Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Tutorial: Plants Kingdom: Plants...
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Transcript of Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Tutorial: Plants Kingdom: Plants...
DomainBacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestor
Tutorial: Plants
Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya
The first plants For more than 3 billion years, Earth’s terrestrial surface was lifeless
life evolved in the seas 1st photosynthetic plant organisms were aquatic green algae
(charophytes/chlorophytes)
special adaptations for life on dry land protection from drying = desiccation
waxy cuticle gas & water vapor exchange (through cuticle)
stomates water & nutrient conducting systems
xylem & phloem protection for embryo
seeds
Plant Diversity
Bryophytesnon-vascularland plants
Pteridophytesseedless
vascular plants
Gymnospermpollen &
“naked” seeds
Angiospermflowers & fruit
seed plants
vascular plants
mosses fernsconifers flowering plants
colonization of land
non-vascular plants
seedless plants
Plant Classification
Bryophytes Pteridophytes
Tracheophytes
Gymnosperm
Conifer Angiosperm
Non-vascular Vascular Vascular Vascular
seedless seedless seeds seeds
Spores &
Haploid Gameotophyte
Spores &
Haploid Gameotophyte Cones - naked seeds Flowers - fruit w/ seeds
Swimming sperm Swimming sperm Pollen & Seeds Pollen & Seeds
Mosses, liverworts Ferns Pine, Spruce, Redwood Lily, Maple, Oak, Rose
Vascular tissue Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves Xylem
carry water & minerals up from roots
tube-shaped dead cells only their walls provide a system
of microscopic water pipes
Phloem carry nutrients throughout plant
sugars (sucrose), amino acids… tube-shaped living cells
Alternation of generations Fern gametophyte (1n)
small haploid plant which produces gametes homospory: male & female on same plant
archegonia
antheridia
Anther
FilamentStamen
StigmaStyleOvary
Carpel
Sepal
Petal
Ovule
sepalspetals
Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings
of modified leaves sepals petals stamens
male carpel
female stamens
carpel
Fertilization in flowering plants
Double fertilization 2 sperm from pollen
1 sperm fertilizes egg = diploid zygote (n+n = 2n)
1 sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form endosperm (n+2n = 3n)
endosperm = food tissue in seed
Polarnuclei
Eggcell
Pollengrains
Seed & Plant embryo
Seed offers… protection for embryo stored nutrients for
growth of embryo Embyonic leaves,
shoot, and root
seed coat
endosperm
cotyledons
embryo
cotyledons = “seed” leaves,first leaves of new plantcotyledons = “seed” leaves,first leaves of new plant
epicotyl
radicle
endosperm = “food” storage for developing plant until it can begin making its own.
endosperm = “food” storage for developing plant until it can begin making its own.
Preventing self-pollination Various mechanisms
stamens & carpels may mature at different times arranged so that animal pollinator won’t transfer pollen
from anthers to stigma of same flowerbiochemical self-incompatibility = block pollen tube growth
Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators
How a bee sees a flower…insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar
Guard Cells
1
5
4
3
89
6
2
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Stoma
Palisade Layer
Spongy Layer
Upper Epidermis
Cuticle
Lower Epidermis
Xylem
Phloem
Leaf Anatomy (structure)
Root Structure
Epidermis: skin covering
Root Cap - at the tip of the root, produces a slimy substance
Vascularization:
1. Phloem - food to the floor
PhloemXylem
Root Hairs: extend out from the root
2. Xylem - water up
Rise of water in a tree by bulk flow Transpiration pull
adhesion & cohesion H bonding
brings water & minerals to shoot
Water potential high in soil
low in leaves Root pressure push
due to flow of H2O from soil to root cells
upward push of xylem sap
Plant ResponsesTropism - growth in response to a stimulus
1. Phototropism - • change in plant growth caused by light
(plants bend toward light)
3. Gravitropism - • change in plant growth in response to the direction of gravity (plants bend up, away from gravity)
4. Thigmotropism - • growth in response to touch or contact (plants bend along or around objects)
2. Photoperiodism- • developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods.
Plant Responses - Seasonal changes in leaves
1. Evergreen - they gradually shed some of their leaves
throughout the year, and as a result, maintain leaves year-round.
2. Deciduous - lose all their leaves at once, usually for winter.
What classification of plants are they? In what biome would you find them?
accessory pigments: xanthraphyll (yellow) and carotenoids (reds and oranges)
cannot transfer light energy directly to the photosynthetic pathway, they must pass their absorbed energy to chlorophyll. If chlorophyll is rendered ineffective, the energy does not get passed on, therefore, food is not being made, and consequently the leaves will die.
As chlorophyll productiveness declines with the cool temperatures of autumn, the dominant green color fades, displaying the yellows, oranges, and reds of the accessory pigments.
Colors of the rainbow: R O Y G B I V
Abscission - shedding of leaves, fruits, flowersSenscence - dieing off of the plant or plant parts