Document Title: Operational Research in Bomber Command

Author(s): Basil Dickins

Date(s): Not Dated.

Document Type/Physical Description: Type-written manuscript, 622 pgs.

Fonds/Collection Name: Ronnie Shephard Fonds

Series: Operational Research and Strategic Bombing

File/Box Number: Box 2

Original Archival Reference: N/A

Item Description: This is a draft manuscript of a lengthy report compiled by the RAF Bomber Command Operational Research Section, probably some time in 1945. The report was authored by Dr. Basil Dickins, a rising star in the field of physics who served as Section head during the war. Using a thematic approach it explores in excellent detail the challenges inherent in strategic bombing, making it a valuable source for both historians of air power and those studying Europe in the Second World War.

Keywords: Bomber Command; Operational Research; Operations; Technique; Bombing; Navigation

*When citing material that has been digitized from other archives, the LMH Archive encourages users to cite the original reference information provided in the above field.

The purpose of the Laurier Military History Archive is to acquire, preserve and make available documents relating to the Canadian and international experience of military conflict in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Website: http://www.lmharchive.ca/ E-mail: admin@canadianmilitaryhistory.ca

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cn4lywing x's,:[Sm wsro tho 1,[6r[6 +f tsn'qgst #mlc6&sr bcd[be ffilgAtrg m

*he Srmn'rd, or g,,rws**ru dfursryfu tbs a,[lf* bb*ur sssly f9$+] e lumgp

number off t"lreus ::lots w$ss ildtry)e{,d w ths &",&$rll* ttsl geot*.ffih

i"$e[86d, m,st n$,ght re,i$s e$* ssn$ t[ag' ra*'r*'o wr* dsslt s$.th tNt tht'e m$r

r*i*ls &u the sruf uf, the q'ae# i.$ fuFopsi elElW e$o&gr 1$tl3 trs filt#6e

*fis*i,w ot' sosmrr f$Lr* gns's*lr esdstd omn$pde &F *qlqf?w *t pse$b*g

t,3 fiss@€rs tho cn&sur eS q.t leest e, $sCIgost*am nd t{qr6et S$xl$ffs$ffis

p[s,g{o$" trt sqqd4l bw t[.&ff[ca&* ts etr@neqffi ffio tspm'tw sf,

tbeeo tw$#'st flnstcg,tsr plste Srr ,EEtiS uumLys"s* Sst ffitSff ei& t*,W'nrs$fdo crue*sl ev.$dorl e on hnw wll. tl*e P*t&fsn&mro hrd; wrtrd, *&P

r*$taoky bttt thqy alwt wCIw tiltls}ufifuls $I ss#sd.f€l t'hs sffiery sdf

rrfisgsrrs red.sr rtev$.sqs usd fur efin$sg tbs ts8$st lrd,Lsots$$r

Asalv*lo*X $itrethsl,e

ilhs d,e*s o.bt*$.nerl f,rom ths ras"lma* ffiiruofi ffiw stsd l,n tbspr@s6*iur1 edsttm sss 6risss rt$ble cf unafuu!.u tn rasi,sNs wqfs. iHltfiel

o rsp{d, esamdrnettucr of thg rl,st* $h$.sh bew su&llafu}e trtt'hfn n fsns

d'npa of ths xeg$ rury rerren). fssttns of sfi&roti.'rmal frspsrtoftss vhnil&

$houW b6 hsstr&t to ths vrsties of n!} osnssrtrs& ss sso*r *g pesst"blcr'

tb{.s exum*nnti.otr te ru*4nty of a qualfl*a*ilrs kflsfir $rS. sry r*wl*{lr6srrrasr*,sn} $tte{i,rflirss cf mteesse wlll bo tentatiugo fiS tbs t$ffi sll tedai.i] e.re avuils,i)Le s,nd^ the gur:nt;tatlve urretye$s ie ounplcteil,r, ths $etd.

l,s ol$.sntt'.rnally os}+lr wd l,tt&.trs toarod,i"ste i,ntores attnss€ tu tborowrl,te ef en*lyu{,*. 9lxtis $qpletns why se mr& o,f t&o rtutai,[e&tr;n*ly$e uratest*koll has *eltor ken lubtl,ehert* SFr nEgor$hslsss, bes

Srqle,t l"arilortovloe iJe l@&*fisffi sesser.;'&trg$r

Ebte pa.o,aamt sesttsffi r+*1,1 *ee,I brtsfttr w*,f,h ths nathoets ofs$elysts u*ed,g classified. for convenience as follows:-

{*} &thoO,s of qualltattvo mel;reto.

{tn} l$e*hssl$ af 4$arrt*twt*,v6 sne}y*iar

to) fiBthsdls of t*#* s,rlwlgd,s*

,& S,,H F & ,f;,, ,S S.S ,&

1'sffig *o.rr*

j: i: :j T ii I c ?_I_e

For *m1g Sts6n rsr,f& tlre 1}etn, f$.re& avatlable (Wttb$n a vUX,g f*m

dot,rb) ttey$ *he Sxr*ti.e lt*d.S ;:Elrs*ts, -rr:d, thE i4nsts$$La$r,{o Snbe#ssststlsile

$ecttsm: uf- $nmber Somor1g]. ln'tel1fu;"ance ux'nnsb p3e* of gf+wd' &ota$tr'

irtro{io6,tc,;*r$n tlbeife q,rae eX$o tl:$ lr*Sn[*l-r, SlL$t O1- tAf:6e* tmil.tnq*Cm

'hu::lbe, qn"l {n s$lno c&$ss} ;: fi'ss morw,$'ci i;hs :falt's' f.eporte;pi*}d'1 i'u$er

ir1{a1 n tl,nm*}riutqryein of bmd[:*.lUr trhir:ir S.epl+te the re$.& ester*&gd $,!r

ti:ls ti$e *.$13ensl6nr cgl* the ;rhotqrr*;*n i3.Iu.e*rrat* tts upcctat d[*'ts'$,brntLenr th*llryh afr}orr'rqmr*q iu* to bs m*$e f-*r thg n*m re$g:esq*ttmt$W

nesi;rl*s $i 'biseue ;;ruunr!*Sel;a*.1 f&*'*Ep*BhO. hE uf ths *,teW $*cltrf,g*

tn tlrs $o:r&*,e ltlr d. Itop*rrt $.s dr brl$,CIS r-tw.rsti.ve r[ssss"ib$W gneier*]'

co*s.$.tl.i:ne in the t'sg{ist rr,e*' dnrgg$.na}}."f p,:"ovfr}ed try Shs $optatry 'et

tlre en6 uf 1S,k3 tbe 4 "e fuon*,r rc&,e mssls r,srtpwl!$ibtrs fsr thss rsrrs*ivg

*,n tire 6lsruru$,* t3ur.t, Ir* seir mrqh rsoirs thi;nr the SaptsXn tfoo wae ucualty

tue p,1ut,). In th+ i:o,s6 sf 1r*;r oorttrmop *runh ss sathf,trruiisssr moob

fua5treffr$t t4; rorutrirq"l 'blr.orle fturro,"bi.vos $.n uq,IstfCIfi to ttlo i:op*,ttcn* of*hs ai.:r.er'af,"b *,t b*raLrj*W i.n ttn*u *rrui (*,f plotted) $n x*;xmey uelntl,ve

to tho,re*t of tho rsid. {btry *ro ncvnlatr}y r-ea$ ln the f{ret {pstnnsg

in tf,nsl c.rrl,cas but tf tli* pl,ot of ;rhntor *bttmed,l 6,*S* & ry,:.*I,} $ftbsfdfr'

ax$r e*nsrutrgti"on of, lrhot+e; tln$ tho nnrrot&vqE ilf ths strsosft so&*

csr*wd, uclulri, bCI so}lfl,tisd,*

{h$'s g* c,r, type of rurrftrntw s,bout uh$,sh $.t *,s veqr d,i,f,ft*nnt fug$,vo a cl.os.!r itewor$,grt*CIr:+ rlhu ru*ti.n&s {$rs not mathemtlt*.sa} b$t effine

ift$,n to *i:errw sf i;ire llwq s,olr:rtsp $s of tho ti,etsettvs of $Sst{"on" A

"w,rost mfintrrar oc" srtroEiils of svi&en$s $"Ts rnentw,Sly gsges$sd f,ur nel{sb*ilf$ {.watr$F frrsm thetr sshsvsr}cs end ms*u,*,} $$u$S"qtee}cryr} H$s[ tbss$

tlls'$6$ tq+Sether t$ fsgm urlut *,e1 1ll u$feqtl e sssfis$tauot$,w $f tho rs[d*ilil,tb s**.e ssesj-t$gn&l stls !e rto* fsoof, b;i. Swlf,bermt*3y wtsX,qarling

st$telssorrtg tn tbe sqrt*.o }teid" tis$rsatu,1 lut sesfit aro flroqlrnnt tn wklabti:ro no$or"t+r *s gernr$.nely r:ist*kem ah+trt wlrnt he a,irw $r: stfrere fts bemfured,r

$uou:'f:his rrrolunffed, iw.$*e$s of mnhr*trs tliore $redmal]y f,srr*e {nthe rnr*1.;,"$brs ti.$"n*^ e r,ilru's ot i*srv el,enr Ertctueo of thp llf€-hlrltorg sf,ti..s ri:,id., In tlro ea$s sf a rsLd wbt.t:h lw;n fnl,len bs!.aw ox:)€stet{o*}(rrrr,1^ those $r$ []rs ratl"t},e r**3n]g ewlects{i frrr *tudy}r tEs tins rbsrr enrlil'o&s*ns wby lt fatled, wf}l uzual}g +mo:r:gu as ana[pw!,n jlr'6swss* ]1or

u,ru,rplel tt *rs,4;ht be *hnt a wuall st"sw cf, nfrcrqft ol,sim to heretirmbe.d. ,r. *J"uster of ;r.'ed. tu'rfipt ind,icateirs lit a tflnW nrhsm tt *,e t{ne,i,n

{fro* Fnthf,&ruto* }rsrcs lr{i,td, roi}s$*e} *uet $$ris vr$ss hurnrrul *rs osthese ai;rc*lt't nury iravo beeu ;:rXottod. ryryffiy fr*m tha asLn srnosurtratto*r*nri. t$.rr,$.n Lr,vr+*r{ptisul* o$ ti;c t,e*got i$sse s#,tt $redce i.t prob*,blo thotths o:tj'llor6 ws:r'8 prwt gf t"t}&, $c,l]m, *.lvell6{d'r. [hS on*,dorOo paint* t*

,iii,$. i ,u $ s F Ii Tr/tne

rH#$ffaxflf3i$

$bp uos $f Sesslr tsil,ffi,s$ fine$sseoms ft6t &s Wrr Wwq t$,x**- sfe&t b Gn teolq,td lnetd.*rtp AfrffiS$s$ *m Steb to eeffufr, W dsffiq

nr {t si$&s bmts *trre efifss* qf a**ssst*ry sest ed f,he *uut sd &s ra*&1

e'![neol tbe deory t*rr5mt tr"gs['ioatw W hwrs hosm +*aslffidl rry-r *s se?@

bry utbw s&.*hf'e$*str Sww s{p*r's$t dmnpp*lW tury'} ggl'sffir tssss*$.srdi{,ea*ossr {nt smnnfe be nxfrt*J"rnnd thst *n wpt Fnthftdw Sw,ffitoe&niWes cestu$n sswe -*ft$ taxse'lt€ssl d$sppfi$$ Ems fiBgw tss66frSrxl{efi.tsms &$,uh &er,r}s,ene w $ft&es o* v&wmt gnwmd"*fg*st*cr* qf &e&exr.{ry p*{,nt' ffh{}e ethey csnss .[dft the rm&onsr ffi]e &r-gut*.ru1i"entoss c,f rm*th,sr e#l@tlr *o sriffiu f&et th& eidr€ pstst fEn thglluttIsrasn S'mco te-eow*iruwru$g ltmmk*cllr

*\solsasr 6d Beta

rt $rtlom*sgsrt f,estucE of thts gpo eA wwgro*.n *s tfio W[F[,qSe$ffEfu&Hr of, *h$ ave*.l.*,ble $asE* fur uEsss*s ffi'}}e{fi$fir ffi# tss6*dprou*sf,.sffi *f tes e$,Fere#t mu6 t* ffiffi s&s6s be f,$F hw $omn ttuF,bosfus

scbr,tsxftr feil,l* s$.w mey bs tnmocn*rssolg rwi$ed; *n t&* $sr$fis sdsfloi>oetp pns*,$culu.r1y u'Mr &ryy *$re ffigheetsil m*bmqreffiff]tty tsgt€€g Sfhqtng uete& dosrlt st the ts"ntr. &is $"wsdnrnofiry [s, setrseld, @ s6!r-ryl.mi,pcrsst v6$srt ew'm orytstwict$^ng ,nfmmwnwrn mn& nm s !,exgg ew.t g ron{$ tbo tes$}t 6rss'* ths $$#osrtsd flspE w[II uffiel|F uW $;y tB$ w t6pqmtuw&rw eEgI! sttls sf sbs mpe$ s*,#pr M r.ffiss 'osu&n tutl s mffis $ffi*e*,atsu'lt esel o.obsvo.rrb w,$Ess t"ha* *therej sm* tdfi wo[ a &f*hlgoe*,ttss1 stttttets ef w*"nrfr cirs thq i]*r$ aff Gha maftyw.t S,g Es6sgt{*l*

In'eEs*ru &ep$r$SShs cs*n*,t's sf, thts $-dm{s*tate {ffiaWg$g sso to k ftrtnd d,n s, sos,iss

af ?l $n&emtrn e'upuste ileffirffd, s,s Ssfiftsr $wS fr*S.$* Sepffie* lS* fror*oqon i)s,rti,sril3as rsf$s fron &/g Ues-sb lgt#r es t$l]g

^*,W,ad,t tsfb rrr&tgM,fer regtrfs*ed &if$trf,bqlt$on y*,r$h$m thn swwd* xtus sf tbesp *d;*ffiSsvrrt ts sow m$sgsffi*tr #std$b tfu wm.tXtn oS @Sfib hsd pse$Hl$ SeI.Iethei,ft$ wpEse*t{ong ex$*. W, p oosrsss|i#t*ryE reswffirdafrfws Ss#ffii[ ter'&a{}s€ dffiestE wvsn!.s& $r tbs s$s}rydls.

Xf $bpm 'u$s?** ses@s {sre eswds# *t *[lt bo fqftt thut ssst udt;heu ero !.Iluu{rrat€d' i.t} tffi $sysr thrlae ls umal$r e ttmrhtetegms 6fhss&*$ft uruf r.uwnhtu6l sMtns hs rweme of eof;grus th# pgpg,t*strr 6, qmt*lfsrpm **xms,ft b*lst$eg eegrsfiffi,,t fupee cd s*sdsprg* ShtE *"8 i$ss*vE{tfrom $tu &bl@,.$}sth dssdmt*sg e&ovs* [,*r*nw i;s s,tds tn wsr$ sesgg g p$"gt*'ows'w $i#ffisft ;itru{'*w} bg gpruuffi **tes} m*, Ersp tf.ffi tbe f*x,E ns$fi*il}€iris&s fn wb*dr ff,rss ens brffign&* Xrr rlm s{rffis ths mdl$ *,m rltti[itrg$

i1t ffi".$,"fl..s s s $ $t &/tnto

?;g

. t\rn*rst'*ihmn Y@,,\

Htsril&.sfif$:s

*mts tsr# sr t*,wom tlse potr'fis&s tr*t& a $ ets i:trfiSr utrS ft,$wry#

t&o &if;ffomwt f.ffi$qr$.trls,g tfpsu off Pstrt*ts$ffi fusw ste'ffif,fi

tgf*ng *fthrugnstsss,n t&ffil wffir h6#Msise wtE.] wtffi*tro$*gesd [ry *g{Uffiffi** t*xeleu d rygbst" && sFWt *e ets*rb$ssl *ME3r sS *&s rals* amssq6s'1,1# #*#ifiS ffffiffiffi is eBPat$f&srfrffi $nnn6n su} $fu$ffire ta $&eS @ We {fip plwt o8 a*t*t$t wer

wocw*afullf ca['rts& seilbr

Ss m*qy $fr those lsts,r$*r n*Eorbe m attoryt ffi* *o Ewwsthg Brsp*rtfuim of a$ree*f;t tauublry tba ta6d fif,sfi,r w nlffin thuw .

rnglee *f the **retvg i:o*n't, [fre*e sst{.tas,Sm ffif;X*usfl ffi &bs gsmtr&.

Setp$.! ;rlr$1 tfift*n8 u.I;Eo'tnts sffisr#!* tlm it**tun&*tffim cf ftree&hsw' cm thCI f$,r.e- ru*Fssc* As th6 plaet*l$s gf *Sa'urd-t ty uouug

of !f.&t traefus ws#s met moruis,!.W avsgtublE @m t&eso #effieu-aporta w*rer*wlsy *h,s Estf,,w*.em of, ffinossu ffi*g*uEw*lp tml*s*&trs

a$mt l,ss$ ean*,rlh].e th$r Ehge &dl$&erfr&$i !.{etw irr tfus ff$s} Sl&*Itatd, itopwt"

&{mrshq$-*$i TSP* Sslrs$$q illrfl ftSsdss*f tho *u*ir-6- .spaffiu,l nature cte *h*m ls$firtg ilSpErts tne e6lewt€d,

wn$o* rs$&p s the ey$ss *f rw:mte uomffimg the s6std# sttssksom nollm',ry isfitrffip.t}$,W y-ow$e f;$ s**rnst6* *ersfltortsg iil tr$h{,

f,ss*se ahout tw rl,opo *fter om,eh uttnn * thsffi rep$rtu ffis rnts,lilr

rsscrsssnsrl, w'l"tb ffle,I$rsf,&gi ths fffisr,H#ery &ne tfeAfi&l of $s$hf$Nsrmr,lr&our*sl"leur.*Sts oerr*pur{*i tbs pl*mnM' ffirI ee*svofl tsdsins of tksmu$n fo*spr srf, asseEst&f;l th# dsffi#n try qffrfit*W e*u,tsp6 .ry wsthrlte

the gard;u gm $*].t*Ll*.sovsrr CIm the }est $rclf;rrtn a u@atn dffid$ dbsl,rb*leg srw t$s**CIt&eully remrtrod W tfr$ raflwup w.pw*#" sfte thp

roprorte Ssve *lu srilftilaiod, denetty to bg edryGstd, frm the stffief t?r& bsrub"Ioofi doopm,tohoA sfld ths *ws*:l;y whtct* wes gs&&e.vtrfu &sfi,net l$ awace {*rom tbw$$e mrutrol}ifr$ ygrry&r Sff Hffi }$rllr t6es$tl3*1t}, e$rtlr n$*h)* wsr$ $'sn,fi,ir$d_e+ tn thta vry un* srbes*

'"sssr*l$s srffisa'$.s€e fn ile ft s+" $*I,S tt) uw sfiffiHtrsss uwu sswsdtin sespoet ofl a furthm *s st*merp* shse sffitfi* b#s E€ snr*st*r*gss*sn wae iLi-sf,isritflrfi#fi wrog tho cffn;:al*.erm botrtrsutx eqreqtetfsn esd{lst}*wwrtt hed. bosn wr,tr$uus1s3;r r.re,Ce*

ffis$bsdfi afi ffiiw$gts*&.$* *rrrr}lgs*.s

f,lu *wspel tmmq the reqttttuuwt ts .to chacsd*csisr dry 6ttegrrs,SA hy ffiffis ttrffirf,*etr wra*runemept-t of srsuury, cr fu e rot, of srdbffi,seffig€egstsr oo th*t a r#hn[e swlea of re*rtu cW,s* ffit tp qrys

bmb!ru,f teuk$.#re can ho oo::ry.raned, wi,th otfo*r ow&qp W*oa[ o{rt fus*&er. tscfu&f.qusss a!,r*1 m t&,et seesseeble er$d. fqm8W*teilxn +hw$$g!n *oswrr umd, tho vcly{,lg offe$ts sf ryEathon. ewrb asgo*wodl.

/.te$ry,- rrrr*rrr

_$l,ii,*$,H#.fi,,,t*sr, # fi *(1) 'hr+tta,t. g'*,* , 4,*r**.(D A.H.b./nlsl/aor(0.'

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Xl*turc nf :]CIsfrrfntl :jl.strikltion'Ihrr bsslbfals &i.strfbwt$en of enar ons rd.id4 sbts,t$#S *4tb$s

dfre**lXr f,rCIre il sps,t,sry ptot ou $:*+S*reo*16r fro m, ptrSrt sf $ffitts$etgrhoil;ug;'r'*,5:?rq $;e* ;*a$o up of th,s ffis.1)et$.ffilwse$ b*s$rs&tdks *rf fnd,tffi&*st

*$.rsnaji** hTlo*s w$,tL hs,ve bo.mtw,l, s:ti ds"f,fersnt *irseq t&w*ughmrt t&e

ssrff,&$ Elf tlw *s**" ,ffi tr.t S,i.{fesw+t }oee*$.qns *p{fifutfi ths wtret} rltrn-

'hrs,hr$tsn. ffcr r$etrb sii,$.ds the dfsEr*hu*Ss,n *f ths $]rl$fl6&rmL g,txsssft

i"n fi,p6r5o nr** $Smq w$.t l m*t he w'l"u!$s*Iy roadmg $'r*ss*' S$ Ss eednr

farsfi ths wralyoso ryf, 3srrg wr,l$ rti.*p+n"eprt ra&Srs ttmt mro*offi$e s6s[i

pof.rt*o of inrpi*t {ii"i'.tr*} r# boe"nhessc$rop arro*ewd, filqw sbsffi+ 9*tentiesp

od tfune1 trriu*3"};.' sfturw n eymtr*nuntf,* ttr&d'tt {*en er:rwtttm.te pou,ffii f,er

th*n Ls tlint tbo poi,artw sf, n$& esLsstqdl, ("Ualrgot imllssrtars *ffin.tfilltlr,sruselves c,&nn,rsr[ dr.fff.$,,r *ho eotn*so gf tL.s rsSS," Sbs bowbfo],l *t"s*tn$hr-lti.*n nf tks r,ql,il &s e uh*[e jr-* t]:us 'lihe *d:lswraga of o pattortahr"cr+r,;$Jki fyon irtnuts '&o *Xnut6 tlmaW#ou* tho rsirlr

I,f s, nrli:her o'f, bomb* e;ss ssurril*tI,g nfumd *t s ftJKffi sfMffi# glCII-lr&.3

'brrs :refi!*3tt*U l*mhfsr.Xt t1*"*1;r[hut*,otx rirtrtrl uppromlmte ulnOe]y t+ er].s].f:i,ll:lte fos'& * tfue $or*nal!. ru' 'lsussi$-n {}*.s{r4bwttffi ssffitemdd, *m t$sr].tt**n**,*lrd * ssrx*$e& upom *trre n$-us$uil 't**rdfrr ths ncrgntr d$*tr:lfnrtAgn

Sel r;eL]. urtde,l*r'b*stl i!*:tlre!&1tir:rr.I\fl *mi 5.0 thu:cforp mrmruLbl$ t$st attr;tt **l rr::' l.;,'r:$s.

In *he bonbfnSl di*'ftrihutfsn sf atl ergmrut$annl satdr horrwtnsml

,hilp iifinP.xn d*cls ra,lt uemn!,].y e*in**:*e vttti tfoe *txfuW.ilstntl if flsldlr'$or:'rws tlw ,rol$t CIf s:I* tn umrr$,lp attr{areo$ trlr}'i#etery tor tas $$nr},I

*f *s'rr's:ra[ tarEct i.urd.ie*,'fioa's] ttselg $ropp*& w$tb o gsrtain elrqtr".llt*oe tliet rt$rttri.h'trt$om e}*u$ &tis! i.Ll,*[* Ls nst nonml,fs {f aefs bmgwrge'Sb+ .**.n* s,f ,ptun I!** *fu".{,ftsd *},*uq4rftout tlw rn,{S. $fr$slryr *ot eIItr*rirhru uL11 ho rf.nsrectl;i ai.!:rcdrl g$$ss ffss*s rr$,1! qeffis w*nll tqr*Ueh {'r.et*f& i:,:, S*'iu:,fi$,tne }lq;;ih*,r ,emrihs*"i:&*SS fr' b,,rUfo-f$treew g,Sr#1 Wsrl:rnrrs af' juli;urient uwh aru n*m$,n; CI.{; n *.eeoy tnvgu*, trdlf.natoe srtd,fiwi b" *!tr;l ont*nyr

s!r*,n oonrpl,e!il *ttnmt$,o$ erun b*s$ !:e d,eal.t wntb *f tloo #,oi.lst'r[ngste;ro olrri ts tnksnt*

tc) trrc f::ouc cfrrorts +en ire rcccilFrt"sort en*. otr{'slnebed*

(tt) ttrc IS,Ir*t, *f ttrc s#sidrlcJ f,$.ss.ruitiutf,*n *psr bs fsrry&fl*

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