DOE’s Nanoscale Science Research Centers › ncer › publications › web › pdf ›...
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DOE’s Nanoscale DOE’s Nanoscale Science Research Centers Science Research Centers
Nanotechnology and the Environment:
Applications and ImplicationsSeptember 15, 2003
Washington, DC
Robert Q. HwangBrookhaven National Laboratory
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The Scale of Things -- Nanometers and MoreThings Natural Things Manmade
DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter
MicroElectroMechanical devices10 -100 µm wide
Red blood cellsPollen grain
Fly ash~ 10-20 µm
Atoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nm
Head of a pin1-2 mm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Nanotube electrode
Carbon nanotube~2 nm diameter
Nanotube transistor
The
Mic
row
orld
0.1 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.01 µm10 nm
0.1 µm100 nm
1 micrometer (µm)
0.01 mm10 µm
0.1 mm100 µm
1 millimeter (mm)
1 cm10 mm10-2 m
10-3 m
10-4 m
10-5 m
10-6 m
10-7 m
10-8 m
10-9 m
10-10 m
Visib
le
The
Nan
owor
ld
1,000 nanometers = In
frare
dUl
travio
letMi
crow
ave
Soft
x-ra
y
1,000,000 nanometers =
Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE
Version 03-05-02
Human hair~ 10-50 µm wide
Red blood cellswith white cell
~ 2-5 µm
Ant~ 5 mm
Dust mite
200 µm
O O
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O OO O OO OO
O
S
O
S
O
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Combine nanoscale building blocks to make novel functional devices,
21st Century Challenge
Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outermost ring spacing
~35 nm
ATP synthase
~10 nm diameter
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Nanoscale Nanoscale characterization and synthesischaracterization and synthesis
P. Alivisatos, LBNL
V. Klimov, LANL
K. Takayanagi, Tokyo Inst. Tech.D. Eigler, IBM
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NSRCs ( ) and the BES User FacilitiesNSRCs ( ) and the BES User Facilities
Advanced Light Source
Stanford Synchrotron
Radiation Lab
National Synchrotron Light Source
Advanced Photon Source
National Center for Electron
Microscopy
Shared Research Equipment Program
Center for Microanalysis of
Materials
Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research
High-Flux Isotope Reactor
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
Combustion Research Facility
James R. MacDonald Lab
Pulse Radiolysis Facility
Materials Preparation
Center
Los Alamos Neutron Science
Center
Spallation Neutron Source
Linac Coherent Light Source
Center for Integrated
Nanotechnologies
Center for Nanophase
Materials Sciences
MolecularFoundry
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Center for Funcational
Materials
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OverviewOverview
• Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs) supported by Basic Energy Sciences will be user research facilities for the synthesis, processing, and fabrication of nanoscale materials.
• They will be co-located with existing user facilities to provide sophisticated characterization and analysis capabilities.
• In addition, NSRCs will provide specialized equipment and support staff not readily available to the research community. NSRCs will be operated as user facilities and be available to all researchers. Access will be determined by peer review of proposals.
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NSRC’sNSRC’s: Interdisciplinary Arena for Nanoscience Research: Interdisciplinary Arena for Nanoscience Research
Theory & Modeling Synthesis
Characterization
Science - based User FacilitiesScientists & Instrumentation
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Carbon Carbon NanotubesNanotubes
CNT exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties: Young’s modulus over 1 Tera Pascal, as stiff as diamond, and tensile strength ~ 200 GPa.
CNT can be metallic or semiconducting depending on chirality.
Nanotube FET
P. Avouris, IBM
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Nanotube Nanotube Photonic Photonic
Nanotube Devices for Electronic
Importance of Schottky barrier at contacts in determining performanceFunctionalization of nanotube end caps to modify width of tunneling barrier
Nanotube Devices for Photonics
Single molecule electrically pumped optical emissionBandgap tuning by controlling synthesis of tube diameter
Polarization of light
SEM
Source Drain
SiO2
Gate (Si)
SWCNT
J. MisewichBrookhaven National Lab/IBM
IR Emission
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Funtionalized NanotubesFuntionalized Nanotubes
Chemical Modifications of Nanotubes for Imaging and Sensing
Stanislaus Wong, Brookhaven National Lab M. Meyyappan, NASA Ames Research Center
Functionalized Nanotubes for biological molecule immobilization and sensingH. Dai, Stanford
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Magnetic MaterialsMagnetic Materials
Examples of magnetic nanoassemblies
Fe nanoparticle array with hexagonal close packing. (S. M. Majetich, CMU)
4 nm
Ni/NiO nanodisperse thin filmL. H. Lewis Brookhaven Nat. Lab
Ferromagnetic polyoxomolybdate (POM) molecules; T. Liu, BNL
Magnetic Electronics - based on spin stateSam Bader, Argonne National Lab
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Imaging of imaging of magnetic field of nanoparticles Imaging of imaging of magnetic field of nanoparticles
TEM lithography and patterning of Ni-dot array
40nm
H
In-situ magnetization of patterned Co-islands
300nm
Ni20Fe80 permalloyY. Zhu, Brookhaven National Lab
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Catalysis of Nanoscale Materials
Sanchez, Heiz, Schneider, Ferrari, Pacchioni, Rosch, JACS, 122 3453 (2000)
Acetylene-to-benzene conversion on Pd clusters Pd/MgO(100)
Jang, Kim, Kim, J. Nanopart. Res.3, 141, (2001)
TiO2 particle size photocatalytic effects
CO oxidation vs. Au cluster size (Au/TiO2(110))
Valden, Lai, Goodman, Science 281, 1648 (1998)
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Controlled Nanocluster Fabrication
Mass (amu)200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Mo8C12+ Met-Car
calculated structure (Muckerman)
Magnetron cluster source
Ion Guide
Mass Selection
Ion Guide &
Deposition Optics
Substrate
X-Ray Beam
UHV Chamber
M. White, BNL
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NanoCatalysis Research: 3D Nanoparticles
AuTiO2
SO2 SO2 S
Au/TiO2 catalyst is 7-10 times more active than commercial catalyst.
Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2 are extremely reactive towards SO2.
Bulk metallic Au and TiO2 exhibit a low reactivity for the dissociation of SO2.
Binding Energy (eV)160162164166168170
Inte
nsity
(arb
. uni
ts)
S 2p300 K
SO2 on Au/TiO2(110)
S
SO2 adsorbed
No Au
0.05 ML Au
0.2 ML Au
0.5 ML Au3-5 nm
2-3 nm
Au particle
size
> 1 nm
Calculations show that SO2 binds to both Au particle and TiO2support
Supported metal nanoparticles can exhibit reactivity not characteristic of the bulk metal or support
J. Rodriguez, BNL
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Pt Pt nanocluster electrocatalystsnanocluster electrocatalysts•H2 oxidation and O2 reduction electrocatalysts Low Pt loading
•Reduced CO poisoning - oxidation of 1000ppm CO/H2 at 2500 rpm extended from <3 hours to >6 hours good activity after 222 hours
•Loading in anode: 18µg Pt/cm2 + 180µg Ru/cm2(DOE target for 2004: 300 µg/cm2)
R. Adzic, BNL
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Capability Development
Coupling between structure, composition and chemistry
Multi-dimensional Imaging
Spatial
Temporal Energy (Composition)
In-situ
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Low Energy Electron MicroscopyLow Energy Electron Microscopy
Deposition/Reaction Flux
Sample Temp. 77K - 2000K
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Sn Deposition on Cu(111)
1.5µ field
Science , 290, 1561-1564, 2000
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TEAM TEAM -- Transmission Electron AberrationTransmission Electron Aberration--corrected Microscopecorrected Microscope
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 2040Year
Electron Microscope
Light Microscope
Ross
Amici
Abbe
Ruska
Marton
Å-1
STEM (120 keV) {Batson et al.}
• A collaborative development project to design, build, and operate next-generation electron microscopes
• 5 Lab collaboration - LBNL, ANL, BNL, ORNL, FS-MRL
• Definition of a common base instrument platform, with a modular approach to tailoring instruments for specific purposes
• Focus on enabling new, fundamental science via
• quantitative in-situ microscopy
• synchrotron spectral resolution at atomic spatial resolution
• sub-Ångstrom resolution in real time and 3-D
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Modular experimental stations for in-situ work
Experimental insert: Designed for each experiment removable w/o disturbing optics.Structural support for experiments
Shrouding and support:Designed to Allow Insertion of Experiment Station
Beam Path
Objective lens:- Large gap- Low Cc
Feed throughsProvide Electrical and Mechanical Connection
High takeoff angleLine of Sight to Sample for Deposition and Detectors
Module loading (4” Port)- Easily inserted- Stage is integral to module
(side entry or transfer)
Side View
Top View
Courtesy Robertson, Twesten, Petrov & Zuo
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InIn--situ Synchrotron situ Synchrotron Beamlines Beamlines for for nanoscale nanoscale characterizationcharacterization
Argonne National LabBrookhaven National Lab
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NSRC’sNSRC’s: Interdisciplinary Arena for Nanoscience Research: Interdisciplinary Arena for Nanoscience Research
Theory & ModelingElectronic structureDynamicsKineticsMulti-scale
SynthesisLithography - e-beam, optical, softNanotubes andnanowiresNanocrystalsBio-macromolecules
CharacterizationScanning ProbesElectron MicroscopiesSynchrotron-based x-rayspectroscopies, imaging and diffractionNeutron scattering and diffraction
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Center for Functional NanomaterialsCenter for Functional Nanomaterials
85,000 ft2
NSLS
CFN
NSLS - EndstationsSub-micron diffraction, SAXSMaterials SynthesisWet Chem, MBE, PLD, e-beam dep.NanopatterningJEOL 9300 FS: e-beam patterning,Resist process & develop.Deep Reactive Ion Etch, Ion Beam PatterningUltrafast Optical SourcesSFG, DFG, XUV/SXR THz Microscopy,Laser-Electron Accelerator Facility (LEAF)Electron MicroscopyHigh Res. TEM, Scanning Auger, SEM,Electron Holography, STEM, EELSProximal ProbesUHV-SPM, NSOM, IR microscope,Env. SPM, LEEM, PEEM, SPLEEMTheory & ComputationLAPW, Plane Wave Pseudo Potl., Quantum Chem.,QMC, MD, and SMP computing
$81M - Construction and Cap. Equip.$18M - Operating
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Opportunities and Challenges
Understand nanoscale behavior - functionality
Tune and control functionality - materials by design
Synthesis - optimization & environment and health impact
Coupling to macro-environment - Application & devices
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Construction start dates of the NSRC’s
Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne
Center For Functional Nanomaterials at BNL
Center For Nanophase Materials Sciences at ORNL
Summer ‘03 Spring ‘05
Molecular Foundry at LBNL
Spring ‘04
Spring ‘04Spring ‘04
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NSRC Jumpstart User ProgramNSRC Jumpstart User Program
All NSRC’s are now accepting proposals and users
• Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory – http://www.cfn.bnl.gov/
• Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory– http://www.cnms.ornl.gov/
• Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory– http://foundry.lbl.gov/
• Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies at Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM) and Los Alamos National Laboratory\– http://cint.lanl.gov/
• Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne National Laboratory– http://nano.anl.gov/