Does recent land rights transfer support resilient livelihoods and reduce agricultural GHG emissions...
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Transcript of Does recent land rights transfer support resilient livelihoods and reduce agricultural GHG emissions...
Does recent land rights transfer support resilient livelihoods and reduce agricultural GHG emissions in China?
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes G. Heggelund W. Jia
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS
INTASAVE Asia - Pacific
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Background• Agricultural sector is vulnerable to climate change• 12% of GHG emissions for global average, 11% in China• Land plots are very fragmented• Extensive migration of rural labor (250 million people• High inputs, low efficiency.
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Land rights transfer (LRT)
• Faced with these environmental, demographic and economic transitions, China’s policy makers are promoting reforms to meet the needs of rural, agricultural and farmers’ development
• In the last 5 years, a range of policies to promote transfer of land use rights have been issued to encourage the development of larger-scale, more competitive and less environmentally damaging farming operations
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Land rights transfer (LRT)
• Around one third of China’s farmland is now rented for cultivation by specialized households, cooperatives or companies, and family farms
• In Shandong Province, 23.3% of farmland is now transferred to – 9220 specialized operators– 38 thousand family farms– 142 thousand farmers’ cooperatives
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Effects of LRTY. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
The objective is to increase understanding of the implications of land rights transfers to addressing climate change. Specific objectives to identify LRT on net GHG emissions and adaptation, to
quantify the costs and benefits of LRT to exploit synergies and identify trade-off between greenhouse
gas mitigation and adaptation to provide recommendations for policy makers on how to
promote the synergies and address the trade-off
ObjectivesY. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Approaches• Questionnaire survey and participatory rural appraisal
– Open questions to: 1) Government officials at different levels; 2) Relevant experts; 3) Specialized households, family farms, cooperatives and agriculture-related enterprises; and 4) Farmers
– Open question categories: Relevant policies? Impacts of LRT on farmers livelihood, application of advanced tech.? Possible positive and negative impacts on agricultural production?
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Selection of survey targets
• Four agro-ecosystems in Shandong Province according to geomorphology, soil, climate
• Select three scaled-up operators in each agro-ecosystem • Select at least 30 households nearby each of scaled-up
operator;• Three categories: poor, middle, and well-off categories, a
list prepared by village leader(10 well-off, 10 middle, 10 poor).
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Approaches• 11 farm cooperatives and family
farm and 350 households have been surveyed;
• At least 7 farm cooperatives, family farm or agricultural related enterprises and 210 households will be surveyed before Chinese New Year
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Approaches• Questionnaire survey and participatory rural appraisal
– Questionnaire survey: 1) General information; 2) Fertilization; 3) Irrigation; 4) Pest and disease control; 5) Mulching film utilization; 6) Tillage; 7) Sowing; 8)Harvesting; 9) Crop straw utilization; 10) Agricultural outputs
Photo Photo
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Approaches
• Analysis of the effects of LRT on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and analysis of synergies and trade-offs – GHG emissions: analyze the impacts of different LRT models
on management practices and their implications on GHG emissions, emission intensity based on yield and/or outputs
– Adaptation: analyze the impacts of different LRT models on the adoption of technologies, agricultural outputs, crop yield and yield stability and sustainability
– Identify synergies and possible trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
CASE I: Boxin Agricultural Sciences and Technology Co. LTD• Land transferred from farmers: 400 ha• Scope of business: Seed and grain production• Cropping system: Wheat-maize rotation
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Case II: Taiyu Planting Cooperative
Shandong Taiyu Planting CooperativeComprehensive agricultural companyScope of business: Seed and grain production, storage and
food processing, swine raising, biogas digesters Land transferred from farmers: 1330 haCropping system: Wheat-maize rotation
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
CASE II: Taiyu Planting Cooperative
N2O, CO2
CO2
CO2, CH4 and N2O
N2O and CH4 emissionCO2 displaced electricity
SOC stock increase
SOC stock increase
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
LRT effects on inputsIn
put (
kg/h
a)
Inpu
t (kg
/ha)
Input comparison between scaled operation and household farming
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
LRT effects on production costPr
oduc
tion
cost
(Yua
n/ha
)
–Lower production cost, by 30% • Lower fertilizer price• Lower cost for tillage, sowing
and harvest
The cost comparison between scaled operation and household farming
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Adaptive capacity increased after LRT
• Changes in management, compared with that of local farmers:– Cultivation of drought, saline-alkaline resistant varieties. The
renewal of varieties in 3-4 years; Multiple crop verities each year; Multiple crops including vegetables
– Reliable and timely irrigation with adequate wells, water saving irrigation systems, and other water saving farming techniques
– Seed coated with pesticide, timely and synchronously pest and disease control
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Adaptive capacity increased after LRT
• Straw amendment and organic fertilizer application to increase soil productivity
• Lower production cost by 30% • Crop insurance for risk sharing
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
LRT effects on GHG emissions-Case IWheat/Maize
GHG emission from production (kg CO2e/ha) 3416GHG emission from storage(t CO2e/y) 277
Total GHG emissions (t CO2e/year) 1643
GHG Intensity (kg CO2e/kg grain) 0.205
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
LRT effects on GHG emissions-CASE IIY. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
LRT effects on GHG emissions-Local farmersWheat/Maize
GHG emission from production (kg CO2e/ha) 3075GHG Intensity (kg CO2e/kg grain) 0.228
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Mitigation Effect of LRT
• Planting crops and raising livestock, organic fertilizer application increased and there is a potential to increase SOC stock
• Higher area scaled GHG emissions for production • More machinery• More irrigation
• Lower GHG emission intensity (yield scaled) (from the two cases)• More renewable energy
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Improved adaptation capacity through new varieties, reliable irrigation, pest and disease control
Reduced production cost by 30%Reduced GHG emission intensity through straw amendment and
organic fertilizer application Stabilized farmers net income and easy life
Does recent land rights transfer support resilient livelihoods and reduce agricultural GHG emissions in China?
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Implications for implementation of Paris Agreement
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Paris Agreement• The INDC structure is central and universal for all parties (Article 3)• Article 4 importantly describes transparency requirements (domestic monitoring,
reporting, and verification).• Each Party shall regularly provide the following information(Article 13)
– A national inventory report of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases;– Information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its
INDC under Article 4.• COP shall periodically take stock of the implementation of this Agreement. The first
global stocktake will be in 2023 and every five years thereafter• All countries must eventually face the same monitoring and reporting requirements,
regardless of their status as developed or developing.
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Intended National Determined Contributions
• China submitted its INDCs to UNFCCC. The commitments by 2030 are as follows: – To achieve the peaking of carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 and
making best efforts to peak early; – To lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from
the 2005 level; – To increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy
consumption to around 20%; and – To increase the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters
on the 2005 level.
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia.
2016.
Intended National Determined Contributions
• In agricultural sector• To promote the low-carbon development in agriculture, making
efforts – to achieve zero growth of fertilizer and pesticide utilization by
2020– to control methane emissions from rice fields and nitrous oxide
emissions from farmland– to construct a recyclable agriculture system, promoting
comprehensive utilization of straw and animal waste
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.
The gaps
Gaps to meet transparency requirements of PA
National or sectoral monitoring, verification and reporting guidelines or standards in agricultural sector
Methodologies and default parameters for accounting GHG emissions from agricultural activities in different levels
What kind of information is necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving its
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.
Progress: Accounting methodology
Submitted to NDRC for approval of accounting and reporting guideline
After the trial period, it will be submitted to National Standard Committee
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.
Agriculture has an important position in China’s economy
• Total agricultural GDP RMB 5.7 trillion Yuan and it accounted for about 10.0% in 2013
Sources: China Statistic Yearbook 2014
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.
Key Challenges of Agriculture In China Challenges Impacts
Per capita arable land (1.3 Mu) resources in China are limited. Land plots are very fragmented
A barrier to Achieving scale economies Reducing costs in productionApplication of advanced tech.Market competitiveness Profitability of farming
Extensive migration of rural labor (250 million people, around 80% of them are educated young adults at age 20-50
Availability and the structure of farm laborLow land utilizationAccess advanced tech. and market info.Lower net income
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.
Key challenges of agriculture in China
Challenges Impacts
High inputs, low efficiency. Fertilizer per hectare is 4 times higher than the world’s average, 60% of water consumption, 1.8million t pesticides
Non-point pollution
Waste of resources
Extreme climate events and climate change
In decrease of wheat and corn yields by about 5%
Main source of greenhouse gas emissions, 11% of total GHG emissions in China in 2005.
To reduce GHG emissions will bring addition burden to agriculture production
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.
Thank you for your attention
Y. Li, YC Zhu, A. Wilkes, G. Heggelund, W. Jia. 2016.