote develops into a ciliated larva – free living, sexually immature stage of animal development
• Larvae are flagellated, can swim briefly until settle in suitable substrate
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central cavity
water out
water in
flagellum microvilli nucleus
glasslike structural elements
amoeboid cell
pore
semifluid matrix
flattened surface cells
Fig. 25-10, p.409
Stepped Art
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Fig. 25-9d, p.408
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The Jellies
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Phylum Ctenophora• The Comb Jellies
• The largest animals propelled by beating cilia
• Range in size from a few cm to 1.5 m in length
• Most of their body is jelly-like material called mesoglea
• Long tentacles covered with sticky filaments –or an entire body covered by sticky mucus –captures prey
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Phylum Cnidaria• Cnidarians
• Tubular or bell-shaped
• Can be marine, freshwater or brackish forms
• Gastrovascular cavity digests food, circulates nutrients and serves as supportive hydrostatic skeleton
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Phylum Cnidaria• Only animals
that produce nematocysts
• Nerve net
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Saclike gut
barbed thread inside capsule
capsule’s lid at free surface of epidermal cell
trigger
nematocyst Fig. 25-13, p.410
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• Have cnidocytes – specialized cells containing nematocysts
– The nematocyst is a fluid-filled capsule containing a long, spirally coiled hollow thread
– When the trigger of cnidocyte is touched, the nematocyst is discharged
– Some threads merely trap prey or predators; others have spines that penetrate and inject paralyzing toxins
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What can the nematocysts do to humans?
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Two Main Body Plans
outer epithelium (epidermis)
mesoglea(matrix)
inner epithelium (gastrodermis)
Medusa
Polyp
Fig. 25-12, p.410
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• Polyp is vase-shaped
• Mouth is upward
• Sessile
• Produces the medusae
• Medusa is bell-shaped
• Mouth is downward
• Has more mesoglea
• Tentacles found around margin of bell
• Motile
• Produces eggs and sperm
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Phylum
Class
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Class Anthozoa – Sea Anemones
• Solitary polyps
• Upward turned oral disk contains mouth surrounded by hollow tentacles containing nematocysts
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Class Anthozoa - Corals• Resemble sea anemones encased in CaCO3
• Responsible for coral reefs by slow accumulation of limestone
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Class Hydrozoa - Hydra• Dominant polyp stage
• Portuguese Man of War is colony of polyps
– Original polyp becomes the
gas-filled float
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Nerve Net of Hydra
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Class Scyphozoa – True JelliesHelmet Jelly
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Class Cubozoa – Box Jellies
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The Flatworms
The Simplest Organ Systems
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Phylum Platyhelminthes• Bilateral Symmetry
• Moderate cephalization
• Triploblastic
• Possess several distinct organs, organ systems and true muscles
• Possess an incomplete digestive tract – only one opening
• No coelom
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Class Turbellaria
• Marine or freshwater and moist terrestrial habitats
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Planarians• Carnivorous – eat small animals and carrion
• Breathe by diffusion through skin
– Flattened body places all cells close to water
• Flame cells – excretory apparatus – fxn to maintain water balance
– Ammonia wastes diffuse from cells to water
• Move by means of cilia on ventral surface to glide along film of mucus
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• Pharynx – sucks up food and expels wastes
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• Reproduce asexuallyby transverse fission
• Mid-body constriction separates the parent into two halves, each of which regenerates the missing portion
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• Reproduces sexually by cross-fertilization of hermaphroditic forms
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• Muscular contractions produce undulations which allow some to swim
• Eyespots on head detect light
• Pair of lateral auricles detect environment
• Rudimentary brain (ganglia) capable of simple learning
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Class Trematoda
• PARASITIC – feed on a host
– Cause weight loss
• BLOOD FLUKES and LIVER FLUKES
• Suckers present for attaching to host internal organs
• Majority are hermaphroditic
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Human is the definitive (1°)host – where the mature parasite lives
Snail is the intermediate (2°) host –where the immature stage lives
Life cycle of Schistosoma japonicumInfects 200 million people/year
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Class Cestoda• TAPEWORMS
• Parasites of vertebrate digestive systems
• Scolex – head armed with suckers and/or hooks that help maintain position by attaching to intestinal lining
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• Proglottids – long ribbon of units located behind scolex
– Filled with reproductive organs
• No digestive system
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Life Cycle• Mature proglottids fill with eggs, are released
from posterior end of worm, pass from body with feces
• Eggs are eaten by intermediate host and larva develops, usually in muscle tissue
• Definitive host becomes infected when it eats an intermediate host containing the larvae
*Cook your beef and pork WELL DONE
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Life cycle of the beef tapeworm Taenia saginata. Can grow to be 25 meters long.
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The Annelids
Segmented worms
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Phylum Annelida• True coelom – well-developed and fluid-filled
– serves as hydrostatic skeleton,
– permits development of complex organ systems,
– protects internal structures,
– permits internal organs to fxn separately from the body wall muscles
• Segmented (repeated body parts) – provides for specialization of diff body regions
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Class Oligochaeta / Clitellata
• The earthworms - (scavengers)
• Feed on soil and detritus – decaying org matter Aerate the soil – important to farmers
• Few bristles (setae) per segment – used for traction while crawling and burrowing
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Complete digestive system divided into parts
Each part specialized for a specific fxn in digestion
Pharynx esophagus crop gizzard intestine
*Excretory system found in each segment
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Closed Circulatory System
• Hgb present in blood cells
• Dorsal and ventral longitudinal vessels connected by pairs of vessels
• 5 pairs of hearts circle the esophagus
• gas exchange thru skin
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Nervous System
• Pair of cerebral ganglia (rudimentary brain) lie above pharynx
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Reproduction• hermaphroditic
• Worms X∆ sperm and store it
• The clitellum secretes a mucous cocoon -slides along worm picking up its eggs and then the stored sperm
• Cocoon slips off worm into soil and protects embryos during development
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Movement
• Muscles in each segment contract and elongate
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Class Hirundinea• Leeches
• Carnivorous predators &/or
parasites
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• Blade-like jaws - slit the host’s skin or secrete enzyme that digests a hole in the skin
• Secretes numbing chem to prevent detection of the incision
• Secrete hirudin
– protein that
prevents blood
clotting
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Medicinal Use• Used to treat bruised tissues and for stimulating
circulation of blood to fingers and toes reattached after being severed
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Colored SEM of teeth of medicinal leech UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
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Following failed venous reconstruction with vein grafts, leeches were applied and color improved dramatically. Application continued every 4 to 6 hours. 5 days postoperatively, active range of motion was begun. 8 days postoperatively, venous flow was sufficiently restored.
3 weeks postoperatively, a skin graft was performed. 6 weeks postoperatively, following treatment with active and passive movement as well as coban taping, the finger has a TAM of 224 degrees.
Leeches U.S.A. LTD
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A 45-year-old, white male patient who suffered a complete avulsion of the upper two-thirds of his right ear. The ear was reattached….
24 hrs after surgery 48 hrs 72 hrs 6 days
2 months after surgery
Leeches U.S.A. LTD
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Phylum Nematoda
The Roundworms
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The Nematodes• Cylindrical, bilateral
bodies with tapered ends
Caenorhabditis elegans –species used by scientists for experiments
– Small, tiny, transparent, only 959 body cells
– Easy to observe and manipulate
http://tuebingen.mpg.de/en/homepage/detail/the-reason-worms-dont-have-legs-and-are-still-able-to-accomplisch-everything.html
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• Many are agricultural pests
• Some are animal parasites:
Ascaris lumbricoides –largest intestinal worm to infect humans
Cause stomach pain, vomiting, fever, wheezing, and abdominal tenderness and worm move through intestines
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• Trichinella spiralis –Attach to intestines of pigs and game animals
• Eggs develop and migrate to blood and muscles – CausesTrichinosis
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• Wuchereria bancrofticauses elephantiasis
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Pinworms caused by
Enterobius vermicularis –live in the human rectum
– Common in young children
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Phylum Mollusca
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Phylum Mollusca
• Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Soft bodied,
– most protected by hard CaCO3 shell
– Squids and octopuses have reduced, internalized shell or no shell
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Molluscan Body Plan• 3 parts
– Foot for locomotion
–Visceral Mass containing most of the internal organs
–Mantle – heavy fold of tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell
• Radula – present in many molluscs – fxns as a rasping tongue to scape food from surfaces
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Class Bivalvia• Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops• Shell divided in 2 halves• May extend foot for mobility or anchorage• Mantle contains gills for gas X∆ and feeding• Most are suspension feeders
– Traps small food particles in mucus coating of gills and use cilia to move particles to mouth
– Water enters incurrent siphon, moves over gills, exits an excurrent siphon
• No radula or distinct head
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• Sedentary lives
– Use foot as anchor in sand/mud
– Sessile mussels secrete threads that anchor them to rocks, docks or other hard surfaces
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• Scallops propel themselves along the sea floor by flapping their shells
Light sensitive “eyes” of scallop
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Class Gastropoda• Snails and Slugs
• Herbivores - use radula to scrape food
• Torsion during embryonic development
– Causes anus to develop above head of adult
• Most have shell (exceptions are slugs and nudibranchs)
• Many have distinct heads with eyes at tips of tentacles
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Class Cephalopoda• Squids and octopuses
• Carnivores
– Use beaklike jaws to crush prey
– Mouth is at center of several long tentacles
• Mantle covers visceral mass
• Shell reduced and internal in Squids
• Shell totally absent in Octopuses
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• Closed circulatory system – blood is always contained in vessels
• Well developed nervous system – complex brains capable of learning
• Well developed sense organs
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Chambered Nautilus
• Only shelled cephalopod alive today
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Squids• Swim backward in open
water
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Octopuses• Usually move along sea
floor in search for food – instead of swimming in open water
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Phylum Echinodermata
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• 1°ly bottom dwelling marine animals
• 5-pointed radial symmetry as adults
• Larvae are free-swimming, bilateral, filter-feeders
• Endoskeleton of calcium-rich ossicles
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Class Asteroidea
• Sea stars – 5 or more arms extending from a central disc
• Tube feet on undersurface of arms
• Regeneration abilities
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Class Holothuroidea
• Sea Cucumbers
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Class Echinoidea
• Sea urchins and sand dollars
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Class Ophiuroidea
• Brittle stars
• No suckers on tube feet
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Class Crinoidea
• Sea Lilies
• Mouths point upward Used in suspension
feeding
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Class Concentricycloidea
• Sea daisies
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Phylum Arthropoda
The most successful phylum
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Arthropods
• Segmented bodies
• Jointed appendages modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, copulation and defense.
• Covered by cuticle – exoskeleton constructed of layers of chitin and protein
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Exoskeleton
• thin and flexible in joints, thick and hard elsewhere
• Provides protection and points of attachment for muscles
• Impermeable to water
• Must be shed for animal to grow (molt) and new one is secreted
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Cephalization
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Gas X∆
• Feathery gills in aquatic species
• Tracheal system in insects
• Book-lungs in other terrestrial forms (spiders)