DOCUMENT RESUME ED 284 736 Finkbeiner, Ann

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Finkbeiner, AnnNational SciecTe Founda ion - Annual Report 1986.National Scier.ce Founda ion, Washington, D.C.NSF-87-186108p.; Colored photographs may not reproduce well.For the 1985 report, see ED 271 326.Superintendent of Documents, U. S. GovernmentPrintillg Office, Washington, DC 20402.Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090) --Reports - Descriptive(141)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO5 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *College Science; *Elementary School Science;

Elementary Secondary Education; EngineeringEducation; *Federal Aid; *Federal Government; HigherEducation; *Research and Development; ResearchUniversities; Science and Society; Science Education;Science Instruction; Scientific and TechnicalInformation; *Secondary School Science; TechnologicalAdvancement

IDENTIFIERS *National Science Foundation

ABSTRACTThe National Science Foundation (NSF) provides grants

through_its program divisions, which represent the variousdisciplines and fields of science and engineering. This reportprovides a synopsis of NSF grant awards and activities for 1986. Thefirst two sections of the document highlight some of the currentareas of.NSF sponsored research and development, along with somecrucial issues to be considered in the future. The next chapterfocuses on: (I) centers and instrumentation; (2) meeting the futurepersonnel_needs of science and engineering; (3) precollege educationand associated personnel issues; (4) international science andengineering; -(5) polar programs; and (6) natural disasters.Subsequent sections of the book describe NSF award.recipients,introduce various NSF employees who have responsibilities forspecific program areas, and outline NSF operations and itsorganizational structure. Appendices include a listing of NSF staffand National Science Board members, financial and patent reports forfiscal year 1986, and the membership of NSF advisory committees.(TW)

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EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIOhlCENTER (ERIC)

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About the National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation is anindependent federal agency created bythe National Science Foundation Act of1950 (P.L. 81-507). Its aim is topromote and advance scientific prog-ress in the United States. The idea ofsuch a foundation was an outgrowth ofthe important contributions made byscience and technology during WorldWar II. From those first days, NSF hashad a unique place in the federalgovernment: It is responsible for theoverall health of science across aildisciplines. In contrast, other agenciessupport research focused on specificmissions.

NSF funds research in all fields ofscience and engineering. It does thisthrough grants and contracts to morethan 2000 colleges, universities, andother research institutions in alf partsof the United States. The Foundationaccounts for about 25 percent offederal support to academic institu-fions for basic research.

NSF receives more than 30,000proposals each year for research,graduate fellowships and math/science/engineering education; itmakes more than 13,000 awards. Thesego to universities, colleges, academicconsortia, nonprofit institutions, andsmall businesses. The agency operatesno laboratories itself but does supportNational Research Centers, certainoceanographic vessels, and Amarcticresearch stations. The Foundation alsoaids cooperative research betweenuniversities and industry and U.S.participation in international scientificefforts.

NSF is structured much like auniversity, with grant-making divisionsfor the various disciplines and fieldsof science and engineering. The Foun-dation's staff is helped by advisors,primarily from the scientific communi-ty, who serve on formal committees oras ad hoc reviewers of proposals. Thisadvisory system, which focuses onboth program dimction and specificproposals, involves more than 50,000scientists and engineers a year. NSI.staff members who are experts in acertain field or area make final awarddecisions; applicants get verbatim un-signed copies of peer reviews and canappeal those decisions.

Awardees are wholly responsible fordoing their research and preparingthe results for publication. Thus theFoundation does not assume respon-sibility for such findings or theirinterpretation.

NSF welcomes proposals on behalfof all qualified scientists and engineersand strongly encourages women, mi-norities, and the handicapped to com-pete fully in its programs.

National ScienceFoundation

Annual Report 4986

Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1986

For sale by the Superintendent of Documen U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402

4

_etter of Trans ittal

Washington, D.C.

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT:

I have the honor to transmitherewith the Asinual Report forFiscal Year 1986 of the NationalScience Foundation, for sub-mission to the Congress asrequired by the National ScienceFoundation Act of 1950.

Respectfully,

Erich BlochDirector Nation

The HonorableThe Pwsident of the 'kW States

!dation

CONTENTS

Director's Statement

Highlights

Chapter 1:

Chapter 2:

Chapter

Chapter 4:

Chapter 5:

Chapter 6:

Appendixes

Appendix A.

Issues and initiatives

focus on.Centers and Instrumentation

Science and Engineering Pers leetin --e

Needs

Precollege Education and the Personnel Issue

international Science and Engineering

Polar Programs

Natural Disasters

Awards

NSF People

NSF Operations and Organization

Conclusion

Appendix H.

Appendix C.

NSF Staff and National Scien( FY 1986

rd Memhers

Financial and Patent Reports tbr FY 1986

Advisory Committees tbr FY 1986

18

28

28

35

39

48

-54

7)

74

76

76

78

An annual report necessarilyreflects on the past. But it isthe Director's privilege to

treat the past as prologue, andlook instead to the future. As Ilook back on our achievements, Icannot help seeing still greateraccomplishments ahead.

Recent news confirms againthe spectacular dynamism of sci-ence and engineering. At the endof 1986 we had the first of a seriesof discoveries of new materialscapable of superconductivity attemperatures not previously be-lieved possible. Supercoriductivity,first discovered in 1911, has longpromised technological benefits.But the promise has remainedunrealized because the necessarytemperatures involved have beentoo expensive to achieve.

Suddenly, however, supercon-ductivity is possible at temper-atures that can be maintained withinexpensive liquid nitrogen, andstill higher temperatures are likely.This opens technological vistas ofgreat scope, including revolution-ary changes in electric power gen-eration and transmission, and intransportation.

IV NATIO= SCIENCE FOUNDATION

CTOR'S STATEMENT

The last supernova that oc-curred close to the earth was the"new star" observed by TychoBrahe in 1572. The revelation thatsuch a thing was possible forced areconsideration of the medievalworld view, and was a major stepon the road to modern science.And now we have a new super-nova, the first one nearby sinceTycho's, and the first to be ob-served with modern instruments.A new subdiscipline, "neutrinoastronomy- has been proclaimed.Will the 1987 supernova have aneffect as great as Tycho? Funda-mental new insights are the onlysafe prediction.

"I believe that science andengineering are just entering a

long period of acceleratingpmgress

Supercomputers and coniplexmodels have enabled scientists aridengineers to make rapid progressin many fields, such as the geo-sc:ences, where experimentation isdifficult or impossible.

Reports of major discoveriesin biology and medical sciencesare a daily occurrence. Genetics isyielding new insight into mentaldisorders. A malaria vaccine isready for testing. Understanding ofmany diseases grows rapidly

I believe that science andengineering are just entering along period of accelerating prog-ress. We have never seen anythinglike it before, so we are in manyways unprepared to deal with it.

What must we do?

The first answer is "Educate.-Science and technology are centralto our civilization, and daily be-come more so. But our schoolsand colleges remain far from capa-ble of either teaching the sub-stance of elementary science andmathematics to all students, or ofpreparing students to deal ra-tionally with the social, economic,or philosophical consequences ofall this new knowledge.

The economic consequences ofbasic science and engineeringare great and ever increasing"

The second answer is "Com-pete." Because technology nowflows rapidly from new under-standing, the economic con-sequences of basic science andengineering are great and everincreasing. "Knowledge is power-is an old saying, but never moretrue.

Especially knowledge is eco-nomic power, but it has to becurrent. In fields such as micro-electronics, the knowledge onwhich the technology of five yearsago was built is no longer eco-nomically significant. Our nationaleconomic health, standard of !iv-ing, and national defense dependon constantly staying ahead of ourcompetitors in creating newknowledge, in converting it to newproducts and processes, and inmanufacturing and marketingefficiently

"Knowledge is economic powel;but a has to be current-

The third answer is "Commit."We must commit to steady invest-ment in basic science and engi-neering research, and in educationat all levels. Nothing else willmaintain our economic and mili-tary strength.

And we must commit tochanging our research and educa-tional institutions to deal with arapidly changing world. In par-ticular we must be sure that ouruniversities, industries, and govern-ment are encouraged to worktogether cooperatively for the com-mon good.

Educate, Compete, and Com-mit. These are active concepts. Ifwe use them as guides to thefuturesoon to be the world ofthe 21st Centurywe 7ill use ournew knowledge creatively and forthe benefit of all. They are fitconcepts to guide the Nation?!Science Foundation in the years tocome.

Erich BlochNSF Director

A 'N11/41. HEI ,r1; ll I. VitAR 19 1

Watching the Ozone"Hole" over Antarctica

Although ozone, a form ofoxygen, is found in smallamounts throughout the at-

mosphere, most of it is located inthe stratosphere above 6 milesaltitude. This critical compoundscreens out nearly all of the sun'sharmful ultraviolet radiation thatwould cause skin cancer in hu-mans and harm plants, both onland and in the sea. But measure-ments taken on the ground at aBritish antarctic station and fromU.S. satellites show that theamount of ozone over Antarcticahas been declining by about 50percent during the austral springsince the mid-1970's.

The decline in ozone seemsto appear in August and continuesthrough September and early Oc-tober; recovery of ozone occursaround late October or earlyNovember. Schtntists working inAntarctica began to record thesedramatic changes in the ozonelayer in the 1970s. At this writing,the so-called ozone "hole,- whichextends over most of Antarctica, isabout the size of the United States.Scientists have suggested varioustheories to explain the phe-nomenon, including disruption ofthe ozone layer by pollution fromsynthetic chemical products;changes in solar activity; increased

_

TIONAL SCIENCE _FOUNDATION

levels of volcanic activity; andseasonal atmospheric processes.

In August 1986 (the australspring) 12 scientists on four re-search teams went to McMurdoStation, the U.S. Mtarctic Program'sresearch station on Ross Island, totake measurements that wouldhelp to explain the alarming an-nual depletion in the ozone layerPreliminary data suggest that highsolar activity and upward move-ment of the polar winds do notcause the hole. Dynamic processesin the antarctic atmosphere set thestage for the seasonal appearanceof the hole, but at this writingscientists believe that a chemicalprocess is fundamentallyresponsible.

Pr Susan Softnnan, head of the rintarcile ozoneresearch te (above). Other team nw,nhc'rs areshown wor ipment that Sa?if)leSlevels of ozone and atmospheric parti

Antarctic ozone hole. Development of the hole inthe 1986 scuthern hebnsphere Spring as followedwith the Nimbus 7 TOMS (Total Ozone MappingSpectrotneter). By October 2, the region of lowestozone (below 200 Dobson Units or purple area)had expanded to cover much of the antarcticcontinent to the tight of the Greenwich meridianOn October 10, the center of the low region haddecreased so that a region below 175 DU hadappeared (see expanding black area in center).The maximum ozone in the circumpolar ring isnear 500 DU (areas of yellows browns, andgreens). (NASA photo)

9

Decoding Genes Quickly

Researchers at the Cnliforniainstitute of Technology havebuilt a machine that ana-

lyzes DNA hundreds of times morerapidly than was previously possi-ble. DNA analysis in turn allowsresearchers to unravel the body'sgenetic information. Among itsother benefits, the Caltech machinewill help researchers lay the foun-dation for studying thousands ofinherited diseases.

All genes are combinations ofonly four chemical compounds,called nucleotides and abbreviatedas A,T,G, and C. The genetic codedepends on the sequence in whichthose nucleotides are arranged:MG, for instance, tells the body tomake the amino acid, lysine. Cal-tech's machine., called a sequenator,labels each nucleotide with a fluo-rescent dye, uses a laser to detectthe sequence of colors, then reac6out the sequence of nucleotides.The sequenator, developed underthe direction of biologist Leroy

10

Hood, reads out the sequencesmore quickly and at a much lowercost than before.

The sequence of nucleotidesfrom one individual is then com-pared to sequences from otherindividuals to find any differences.Athough they usually have noimmediate effect, changes in se-quence occasionally cause disease.On one gene, for example, sub-stituting an A for a T changes theway the body makes hemoglobinand results in sickle-cell anemia.Identifying that substitution allowsresearchers to find the adults whocarry the gene foc sickle-cell ane-mia (or any other genetic disease)and who could thus pass the genealong to their children,

Genetic engineers also useknowledge of the exact sequenceof nucleotides to move a specificgene from one organism to an-other, an important step in inno-vative methods for creating newdrugs or vaccines. Medical re-searchers use gene sequencing tounderstand what changes mightturn a normal gene into a can-cerous one. Md for biologists, acomplete map of all human geneswould provide valuable insight intothe way the human body functions.

Caltech sequenator LemyHood and Jane Sanders werepart of the team that de-veloped the sequenatorshown here

ANNUAL RETORT, F1,71 TAR 1986 3

GALE Project on East CoasWinter Storms

Winter storms along the EastCoast area of the UnitedStates can strike with ca-

pricious violence: hurricane-forcewinds, cities buried in snow andice, motorists stranded. A massivefield study was designed to givescientists a better idea of how topredict these surprise storms moreprecisely.

This type of winter stormresults from a combination ofeffects involving the AppalachianMountains, the ocean, and the jetstream. Cold air heading southfrom Canada is trapped along theeastern slopes of the Appalachians.Warm, moist air heated by theocean, especially by the GulfStream, circles in over the EastCoast, hits the Canadian cold air,and rises up over it. The contactbetween warm and cold air createsrain, ice, and snow storms over thecoastal plain east of the Appala-chians. In some cases tWs furtherresults in the explosive develop-ment of an East Coast cyclone.These storms move north alongthe jet stream, often tracking thecoastline. Once fully developed,they can paralyze travel and com-merce all along the coast.

A large consortium of 250researchers from 17 universitiesand 7 federal agenciesusing 5satellites, 8 airplanes, 2 ships, 10weather radars, 60 upper-airsounding stations, and 60 specialsurface mauls and buoyspartici-pated in a Si 0 million study calledGALE, for Genesis of Atlantic LowsExperiment. GALE should give re-searchers the information theyneed to explain why storms aregenerated over the Carolinas' coast-al area and why some intensify

SCIENCE FOUNDATION

explosively while others remaininnocuous. Ultimately, GALE shouldallow improved 12- to 24-hourprediction of these storms, theirpaths, the type and amount ofprecipitation they produce, andtheir rate of intensification. GALEwas organized at the NationalCenter for Atmospheric Researchin Boulder, Colorado, and directedby Richard Dirks of NSF.

GALE research Buoy deploy-ment from the research vesselCape Florida (center photo);Portable Automated MesonetStation to gather weatherdata on lan4 NCAR Electraaircraft ouOtted with gustprobe

tzt-r,45

t 1

Fast, Cool Switching Devicesfor Lightwave Technology

1 kyoung engineer has beenworking with a material thatmay be used in components

of a computer that operates notwith electric current, but withlighta so-called optical computer.Light can carry and process infor-mation in the computer moreefficiently, making possible newtypes of computers that can oper-ate much more quickly and workon several problems at one time.Before optical computers becomea reality, however several diffi-culties must be solved.

One of these is to synthesize amaterial that allows information tobe both fed into and read out ofthe computer optically. Such amaterial needs to switch a lightsignal off and on quickly and withhigh contrast, not overheating inthe process. One such material isgallium arsenide. Single switchesmade of gallium arsenide can turnthe signal on and off at speeds thatrange from .000001 to .000000001seconds. But to make a computerthat can solve several problems atonce, many switches must belinked together, much the sameway tiles are linked to make amosaic. The more switches in themosaic, the more power needed todo the computing. The morepower, the hotter the whole systemgets. Up to 10,000 gallium arsenideswitches can be linked together;more than that, and the systemmelts.

At the University of Coloradoat Boulder engineer KristinaJohnson is using a material syn-thesized by Noel Clark, a con-densed matter scientist, and DavidWalba, a chemist. This material canswitch.light off and on in .000001second, not quite as fast as galliumarsenide. The advantage of theirmaterial, a ferroelectric liquid crys-tal, is that it requires much lesspower to operate, so that it runs10,000 times cooler Such coolnessmeans that almost a million fer-roelectric liquid crystal switchescan be linked together. The mate-rial also has a hundred timesbetter contrast than galliumarsenide.

This kind of work bringsoptical computers a few stepscloser and advances a relativelynew field called lightwave tech-nology The technology promisesto have a significant effect on suchareas as electronics, informationprocessing, computing, robotics, ar-tificial intelligence, aviation, andcommunications. Johnson is al5o aPresidential Young Investigator(see description of this NSF pro-gram in chapter 2).

12

Lightwat ogy imPle-merit This ferroelearic liq-uid crystal light shutter isused by engineers, chemists,and physicists at the Univer-shy of Colorado (Boulder).The device switches in micro-secondA has very high con-trast, and ran be easilyfabricated in large arrays

ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL WAR 1986 5

1 9 8 6

Finding the Vulnerable Pointof a Cold Virus

Researchers have mapped, inatomic detail, the place on acold virus where an antiviral

drug attaches. The researchers atPurdue University were led byMichael Rossmann, who last yearmapped a cold virus's overallstructure for the first time.

A virus is a simple creature, astrand of RNA or DNA surroundedby a protein coat. Once a virusgets inside a cell, the coat breaksapart and releases the virus's RNAor DNA, which then takes over theDNA of the cell, As a result, thecell eventually manufactures moreviruses, which break out and in-vade other cells.

trCold virus model. Michael Rossmann at Purdue University is shownwith model first developed by Rossmann and his team in 1985.

Rossmann's team used a super-computer to find the exact spot onthe virus:s coat where an antiviraldrug attaches. The drug preventsthe coat from breaking apart, andunless the coat is broken, thevirus RNA or DNA cannot get freeto cause infection. Researchers stillhave not found a cure for thecommon cold. But knowing howand where a drug attacks the viruswill help with the development ofmore effective drugs. It will alsoprovide fundamental and detailedknowledge of how viruses carry ontheir lethal business.

1 36 NATIONAL SCIENCE POUNDATION

World's Most PowerfulMagnetic Field

At the Francis Bitter NationalMagnet Laboratory, Mas-sachusetts Institute of Tech-

nology, a group headed byLawrence Rubin has generated theworld's most powerful magneticfield. Use of high magnetic fieldshelps materials researchers learnabout the behavior of electrons insolids. Applying such a field pro-foundly affects the way electronsmove through a conducting solidmaterial, resulting in dramatic, ob-servable changes in the way thesolid conducts electricity Researchof this kind may lead to newmaterials for electronic, magnetic,and superconducting devices, in-struments, and machines.

The record field set by theLaboratory was 33.6 tesla. Theprevious record, set in Japan, was30.7 tesla. By comparison, theearth's magnetic field is about.00005 tesla; the small magnets thathold messages on refrigeratorsproduce about 0.1 tesla. The high-est magnetic field anyone hasmeasured in the universe is that ofa white dwarf, a compact anddense star about the size of theearth. (Our sun will eventuallybecome such a star.) The whitedwarfs fieldmeasured by GarySchmidt, Steven West, and JamesLiebert at the University of Arizona,Richard Green at Kitt Peak NationalObservator and H.S. Stockman atthe Space Telescope Science In-stitute in Baltimore, Marylandwas50,000 tesla. Neutron stars, evendenser than white dwarfs, arepredicted to have even stronerfieldsaround 100 million tesla.

IV( most powerfid steady-state numagnet consists qr a supereondactinsert and pole pieces made of thesupercomincting outer coil is sbown

nnw for the water-cooled insert and lb

At 33.6 testa, thecoil a water-cooleddmium. Most of dieillt around the

"Windup; pole pieces

ANNUAL Mufti; 11tiCid. yrAR 1986 7

1 9 8 6

Dawn Apes of the Fayum

Some 32 million years agothere was a tropical rainforest in the barren wind-

swept Sahara Desert about 60miles southwest of Cairo, Egypt.Elwyn Simons of Duke Universityand his collaborators have laboredfor more than a decade to collectfossilized remains of species thatonce flourished there. Paleon-tologists and paleoanthropologistshave focused considerable atten-tion on the Fayurn, a small area,because it contains the only fossil-bearing deposits in the Old Worldof this Oligocene age, and thesedeposits provide the first gooddocumentation of warm-bloodedanimals and birds from Africa.

In October 1985 the Duketeam recovered a small skull thatwas badly crushed and encased ina block of rock-hard matrix. A yearlater a second skull was recovered;only after laborious cleaning andreconstruction has it become evi-dent that these remainsdubbedAdam and Eveare in fact the twooldest adult skulls ever found thatappear to belong to the directancestry of humans. One is theskull of a mature male, the other

8 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1 5

that of a mature female. Frag-ments of a third skull had beendiscovered in 1966.)

This new pair of skulls be-longs to a primate genus Aeffp-topithecus and the species A.zeuxis; it is widely believed to be acommon ancestor of humans, theapes, and possibly Old Worldmonkeys as well. The name"zeuxis" means yoke or link, andthis animal is a connection be-tween ancient prosimians or sub-monkeys and modern primates.

Aetyptopithecus was a tree-dwelling animal approximately thesize of a fox or a large house cat.What the two new skulls provideis clear evidence of sexual di-morphism: the male is larger thanthe female. Modern primate spe-cies that exhibit this degree ofdimorphism usually live in largemulti-male and multi-female socialgroups. This advanced type ofsocial structure, Simons postulates,can now be traced back as far as32 million years ago.

Mthough the skulls are small,the size of the brain is relativelylarge. Casts made from the skulls'interiors reveal a brain at thegeneral level of complexity ofthose found in modern owl and titimonkeys of South America. Theteeth indicate ties with ape formsthat inhabited East MI xa duringthe Miocene age, about 12 millionyears later, and these in turn arebroadly ancestral to both modernapes and humans.

Anthropology find These arethe two oldest adult skullsever found that appear tobelong to the direct ancestryof humans Skull at right isthat of a mature malg theother that of an adult femaleBoth come from an excava-tion site in the wind-sweptbadlands of the FayumProvince southwest of Cairo,EBYPL

Ocean science at work

New Devices to StudyNewly-Created Crust

Most of the earth's crust isancient. Some parts of thecrust, however, are being

created right now; they are, asgeologists say, of zero age. Scien-tists aboard the JOIDES Resolution,the research ship of NSF's interna-tional ocean drilling program, havefinally been able to look closely atzero-age crust in the process ofbeing formed.

1;

One place where crust isbeing created is along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a jagged chain ofunderwater mountains strung fromIceland down the middle of theAtlantic Ocean to the antarctic.Along this ridge two of the earth'stectonic plates are tearing apart,carrying Africa and Europe awayfrom North and South America atabout an inch a year. Where theplates move apart, molten rockfrom the interior of the earthmoves to the surface, piling upnew crust into a ridge. At sites1200 miles southeast of Bermudaand 2 miles down, the interna-tional team of scientists drilled intothe ridge.

1 6

The drilling process itself wasan innovation. The new crust lacksthe thick layers of sediment thatprovide stability for a drill, andyoung rock is hard and abrasive.The drill is consequently difficultto aim; it skitters all over. Soengineers developed what they calla guide base, a 20-ton, room-sizeddoughnut held in place by 100,000pounds of cement. They positionedthe drill by using a real-timeunderwater television camera. Withthe guide base and drill, scientistswere able, for the first time, tolook closely at rock formed at theMid-Atlantic Ridge. Using the cam-era, they could also watch whathappens when molten rock andsea water meet.

The new rock is porous andhot; sea water circulates through it,dissolving its minerals and becom-ing extremely hot. Such circulationprobably helps to determine themineral composition of the oceans.Wbat the camera saw was a land-scape of 30-foot-high chimneys,formed when the dissolved miner-al condensed back out of thewater, that send out clouds ofblack smoke and metal-rich water.The chimneys, called blacksmokers, are made of copper, zinc,and iron sulfides, sometimes inmassive nuggets. Swimmingaround the chimneys is a uniquecommunity of shrimp and eel-likecreatures; thus the scientists calledthe area the Snakepit.

The JOIDES Resolution, oper-ated by Texas A&M University, isfunded by Canada, France, Japan,West Germany, the United King-dom, and the United Statesthrough the National Science Foun-dation, In 1986, these countrieswere joined in the Ocean DrillingProgram by the European ScienceFoundation, representing 12 Euro-pean countries.

ANNL1AL REPOHT, FIS 1986 9

9 8 6

Tying the UniverseTo ether with String

physicists are finding that anew theory. which sees part'-

. cies not as tiny points but asthe vibrations of tiny bits of string,may explain the force that governsthe universe. For cenwries, phys-icists have studied the gravitationalforce between all bodies with massand the electromagnetic force be-tween all particles with charge.During this century they describedtwo more: the weak force thatgoverns the radioactive decay ofparticles and the strong force thatholds particles together in thenucleus of an atom. For decadesnow, physicists have been trying tolearn whether these four phe-nomena are, in some profoundlyfundamental way, all faces of thesame force. In short, physklook for what they call a Theory ofEverything.

One sticking point iii theirsearch has been the gravitationalforce. Until recently, it appearedthat Einstein's well-confirmed theo-iy of the gravitational force isincompatible with quantum me-chanics. Since quantum mechanicsis an extremely successful body ofgeneral physical laws believed todescribe correctly the physicaleffects of any force, this incom-patibility has been a serious prob-lem. Now Michael Green, at theUniversity of London, and JohnSchwartz, at the California Instituteof Technology have shown thefollowing: if elementary particlesare actually the vibrations of tinystrings, and if the forces among theparticles include electromagnetism,the weak force, the strong force,and possibly some other forces notyet observed in the laboratory,then the theory of the gravitationalforce becomes compatible withquantum mechanics.

10 NATIONAI SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The work done by Gr --I-1 andSchwartz, along with that of phys-icists at Princeton University (seelater chapter on 'Awards"), has ledto what is called superstring theo-ry which perhaps may be theTheory of Everything. In it, tinybits of string wiggle in 10 dimen-sions! 3 dimensions of space, 1 oftime, and 6 others that haveshrunk (physicists say "compac-tified") to imperceptibility. Stringscan be open, like shoelaces, orclosed, like rubber bands; they canconnect to other strings, or splitfrom them. They vibrate, and thefrequency of their vibration deter-mines what particles they seem tobe. An extremely high frequencyvibration of a string may appear tobesay, a quark; a lower frequencyof the same string may be anelectron.

Superstring theory sound bi-zarre, and though it has moreinternal consistency than previousTheories of Everything, it awaitsconfirmation. At this writing, thetheory has made no predictions bywhich it can be tested. And experi-ments that find strings direcdy arestill out of reach of the mostpowerful particle colliders, eitherin existence or imaginable.

1 7

Supmfringsthe universabuilding blocks (reprinted bypermission of Nature)

Models for the WayGears Fail

Any mechanical system withmoving parts is likely todepend on gears. The stress

of gears running against each otheris so great that, sooner or later, allgears wear out and fail. HerbertCheng and Leon Keer, at theTechnological institute at North-western University, have created acomputer model for predicting justwhen a gear will fail.

One metal gear turningagainst another puts stress on bothin such a way that their surfacesflow plastically, much the way mudflows, hut much more slowly Metalcannot flow far without makingmicroscopically tiny cracks. Thesemicrocracks on gears are semicir-cular., running from one point onthe surface to another. With con-tinued operation, the microcracksgrow until the metal above themflakes off, forming little pits on thegear:s surface. Lubricating oils canonly retard pitting, they cannotprohibit it. Once enough pits form,a geai is useless. In effect, all gearshave a certain lifetime.

Engineers cannot stop a (.7,earfrom failing, but they would like tobe able to predict its failure. Thiswill allow them to select gearmaterials and operating conditionssuch that the failure will not occurduring the expected life of themechanical system. Cheng andKeer have a computer model thatdoes just that. They study closelythe growth of a pit on a real gear,then use that information to simu-late on a computer how manytimes the gear had to turn before amicrocrack started, what the pat-tern of crack; was, and how theygrew into damaging pits. Micro-cracks, they found, start early inthe life of a gear but grow slowly

The computer model allowsCheng and Keer to predict boththe shape of the crack and the wayit grows, and ultimatelygivenhow long a gear has been usedto predict how likely it is to fail.Eventually, the model should allowengineers to design gears that willavoid the patterns of cracks thatlead to failure, thus greatly extend-ing the life of a gear.

ANNUAL ..4EPORT, FISCAL WAR 1956 11

1 9 8 6

Methane mussels. Tubewormssurround these mussels (cen-(er of photo), which lie onthe ocean bottom near meth-ane seeps Each clam isabout four inches long.

12 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Mussels That Liveon Methane

ceanographers working inhe Gulf of Mexico havediscovered a mussel that

lives on methane. The mussel, anew species, was found near whatoceanographers call hydrocarbonseeps, areas where methanecorn-monly called natural gasleaksfrom beneath seafloor sedimentsup into the ocean. The mussel isthe only known example of ahigher animal that utilizes methanefor sustenance.

James Childress and CharlesFisher (University of California atSanta Barbara) and James Brooks(Texas A&M University) found themussels, ranging from one to sixinches in length, about 150 milesoff the coast of Louisiana and 1800feet below the surface.

Until recently, animals werethought to depend, ultimately onphotosynthesis for their nourish-ment. Lacking sunlight, the deepsea is without photosynthesis, andonly meager food substances comedown from the surface waters. Aprocess involving methane seemsto ameliorate the low food level.

1

The mussel does not usemvhane directly Instead, it is hostto tiny, free-living bacteria in itsgills that take methane and turn itinto organic compounds. Musselsthen use the organic matter asfood.

The mussel is not the onlydeep-sea creature that does notdepend on photosynthesis. In1977, oceanographers discoveredgiant clams, other species of mus-sels, and four-foot-long worms liv-ing, cut off from sunlight, nearhydrothermal vents where hotwater pours from beneath theearth's crust. These creatures liveon the sulfur dissolved in the hotwateror rather, like the methane-eating mussels, they live in sym-biosis with bacteria that consumethe sulfur and provide foodsubstances.

Since hydrocarbon seeps oc-cur throughout the Gulf of Mexicoand off the coast of California,oceanographers speculate thatother types of bacterial symbiosesmight be more common than theyhad thought.

Flashing Ge es

Biologists and chemists look-ing for a way to find outwhich genes are activated in

which organs have come upon aningenious method. They have engi-neered genes that make the roots,stem, and leaves of a tobacco plantglow.

In most parts of organisms,each cell carries a full set of genes.But the genes that control thecolor of your eyes, for instance,are activated in your eyes only andin no other organ. In fact, whichgenes are activated determines theway each organ funct4ons. In orderto track the genes activated in theroots, stern, and leaves of a to-bacco plant, a team of biologistsand chemists at the University ofCalifornia at San Diego inserted agene from a firefly into the geneticstructure of the plant.

One part of the San Diegoteam isolated the gene that thefirefly uses to produce an enzyme,called luciferase, which makes thefirefly glow. The other part of theteam took the gene for luciferaseand attached it to a gene from aplant virus specifically, to thegene that controls the virus'sgrowth. Then the luciferase andvirus genes were both attached toyet another genethis one from abacterium that injects its owngenes into a plant's. The plant tookup some of the bacterium's genesand, along with them, the viralgenes and the genes for luciferase.

When the viral genes wereactivated in all the plant organs,so were the luciferase genes, andthe whole plant glowed. In fact,the luciferase genes apparentlybecame a permanent part of theplanes genetic structure and allsucceeding generations of plantsalso glowed.

The researchers noted that theluciferase gene reports whether ornot a gene is activated with par-ticular sensitivity, and that detec-tion of the gene's activity is bothnon-invasive and non-destructive.The luciferase gene should helpboth genetiL engineers trying tobreed resistance to diseases intoplants and biologists studyingwhich genes affect which organs.

No ordinary tobacco plant.Scientists at UC-San Diegobave altered the geneticmakeup of Ibis plant byintroducing a firefly geneinto its DIVA. As a result, Weplant is pmducing its ownglork6-414st like a firefly

20 ANNI T REPORT, }CA1 FK 986 13

1 9 8 6

Redrawing the Birds'Family Tree

Fver since the Swedish bota-nist Linnaeus (1707-78), biol-

---=4 °gists have classified animalsby comparing anatomy: legs thatrun versus the legs on birds thatfly, for example, or beaks thatcrack seeds versus beaks that drillholes. A new technique makes itpossible to classify animals moreaccurately by comparing their ge-netic makeup, their DNA. Usingthis technique, Charles Sibley andJon Ahlquist at Yale Universityfound that the family tree of allbirds needs to be redrawn.

For years, standard classifica-tion based on external anatomyassumed that all groups of birdshad a single common ancestor. Butanatomy can be misleading. Swiftsand swallows are unrelated butlook alike because both adapted tofeed on flying insects. In fact,animaV anatomies generally areshaped less by whom they arerelated to than by what they do. Soclassifying by comparing geneticmakeup is more reliable.

Over the last 10 years, Sibleyand Alilquist compared the DNA of1600 species of birds. The moresimilar the DNA of any two spe-cies, the more closely they arerelated. For instance, vultures ofthe Old World resemble turkeyvultures of the New, since allvultures find and feed on carrion.But Sibley and Ahlquist found thatthe DNA of the former resemblesthat of hawks and eagles, while theDNA of the latter resembles that ofstorks.

14 0 SCIENCE FOUNDATION

More interestingly, they foundthat a variety of birds in NewGuinea and Australiawarbler andthrush-like specieswere actuallymore closely related to one an-other and to crows than to theirEuropean look-alikes, warblers andthrushes. Sibley and Ahlquist groupthese birds as Corvida, crow-likeforms, which they maintainevolved in isolation from otherbirds on the New Guinea-Australian landmass about 60 mil-lion years ago. This evolutionwithin the Corvida calls to mindthe variety of marsupial mammals,from koala bears to kangaroos, thathas evolved under the samecircumstances.

Mathematical Theory ofKnots Unties DNA Molecules

To a mathematician a knot islike a knot in a shoelace: aclosed, one-dimensional

string that curves through three-dimensional space. One knot canbe twisted, pulled, pushed intoanother knot, and as long as thestring is neither cut nor untied, thetwo knots are, i.o the mathemati-cian, the same. The method forproving the similarity of any twoknots is called knot theory. Nor-mally studied for itS own sake,knot theory can surprisinglyenough be applied to the workingsof a molecule of DNA.

A DNA molecule consists oftwo strands of chemicals mistedtogether into a helix. The helix inturn tWiStS into a coil, which windsaround, curving back on itself,forming knots. In order for theDNA molecule to reproduce itself,enzymes musi. straighten out thoseknots and coils, preparatory topulling the strands themselvesapart. These enz-ymes, however,can begin work only on thoseportions of the knot of DNA thatare exposed to view So to under-stand what portions of the knot theenzymes would "see," biologistshad to understand by what rulesthe knot had formed.

Enter the mathematicianVaughan Jones. While at the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania, under a grantfrom the Modern Analysis Programin NSF's Mathematical Division,Jones developed algebraic methodsfor solving some long-standingproblems in an area of mathe-matical analysis known as vonNeumann algebras. This compo-nent of Modern Analysis arosenearly a half-century ago from themathematical formulation of quan-tum mechanics, and both scien-tifically and philosophically it is farremoved from knots and DNA.

However, Joneslooking beyondthe boundaries of his previousresearchobserved that this samemethodology which was successfulin the theory of von Neumannalgebras applies equally well to theclassification of knots. In fact, hisconstruct, now called "the Jonespolynomial," reduced the study ofcomplicated knots to simplermathematical expressions.

Molecular biologists StevenWasserman and NicholasCozzarelli, at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, used Jones'method to predict the sequencein which DNA could form in-creasingly complicated knots-those that crossed once, twice, andso on. When they looked at theactual DNA under an electronmicroscope, they found Me knotthat ended that sequence, one thatcrossed itself six times Accordingto a National Research Councilreport on trends in mathematics,"these developments emphasizeagain the eternity of a goodmathematical result, . . the unpre-dictable relationships betweenfields, and the many bridges acrossthe humanly created gap betweencore mathematics and the basicsciences."

22

Knot samples. The highlysupercoiled DNA moleculemodeled below contrastssharply' with the simple knotshown in drawing.

ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YFAR 1986 15

9 8 6

Unique Techniques fromSmall Businesses

Small businesses involved inscientific and technologicalinnovations are often unable

to support the high-risk basicresearch needed for the next gen-eration of innovations. NSFI-; SmallBusiness Innovation Research Pro-gram (SBIR) funds high-quality,high-risk research at such com-panies. The return on NSF's invest-ment includes not only researchresults but economic and socialbenefits to the nation.

Instruments and techniquesdeveloped by small, high-tech-nology businesses under the SBIRprogram are often unique. Amongthem is the Redox Chemillumines-cence Detector, invented at SieversResearch in Boulder, Colorado.The instrument measures, withhigh sensitivity and accuracy, traceamounts of organic compounds ina gas. The detector has beendelivered to several companies,and it is estimated to have alarge market nationally andinternationally.

Another such instrument, de-veloped by Charles Evans andAssociates near San Mateo, Califor-nia, is a laser that helps to identifythe materials in thin films. Thinfilms of varying materials, stackedlayer by layer, are used in thesemiconductor industry. The laserprobes the entire stack, making it auseful tool for constructing depthprofiles of the layers in the semi-conductor material.


Small business innovationThe Red= Cbemillumines-cence Detector was inventedat Sievers Research in Colo-rado, with NSF support,

President Recognizes Outstanding Scienceand Mathematics Teachers

In 1983, a new program wasestablished to recognize out-standing high school and

middle school teachers: thePresidential Awards for Excellencein Science and Mathematics Teach-ing. The quality of teachers inthese fields is important in deter-mining whether this country will,in the future, have the scientistsand engineers we need. NSF incooperation with the White Houseand several scientific and educa-tional professional associations, es-tablished the awards to encouragehigh-quality teachers to enter andremain in the field.

Each year two teachers fromevery state, the District of Colum-bia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S.territories receive the award. In1986, 108 teachers from thosejurisdictions and from the U.S.Department of Defense Depen-dents' Schools were honored. Eachawardee's school was given an NSFgrant of $5000, to be used underthe awardee's direction to improvescience and mathematics courses.

In general, the winners spendtheir school's awards on profes-sional development activities, new

equipment, materials for studentresearch, and other books, mediamaterials, and software. Manyawardees have supplemented thepresidential award grant withmatching funds from their schooldistricts, local businesses, andother sources.

Specifically, some of the win-ners in previous years have usedtheir award money as follows:

O Doris DeBoe, mathematicsteacher at Banneker High Schoolin Washington, D.C., operated asummer math program, purchasedteaching aids, and supported amathematics tutoring effort.

Asthur Farmer, physicsteacher at Gunn High School inPalo Alto, California, set up aunique model for teaching physicsat his school. He has disseminatedthe model widely to colleagues atboth the high school and collegelevels.

Juliana Tex ley, biologyteacher at Richmond High Schoolin Richmond, Michigan, used heraward to establish an advanced-placement biology course, pur-chase equipment for student proj-ects, and update the facilities ofher schook science department.

Presidential awardeeBlanche Brownley teachesmathematics at the Friend-shzp Education Center inWashington, DC. She is a1986 winner of the Presiden-tial Award for Excellence inScience and Mathematics

aching

ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 1986 17

uch depends on scienceand engineering: our inter-national economic compet-

itiveness, our technologicalinnovativeness and productivity,and our ability to defend thisnation and provide for its people shealth and well-being. Among allfederal agencies, only the NationalScience Foundation has the broadmission of ensuring the overallhealth of science and engineeringand the education of future scien-tin; and engineers.

To meet its responsibility, NSFfocuses on several areas of con-cern, including these:

the number and quality ofscientists, mathematicians,and engineers;the state of precollege sci-ence and engineering edu-cation and the importanceof education to our futureresearch capabilities;the U.S. position in theinternational science andengineering community;andpublic attitudes toward sci-ence and engineering.

Several major reports haveassessed these topics, and NSF hasresponded to many of the issuesraised (see below). Among thosereports are the following:

The Health of U.S. Collegesand UniversitiesA special panel of the White

House Science Council examinedthe overall status of U.S. researchand higher education in scienceand engineering, focusing on ways

MON SCIENCE Mt INDATION

that the federal government, uni-versities, and industry could act inpartnership. To maintain the strongscience base essential to our na-tional future, the Councik reportrecommended: (1)

significantly increasingfederal support for basicresearch in universities andcolleges;establishing science andtechnology "centers" thatwould work cooperativelywith state government andindustry in research areasof national importance;

supporting scholarships, fel-lowships, and other pro-grams to attract more ofour brightest students toscience and engineering ca-reers; andimproving academic re-search facilities, equipment,and instrumentation.

. See A Reiwuked Partlwrwhip, White HouseScience Council, Panel on the Health of U.S.Colleges and Universities, Feb. 1986 (alsoknown as the Paclord-Bromley Report, namedfor panel chairman David Packard of theHewlett-Packard Company and vice chairmanD. Allan Bromley of Yale University).

2 5

State of UndergraduateScience and EnghteeringEducationIn March 1986 NSF's governing

body, the National Science Board,issued Undergraduate Science,Mathematics, and Engineering Ed-ucation, This report found that thequantity of U.S. educational oppor-tunities is high, but the quality ofthat education needs attention. Forexample, the Board noted thatlaboratory work is increasinglyabsent in introductory courses.Laboratory instruction is too often"uninspired, tedious, and dull,"and many facilities are "obsoleteand inadequate." Faculty memberscannot always stay current withtheir fields, and both courses andcurricula are often out of date,unimaginative, and poorlyorganized. State funding of under-graduate institutions has dropped,and corporate and federal fundingis aimed elsewhere, at graduateeducation and basic research.

The report recommended thatNSF establish and expand its un-dergraduate education programs;encourage similar state, local, andprivate funding efforts; and workharder to attract minorities andwomen into math, science, andengineering.

ISSLI

Research Facility NeedsM NSF survey done in the

spring of 1986 produced thesefindings: (1)

A majority of the researchadministrators and deans at top-50schools (those with the highestexpenditures in research and de-velopment) reported that the con-dition of their existing reearchfacilities was good or excellent. Amajority of those officials respond-ing for schools ranked beow thetop 50 rated the condition of theirexisting facilities as fair or poor.

Virtually all campuses needmore research space, according totheir research administrators anddeans. Both groups said that facili-ty needs limited the number andtype of projects that could be doneon their campuses, and that it hasbeen necessary to divert fundsfrom other research areas to main-tain and/or repair facilities.

Research administratorsmost often cited engineering; bio-logical, biomedical, and physicalsciences; animal care facilities; andbiotechnology as areas with signifi-cant facility needs.

Universities have earmarked$7.5 billion for research facilitiesthrough 1991. Of the four majorfunding sources for construction,the federal government rankedlast, accounting for 10 percent ofongoing construction. State govern-ments accounted for more than1. Science and Engineering Research Facilititat Doctorate-Granting Institutions, September1986, Division of Science Resources Studies.

D INITIATIVES

two-fifths of the total, with tax-exempt bonds and private dona-tions or endowments providing theremainder of construction support.Public institutions rely most heavilyupon state support, whereas pri-vate institutions receive most oftheir money for research facilitiesfrom private donations orendowments.

26

Facilities like thi4 alongwith personnel (photo onnext page), are vital elementsof the science and technologyenterprise

ANNUAL REIPOKL FIS(AL 1986 19

Public Attitudes TowardScience and TecluiologyStudies cited in the latest

Science Indicators (1) found thatthe public is highly interested inscience and technology but Imowslittle about them. Nearly half ofthose questiored in one 1983survey said that they were veryinterested in new discoveries, anda similar number had high con-fidence in the research community.College students also showed highinterest levels. However, only 14percent of the kmerican oakand 10 to 12 percent of collegestudents thought of themselves asvery well-informed about scientificand technological discoveries.

L Science Indicators, The 1985 Report, NadonalScience Board, 1986


Continuing Need for MathSupportAccording to a 1986 report

commissioned by NSF from theNational Research Council (Mathe-matical Sciences: A Un(jying and

zamic Resource), the UnitedStates leads the world in mathe-matics researcha field that con-tinues to find more and newerapplications. But, said the report,mathematics is also in a "pre-carious situation, and we believethat it may be worsening."

An earlier study by the Na-tional Research Council in 1984found that in spite of a decade of"dazzling achievements," federalsupport for mathematics had de-clined. The current report notesthat, because math has becomeincreasingly sophisticated, a would-be mathematician must get anincreasing amount of education

-2 7

beyond the doctorate; unfor-tunately, declining federal supportand those increasing education .1requirements have caused feweiand fewer people to seek doctora;degrees in mathematics. The mostrecent study also says that thedecrease in Ph.D. production "willcontinue if the potential talentdoes not feel that continuing, aswell as entry level, research sup-port will be available:'

Evaluating Merit ReviewIn recent years, an increasing

number of academic research facil-ities have by-passed the meritreview system to seek fundingdirectly from Congress. In re-sponse, an NSF advisory committeehas studied the merit review sys-tem (formerly called peer review)for its timeliness, strengths, andshortcomings, and found no funda-mental problems. (1) However, thecommittee did recommend someprocedural changes, and NSF hasresponded accordingly see sectionthat follows).

RESPONSES AND RESUITS

Some of NSF's major activitiesin fiscal year 1986 were directresponses to the areas of concerndiscussed above. During the yearNSF also launched major researchinitiatives, along with efforts toimprove the way it does business.Some examples:

1. Final Report, NSF Advisoiy Committee onMerit Review 1986

Boosting the OverallSupply of Scientists andEngineersIn response to the scientific

and technical personnel shortagescited above, NSF has put increasedemphasis on programs to supportprecollege education in math, sci-ence, and engineering; to attractunderrepresented groups, such asminorities and women, to careersin those fields; and to aid youngresearchers just beginning theircareers. Chapter 2 includes a fulldiscussion of those efforts.

Cooperation BetweenIndustry, Government,and the UtLiversitiesNSF endorses the idea that

top-quality research be the jointresponsibility of industry, acade-mia, and government. Many ofNSF's programrincluding thecenters for engineering research,materials research, and supercom-putersincorporate suchcooperation.

A good example of cooper-ative effort is a joint study by theCalifornia firm Tracor Incorpo-rated, the Office of Naval Research,and NSF grantee Richard Pieper atthe University of Southern Califor-nia. Using a suite of sonar instru-ments, they can monitor theoceari zooplankton, the insect-likeswimmers that feed on plants andare themselves food for fish. Thesonar gives readings, in real time,of the size and distribution of thezooplanlaon. Keeping track of zoo-plankton can tell the researcherswhere fish graze and how muchthey will have to eat.

Joint research. University inaustot and governmentresearchers work on a zOoplankton study Here they211frequeng sonar with chlorophyll/depth/temperaturecmiductivity sensors and a water pump. The computercolorenhanced profiles of zooplanklonwith a multi-frequency sampler

2 8ANNUM- MPOK1; FISCh& VAR 1986 21

'a

The productivity of designengineers and the quality of thedesigns they produce are critical tothe competitive success of U.S.industries. In another example ofcollaboration between universityand industry researchers, the long-term goal is to achieve a betterunderstanding of the links betweendesign and manufacturing andwith this understandingto createcomputer-based tools that will al-low designers to work more effec-tively and efficiently

The members of this inter-disciplinary research team are JohnR. Dixon from the Department ofMechanical Engineering at the Uni-versity of Massachusetts, Paul R.Cohen at the same university'sDepartment of Computer Science,and Melvin K. Simmons at GeneralElectric Research. For example, theteam has been exploring the useof expert, or knowledge-based,systems for design and manufactur-ing. Such systems have evolved outof the field of artificial intelligence.

NSF also supports a series ofIndustry/University Cooperative Re-search Centers, or IUCRs. TheFoundation awards grants for col-laborations between university re7searchers and groups of industrialfirms to plan programs that arebroad-based and meet industryneeds. Grants to operate the pro-grams usually follow. Both kinds ofawards are supported by NSF andthe industrial firnm, with the ideathat a center will, within five years,become self-sufficient.

At this writing, 39 ILICRs adistributed across the countrystudying topics ranging from haz-ardous waste management at theNew Jersey Institute of Technologyto optical circuitry at the Universityof Arizona, to non-destructive eval-uation of materials at Iowa StateUniversity

The IUCR at the GeorgiaInstitute of Technology developedsofrware that has already beenused by a major soft drink firm.Usable on small computers, thesoftware automatically determinesthe most efficient delivery routes,the best time schedules, and themost effective loading sequences.

Design-manufacturing IInk& An industry-university team pmduced a computeraided design (left) for apolycarbonate resin extrusion This representation aids automated redesign, structural analysis andevaluation of manufacturing potential Second photo shows model for designing a bracket mold

22 NATIONAL SCiiNCR FOUNDATION29

RICR product The Center jor Interactive Computer Graphics at theRenssalaer Polytechnic Institute pmduced this representation of anorganic compound structure. The image was produced with atechnique known as ray-tracing. Image-generation techniques are usedin a wide variety nf applications, from computer-aided design andmanufacturing to advertising and entertainment

3 0ANNIIAL REPORT, FISCAL YV. 23

NSF also backs a program toencourage innovations in smallbusinesses. (See "Highlights" sec-tion for an example of such work.)The Small Business Innovation Re-search Program, or SBIR, fundssmall companies to explore ad-vanced high-risk ideas which maybe the basis for new inventions.SBIR effectively moves basic re-search into the marketplace, andfor every dollar put into theprogram by NSE the private sectorhas added eight dollars.

Cooperation Between NSFand the StatesThe Experimental Program to

Stimulate Competitive Research, orEPSCoR, is designed to enhancethe competitive ability of universityresearchers in states that receiverelatively fewer NSF awards thanother states do. During FY 1986, 11states and Puerto Rico, with NSFassistance, analyzed their scienceand technology bases to determinecurrent barriers to excellence.They then developed comprehen-sive five-year plans for makingsubstantial improvements in theiruniversities.

Based on these plans, sevenstates (Alabama, Kentucky NorthDakota, Nevada, Oklahoma, Wyo-ming, Vermont) and Puerto Ricowere awarded EPSCoR grants of$2.5 to $3.0 million each over fiveyears. The NSF commitment forthat period totals $23.5 million,and participating states have com-mitted more than $70 million tothe effort.

The EPSCoR plans in eachstate represent a cooperative effortamong the academic, state andlocal government, and businesscommunities. On a national basis,the program contributes to abroader gc-igraphic distribution ofscientific and engineering quality.

24 NATIONAL CI1NCI FOUNDATION

By several measures, EPSCORhas been a success. Since 1980,when the program began withawards to five states (Arkansas,Maine, Montana, South Carolina,and West Virginia), the number ofpublications in professional jour-nals and the amount and size ofcompetitive grants awarded to par-ticipating scientists and engineershave all risen. Moreover, severalresearchers have received nationalhonors for work begun with thesemonies.

In a separate state effort dur-ing 1986, NSF launched a projectwith the Conference Board, Inc.,the nation's largest business re-search organization, and the Na-tional Governors' Association,which represents the governors ofall 50 states, to determine howgovernment, business, and acade-mia can join forces to make theUnited States more economicallycompetitive through basic researchand education. The project in-cludes a national survey of busi-ness, state, and university leadersto determine which issues theyperceive have highest priority Thiseffort will also encourage thestates to share information onprograms that focus on researchand education as a part of theireconomic development initiatives.

A related program, the NSF-States Initiative, is studying the waystates with different resources andinfrastructures are supporting edu-cation and research to further theireconomic development The fourstates involved in a pilot projectare New jersey, Michigan, iwkansas,and Utah. This pilot effort wasbegun to enhance communicationbetween NSF and state policymakers and to encourage coopera-tion among government, business,and academia. The pilot study willbe evaluated in 1987 to determinethe direction of future efforts withthe states.

31

National Science WeekThousands of schools, com-

munity groups, businesses, profes-sional organizations, governmentagencies, and individuals all overthe country celebrated May 11-17,1986 as the second annual NationalScience Week. A highlight of theWeek, featured on NBC's Todayshow, was the launch of thousandsof balloonscarrying weather in-formation cardsby Washington,D.C. teachers, hundreds of schoolchildren, and 7bda3' weather re-porter Willard Scott.

NSF supports National ScienceWeek in an effort to increasepublic awareness of science andengineeringand to encourageyoung people to get involved inthose fields. Other 1986 activitiesincluded education packets forelementary teachers, hands-on sci-:nce fairs, films, lectures, displays,programs and exhibits at museumsand libraries, and "open house"days at research facilities, colleges,and universities.

Corporate sponsors for the1986 Week included the AMOCOFoundation, Atlantic RichfieldFoundation, Dow Chemical Com-pany Foundation, Dupont Com-pany Eastman Kodak Company,General Electric Foundation, andIBM. For 1987, National ScienceWeek has been expanded to Na-tional Science and TechnologyWeek (April 5-11).

National Science Weekl98inaking the publicaware of science Onelligb-light of the Week wactb:National Balloon Lamb(above). NI3C Today umtberreporter Willard keit is atfar right of photo Also4hown here is the officialposter for NSW 19/36

INITIONAL SCIENCE WEEK i'ag

Perhaps more than at anytime in the past, our nationnow realizes the indispensa-ble role that science, engi-neerhig, and technologypla) in assuring this coun-wy's economic comped-tiveness, waflonal security,and prosperity. Because ofthe pervasiveness of scienceand technology and the riseof foreign competition intechnology-based indus-tries, we understand theneed to increase our invest-ment in basic research andto identily, attract, and nur-ture the new talent that willmaintain America's futureleadership in these fields.

Statement by President Reaganduring National Science Week1986

Global GeosciencesSince science is by nature

international, NSF activities havealways included support of inter-national research collaborations,exchanges, and programs. Inter-national cooperation is also essen-tial in studying those phenomena,such as climate, volcanoes andearthquakes, or :id rain, thataffect our whole planet or signifi-cant parts of it.

The oceans, atmosphere, land,and plants all form a complexfeedback mechanism. Global scien-tists seek to understand the earthas it was and is, to monitor how itmight be changing, and to predictthe effect of variations both natu-ral and human-madeon theglobal environment. Only in thelast few years has the study of ourearth as a global system becometechnologically feasible. Satellitesmeasure the motion of tectonicplates along fault lines; instrumentson earth allow measurements in

ANIJAI RIPOR1 , 986 25

the deepest oceans or the upperatmosphere; computers are used tstore and analyze the masses ofdata. NSF cooperates with otherfederal agencies in a program thatin its scope may be the biggest ofall big science. For more on globalgeosciences, see chapter 2, "Focuson International Science andEngineering.-

Biotechnology GuidelinesBiotechnology the engineer-

ing of genes to make new prod-ucts, is used to help crops resistinsects or frost and to makevaccines, drugs, and diagnostictests for diseases. Biotechnologyand its products will surely be-come a major force in the nation'seconomy

Several government agen-ciesincluding the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration,the Environmental Protection Agen-cy the Department of Agriculture,the Food and Drug Administration,the National Institutes of Health,

NATIONM. SCIENCE IVU_ DATION

and the National Science Founda-tionhave issued a set of guide-lines to ensure the safety of bio-technology research and products.These guidelines spell out agencyresponsibilities, the processes bywhich a genetically engineeredproduct can be manufactured andsold, and the conditions underwhich it can be released into theenvironment. David Kingsbury,NSF's Assistant Director for Biolog-ical, Behavioral, and Social Sci-ences, coordinated this interagencyeffort, done under the a,:spices ofthe White House Office of Scienceand Technology Policy

Global geosci c C IS

Double helix Of DNAmolecule

Improving the ProposalProcessResponding to die Merit Re-

view Report described earlier, NSFhas developed procedures to usemulti-stage review panels to evalu.ate large-scale projects. Amongother responses, NSF is:

1. Formulating ways to processand review unsolicited inter-disciplinary research proposals thatdo not fall into established pro-gram areas; and

2. Assuring that its programofficers adhere to establishedguidelines to include more femaleand minority scientists or engi-neers and persons from predomi-nantly undergraduate institutionsin the many stages of reviewingproposals. Program officers alsoare encouraged to support high-risk proposals.

Other 1986 initiatives seek tomprove the process by which aresearcher proposes a project forNSF to fund. One effort wouldspeed up the proposal process.Every year, NSF receives multiplecopies of more than 30,000 re-search proposals. The proposalscan be 50 pages each and containtext, images, graphics, and pho-tographs. More than half of theseare mailed to some six or eightreviewers apiece; the reviewers'responses come back to NSE whichthen notifies the researchers ofacceptance or declination. Now,through a project called Experi-mental Research in Electronic Sub-mission (EXPRES), the Foundationseeks to have this process done bycomputerin short, to transmitdocuments and images elec-tronically and to standardize trans-mission technologies. Ultimately,NSF hopes for a proposal-handlingsystem that is virtually paperless.

Still anotler initiativt wouldsimplify the pr_--oposal process. NSFhas been worling with live otherfederal agencis (the National In-stitutes of Heanth, the Ogice ofNaval Researelt_a, and the Depart-ments of Heo and Human Serv-ices, of Energy, and of Agriculture)tostandardize and simpify the wpyall of them apfrove and administerresearch grant.

Researche=-5 often receivefunding for diferent pieces oftheir work frorml two or morefederal agencis. The agencieswint to help tl-io_se investigatorsavoid duplicatin of effort Theyalso want to re=tzluce federal con-trek, agree on the same rules, andin general sirnlify the wholeprocess. A proram at the Univer-sity of Miami a-.1d the Florida StateUniversity Systrn, called the Flor-ida Demonstra ion Project, is con-centrating on w..rays to achievethose goals. Thc project involves,for example, cordination of startand stop dates =for grants,plus aneffort to turn ower to the localuniversity the a_-_lithority to approvesch items as fi -yreign travel andequipment pur,chases.

A recent ptia lot project at NSFwill expedite funinding for inno-vative or exploc=atory engineeringresearch. Much of the increase inour country's pr=oductivity in thelast% years ha been due totechnological it-innovations, whichNSF wishes to sz_= t imulate. Thus theDirectorate for -7Fngineering has setaside 5 percent of its budget for anexperimental program to hindnovel ideas and do so quickly.Proposed reseacch can includeunt on the iniaxial elements of asubject in an ei-ierging area ofscience and en=ineering, the ex-ploration of new," ideas for cross-disciplinary app :Toaches to re-search, or invesexigation of newways to conduct_ basic research onscience and einineering problems,

3 4

Yet another ini dative aims atstrengthening ties l=-)erween NSFand university gran:- t administrators,upon whom acader=iic scientistsand engineers ofteri depend tohelp them prepare proposals andadminister their grls--Ints. Thus theFoundation, the Nat3tional Councilof University Reseal:ch Admin-istrators, and the Sc=ciety of Re-search Administratc)-ors are jointlysponsoring the Resarch Admin-istrator's Developrnnt Program. Itprovides for those t_miversity staffto spend four montThs at NSF,learning the details of the awardssystem. In addition rto their ownprofessional develornent, the ad-ministrators learn proposalreview process and the system bywhich award budge=s are negoti-ated and administer.=.-cd. The pro-gram, although only-- in its first yearin 1986, has been vvell-received,with two university arrepresentativesworking at the FourlAsidation duringthe fiscal year (1). 13.oth NSF anduniversity research dministratorshave come to under_=stand thegrants process and iwts problemsfrom each other's vairrntage point.

A New Directc=orateNSF's investrnea _it in computer

and information scince and engi-neering has been grc:=Dwing rapidly,as has the investmermt by the wholescience and enginee=ring communi-ty. Thus NSF consolic_ -hated its pro-grams relating to cor=mputers into anew directorate calld Computerand Information Scince and Engi-neering (CISE). For r=-1_ lore on thismove, see chapter 5.1. Joan E Snook, University - ot H;twaii, and RuthKemp, Stanford Ilniversity

ANNUAL RFT( -1; 1986 27

CENTERS ANDINSTRUMENTATION

Truth is divined throughexperience and exper-imentation.

alert Einstein

esearch in science often hasunexpected applications inechnology: scientists curi-

ous about the ways atomic nucleiinteract with matter uncovered theprinciples behind nuclear magneticresonance, a technique that hasrevolutionary applications in suchfields as biology, chemistry, geol-ogy, and physics. Similarly newtechnologies often drive basic sci-ence: bigger and faster compute.-shave turned computer simulationsinto a unique approach to science,halfway between theory and ex-periment. Science and technologyform a loop in which progress andcreativity flow both ways.

In the last few years, severaltrends have coincided to alter thescience-technology loop. First,federal support for non-defenseresearch and development has de-creased, although industry supporthas increased. Second, the instru-ments and facilities necessary forresearch in the universities havebeen found wanting in many cases.(See "Research Facility Needs" inchapter 1.) To remedy the situa-tion, universities, industry; and thefederal government have in-creasingly pooled their scientificand engineering talent,s; in someinstances industry and the federalgovernment have jointly fundeduniversity-based programs that

28 NATK)NAL sciENCE rouNakrioN

range from small collaborations ofseveral researchers to huge facili-ties with scores of investigators.

Some of the large centers thatNSF helps to support offer instru-ments that no one university couldafford:

0 The National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO),headquartered in Tucson,Arizona, include three facili-ties. Two of themthe KittPeak National Observatoryin Arizona and the CerroTo lobo Inter-American Ob-servatory in Chileprovideaccess to optical telescopesin both the Northern andSouthern Hemispheres. Thethird site, the National SolarObservatory, has observingfacilities in New Mexico andArizona for solar research.The National Radio Astrono-my Observatory, with head-quarters in Charlottesville,Virginia, has facilities forastronomical observations atradio frequencies in WestVirginia, New Mexico, andArizona.

1 I

Sky coverage North andSouth. Kitt Peak NationalObservatory in Arizona (be-low) and Cerro Tololo Intel--American Observatory inChile

_ aVfetrffr,Q1-7,

FOCUS ON ...

-

Survey telescope. The 91-meter transit radio telescope at the NationalRadio Astmnorny Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia

The National Astronomyand Ionosphere Center op-erates the worldii largestsingle radio telescope nearAsecibo, Puerto Rico.At the National Center forAtmospheric Research inBoulder, Colorado, scientistsfrom various fields studycurrent weather patterns,long-range global climatetrends, and related topics.

Newer large-scale programsided by NSF include Materials

Research Groups, Engineering Re-search Centers, and Supercom-puter Centers. All include researchthat crosses several scientific andengineering disciplines, and alldepend heavily on collaborationsbetween universities, industry andthe federal government.

Six new Materials ResearchGroups have been established thisfiscal year, bringing the total toeleven. This program was startedin FY 1985 to bridge the gapbetween two types of NSF fundingmodes: the large, rnulti-disciplinar

36

Materials Research Laboratoriesand individual project support, Ma-terials Research Groups focus oncomplex materials problems thatrequire a team approach combin-ing the complementary expertiseof several investigators from oneor more disciplines, working withmajor, sophisticated instrumenta7tion. Such projects have the dualgoal of acquiring fundamentalknowledge and assisting tech-,iological growth.

AN EI OliT; FISCAL VFAI 986 29

Materials Research Group. A group atcaltech is carrying Out computer graph-ics simulations of a number of mate-rials, including zeolites (top) Otherphoto shows motion dynamics for themolecule para-xylene

3 730 NATIoNAL SCI74CF FOUNDATION

New Materials ResearchGroups are at the Carnegie MellonUniversity, Case Western ReserveUniversity, University of Michigan,Michigan State University, PurdueUniversity, and the University ofTexas. Their research areas involveseveral disciplines, including phys-ics, chemistry, materials scienceand engineering, and otherbranches of engineering. The re-search areas are, respectively:

new magnetic materials, in-cluding (1) thin films forpotential use in magneticrecording and informationstorage, and (2) permanentmagnet materials;ferroelectric liquid crystalpolymers for potential opto-electronic applications;new multi-layered metaland semiconducting struc-tures with novel electronicbehavior;the potential catalytic p_ p-erties of silicate clays;the relationship berweenthe electronic structure andmagnetic properties of anovel class of semiconduc-tors for potential use ininfrared detectors;the design and constructionof a synchrotron radiationfacility at the National Syn-chrotron Light Source,Brookhaven National Labo-ratory, for studying the elec-tronic properties ofmagnetic materials.

Five new Engineering Re-search centers joined the sixlaunched in FY 1985, bringingtheir total number to eleven. TheseCenters work closely witli industryon the research agenda: :11Justryalso provides inzer,ictk),..; Jth itstechnical personnel, and cooper-ates in academic seminars andclasses.

The new Centers are at Brig-ham Young University/University ofUtah, Carnegie Mellon Universitythe University of Illinois at Urbana,Lehigh University and Ohio StateUniversity There researchers arestudying, respectively, the processof combustion; the theory of engi-neering design; compound semi-conductor microelectronics foroptical interconnects in digital inte-grated circuits; large-scale struc-tural systems; and the manufactureof formed parts to near-linal shapewith as few steps as possible

By providing capabilities formassive calculations and simula-tions, supercomputers are becom-ing increasingly important in manyfields of science and engineering.Not only do they make previouslyimpossible computations practical,but they add another dimension totheory and experimentation in thestudy of complex natural phe-nomena. To deliver the neededcomputer time to the academicresearch community a _fifth NSF-supported Supercomputer Center--run Jointly by Carnegie MellonUniversity and the University ofPittsburghwas brought online in1986 (Four were launched in1985 ) In addition, NSF sponsorsinstitutes to help train potentialusers in this powerful new tool.Cooperating with other federalagencies, the Foundation has alsoarranged access for medical re-searchers funded by the NationalInstitutes of Health.

Engineenq Research Centers._ Ohio StateUnivemity work involves the computer,aided design and machining of poly .styrene models for making arnes, com-pleted model is shown In pl.ntoimmediately below At Lebigp Universitythe Center for Advanced 7ech77-3ology forLarge Structural Systems issuch structures as New York d=ityVavitsConvention Center shown ht secondphoto.

ANNUAL REPORT, FINGAL -i 1986 31

Supercomputers at work Shown here aretwo examples of work done at theNational Center for Supercomputing Ap-piicationA Champaign, IL The roundimage represents a calculation of theaxisymmetric accretion of rotating gasonto a "black hole" in space. Secondimage is a computation of a planarsymmetric supersonic jet of gas flowinginto a two-phase atmosphere.

32 IONAL tiCIENCK FOUNDATION

Although the SupercomputerCenters are young, they are heavilyused. With rapidly changing andnew technologies in mind, re-search is in progress on ways tomake bigger, faster, and morewidely distributed machines. In-cluded here are so-called super-minicomputers that potentially giveusers a quarter of the speed of asupercomputer at a tenth of theprice.

In a parallel effort, as part of aplan to improve scientific com-munication and make advancedcomputing capabilities more ac-cessible, the Foundation is sup-porting the creation of NSFnet,nerwork of computer networks.Eventually it will include academicnetworks; those run by the U.S.Departments of Energy and De-fense; and regional nemorks in theSan Francisco Bay, Houston, NewYork State, Midwest, and Southeastareaswith others still to come.

NORTFIWERTNET

Along with these centers, NSFalso supports the instrumentationthat is so critical to research. Son(_xamples:

In astronomy, telescopesVia the radio telescope at

Arecibo, Puerto Rico, a groupunder the direction of JosephTaylor at Princeton University dis-covered the fastest binary pulsar.This pulsar is a neutron star (theremnant of a supernova explosionthat orbits another star. Althoughmany single pulsars are known,astronomers have identified onlyseven that exist as members ofbinary systems. Pulsars are extraor-dinarily dense and roughly 10miles in diameter. They also spin,sending out pulses of radio noisewith every turn. The pulses of thenewest pulsar come every 5.362milliseconds, meaning that thestar spins around every five-thousandths of a second. IndeAl,the pulses are so regular that thepulsar makes an exquisitely precisenatural clockso precise that it

,w ,ork. Rcioizasupercomputer Centers, and Uhere (grid area).

,lnywks in 114 -1- w will benothem: via the "Ixwk.bnne--

zA'ed In Ilw sixiWCtinhI 71

Abbreviations: 13ARRNET---- Bay Area Regional Research Network; CV41,--,(:ornell NationalSupercomputer l'aeility; JVNNS(.= John %lin Neumann National Supercomputer Center: NIERIT=Michigan lidue:Ition & Iks. 11111 Intcruniversity 'ILleeommunic:akm:i; NCAR =National Centerfor Atmospheric Research: NCSA National Center for SU perommputcr Applications; NYSER-NP,T New York State Education & Research Nemork; PSC= Pittsburgh Supercomputer Center:SDSC=San Diego Supercomputer Center; SESQUINFX = Sesquicentennial (iii 'texas Network;SURANET=Southea_stern Rese:irch Association Network

q

could provide a better time stand-ard than the best atomic clocks.

In related work at Kitt Peak,LIC-Berkeley's Shrinivas Kulkarnihas been able to detect for the firsttime at optical wavelengths theother member of a pair of thesebinary pulsar systems. Astronomershad not previously known whattype of star the neutron starorbited. Two have been found toorbit white dwarf stars, the end-points in the life cycles of stars likeour sun.

Other teams analyzed the re-turn of Halleyi; Comet, using op-tical telescopes at Kitt Peak and atCerro Tololo in Chile, along withthe National Radio Astronomy Ob-servatory:s Very Large Array in NewMexico.

Finally, the high accuracy ofVery Long Baseline interferometryhas been used to determine a newvalue of the distance to the centerof our galaxy In this technique,images of moving water vapormaser spots close to the galacticcenter were observed over a year'stime. From measured positions andvelocities, it was possible toprovide a statistical estimate of thedistance to these objects. ATI inter-national team, led by Mark J. Reidat the Harvard-Smithsonian Centerfor Astrophysics, used radio tele-scopes at the National RadioAstronomy Observatory andelsewhere to obtain a value of 7.1± 1.2 kiloparsecs. This measure-ment indicates that the size of theMilky Way galaxy is significantlysmaller than the older 8.5-kiloparsecs size determined fromdata on pulsating variable stars. (Aparsec is equal to 3.3 light years or31 trillion kilometers.)

This measurement technique,in addition to its importance indetermining the distance scale ofour galaxy, could perhaps be used

in gauging distances to other gal-axies. Star-forming regions existingin nearby galaxies can be used todetermine extragalactic distancescales. The technique changes ourentire concept of our galaxy's sizeand of distance scales in general.

in physics, the gravitywave detectorIf Einstein's ideas about gravity

are correct, physicists should beable to detect gravitational waves.In Einstein's theory of generalrelativity, gravitational waves aremoving wrinkles in space-time,generated by moving masses, justas electromagnetic waves are gen-erated by moving chargedparticles.

Gravity waves are extremelyweak: those given off by Jupiter asit orbits the sun correspond to afew watts. In order to detect thewaves, physicists suspend highly-reflecting mirrors at the ends oftwo large perpendicular evacuatedchambers and then bounce laserbeams between them many times.A passing gravity wave shouldcause the separation between themirrors in the rwo chambers tochange microscopically.

Gravity wave detector This prototypeinstrument is at Caltech Detection ofRravity waves, which are very weak, cantell us much about stars quasars blackholes and the nature of our galaxy

The resulting changes inlength are so small that physicistswould have to be able to spot achange the size of a proton overthe distance from the earth to themoon. So far, the prototype gravitywave detectors, built at the Mas-sachusetts institute of Technologyand the California institute ofTechnology fall somewhat short ofthat kind of sensitivity But they areimproving rapidly.

The only events large enoughto give off detectable gravity wavesare astronomical catastrophes, suchas a supernova explosion or thecollision of two black holes. Inaddition to substantiating Einsteintheory of gravity, detection ofgravity waves will open a newwindow into violent processes inthe interiors of stars, quasars, andblack holes, as well as in thenucleus of our galaxy

ANNUAL REP FiscAL s---KAR .9 6 33

In chemistr3ç nuclearmagnetic resonanceNMR techniques are valuable

to many disciplines. The techniquedepends on the fact that thenucleus of an atom is a tinymagnet, spinning much the way atop spins. And just as a top beginsto wobble under the influence ofgravity, a nucleus will wobbledepending on how strongly itsenvironment affects it. Nuclearmagnetic resonance measures thestrength of magnetism of the nu-cleus and, consequently, thestrength and nature of the nucleus'senvironment.

NMR was first developed byphysicists to measure the magne-tism in the atomic nucleus, thenapplied by chemists and life scien-tins to determine the way atomsare linked together to form mole-cules, then used in medical imag-ing as a safe replacement for x-rays. The technique now providesa way for geologists to identifyslightly differing minerals withoutdestroying them.

Chemists have found ways tomake NMR even more sensitive.They use it to map the atoms in amolecule, which in turn revealsthe structure of molecules. Themore chemists know about a mole-cule's structure, the more they canunderstand how it behaves. Forinstance, Aksel Bothner-fly at Car-negie Mellon University has usedNMR with unusually strong super-conducting magnets to find thedetailed structure and shape ofimportant molecules such as DNAand hemoglobin.

34 NATIONAL SCIENCE 1,( INDATION

In related work, using a dif-ferent approach, John Waugh at theMassachusetts Institute of Tech-nolow has cooled laboratory saniples to within a hundredth of adegree of absolute zero. He hasbeen able, for example, to increasethe sensitivity of NMR by a factorof 10,000 by using helium-3, whichchanges the rate at which thenucleus will respond to an appliedhigh-frequency electric field in themagnet, This allows measurementsthat were previously impossiblebecause of a lack of sensitivity italso allows Waugh to observesmaller molecules adsorbed on thesurface of a catalyst, or even asingle large molecule such as anenzyme. This provides an impor-tant advance in unravelling thedetails of catalyst activity which iscrucial in the development of newand more effective chemicalsystems.

4 1

Nuclear magnetic resonance worknvO investigators. Aksel Bothner-4y(at right in first photo) is atCarnegie Mellon University JohnWaugh is at MIT

Instruments to improveundergraduate instructionA recent report on under-

graduate education (1) stated that"Laboratory instruction . . too fre-quently is conducted in facilitiesand with instruments that areobsolete and inadet':iate:' NSF'sCollege Science I umentationProgram is one rt ,nse to thisneed. It provides gi. .ts that are tobe matched with equal or greatercontributions by the grantee in-stitutions. Awards are based pri-marily on the quality andsignificance of the teaching im-provement made possible by theequipment requested. Projects thatnot only effect local improvementsbut also may serve as models forother schools are given priority.I. undergraduate &Owe. Mathematics., andEngineering Education, National Science Board,March 1986

Many of the projects support-ed since the program's inception inFN 1985 use technologies new toundergraduate instruction, such asrobotics, biotechnology laser spec-troscopy, and electron microscopy.Computerized instrumentation, forrapid data collection and analysis,is frequently included. In additionto projects focusing on the sepa-rate disciplines, a number areinterdisciplinary in nature.

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGPERSONNEL:

MEETING FUTURE NEEDS

If I hve seen further, it isby standing upon theshoulders of giants.

Sir itixIC Ncwt

As part of its mandate, NSFcollects information on the num-bers and characteristics of scienceand engineering personnel,monitoring changes in this popula-tion over time. The scientific andtechnological enterprise dependson maintaining a balance berweenthe supply of, and demand for,such personnel. At present, severaltrends suggest that in the nextdecade the flow of science andengineering personnel into aca-demia and industry could bereduced.

In the first place, the supplymay well decrease. The populationof 22-year-olds, of which collegegraduates are a part, is decreasing(see art), and the percentage ofthose who graduate in the naturalsciences and engineering has beenrelatively constant. Moreover, un-dergraduates are expressing lessinterest in majoring in science andengineering.

ESTIMATES OF 22VEA9OLOS IN THE U.S. POPULATION

fly AL PUPUA lioN ITT I HAUT-JAN[2s

22 ..413a3.0

sTJJJ I doin0 roTi 2T.Tw$

In the second place, whiledemand for scientists and engi-neers is always difficult to predict,it has been increasing of late, andindications are that academia andindustryespecially those indus-tries depending on engineers andcomputer specialistsmay experi-ence shortages. These trends, add-ed up, could forecast a troubledfuture for a country whose healthdepends greatly on its scientistsand engineers.

Three other trends, however,also affect supply One is theincreasing numbers of foreign na-tionals in science and engineering:the number of foreign nationalsenrolled in undergraduate andgraduate schools, as well as thenumber hired by U.S. industry andacademia as scientists and engi-neers, is going up. Questions havebeen raised among science andtechnology policy officials as towhether the possible return offoreign specialists to their nativecountries could pose a threat tothe long-term competitiveness ofU.S. industries.

A second trend is the numberof women in science and engineer-ing. Their enrollment increasesover the last decade have levelledoff. Among college graduates withdegrees in science and engineer-ing, 38 percent are women; yetonly 13 percent of persons em-ployed as scientists and engineersare femalesdespite the rapid em-ployment growth of women in theoverall workldrCe.

42

Women as a percent of total selence andengineering employment: 19114

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A third trend is the numbeminorities, especially blacks. Aswas the case with women, thenumbers of minorities in scienceand engineering have risen overthe last decade. However, despitenumerical increases, blacks arenow 12 percent of the populationbut they graduate with 6 percent ofthe degrees in science and engi-neering and represent only 2 per-cent of all scientists and engineers.

030..505

Racial/ethnic minorities as a percent ofemployed sclentista and engineers: 1984

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Minorities and women areunderrepresented in science, math,and engineering; they are a valu-able, largely untapped, resourcefor the future. With the generalpopulation of young people drop-ping, it is even more important toattract these two groups to careersin science and technology Theissues here are both pragmaticscience and engineering cannot

ANNIIM. REIS- I; TAIL I 5

afford to overlook any potentialtalentand ethicalour country iscommitted to offering all citizensequal access to professions.

NSF recognizes all these issuesand offers a number of programsto attract and assist minorities,women, disabled researchers, andyoung scholars in general. Someexamples follow (see also thesection on precollege education,below):

Fellowships andRelated ProgramsThrough Graduate Fellowships

and Minority Graduate Fellowships,outstanding students are awardedannual stipends to pursue graduatestudy in science and engineering.During fiscal year 1986, NSF made560 such awards under these twoprograms.

The Foundation also admin-isters NATO Postdoctoral Fel-lowships in Science (see laterfocus on international activities),and awards travel grants that en-able young scientists to attendcertain NATO Advanced Study In-stitutes abroad.

In FY 1986, NSF began aprogram to provide supplementalfunding for engineering re-searchers to hire female, minorityand disabled students (both highschool and college) to work asresearch assistants on grantprojects.

Many NSF grants for researchby principal investigators in alldisciplines include support for thegraduate students assisting thoseinvestigators. The Foundation alsoworks to improve the ratio ofgraduate students to principal in-vestigators, or PIs; its long-rangegoal is one or two students per PI.

36 NATIONAL. SCIENCE ,

The Minority Research Ini-tiation (MRI) program helpsminority faculty members get theirfirst research grants by fundingequipment and release time fromteaching, providing assistance inpreparing proposals, and linkingthe researchers with NSF programsin their disciplines. Since 1981,when this program began, thenumber of grants under it hasrisen and an increasing number ofMRI grantees goes on to apply to(and receive awards from) otherNSF programs and other fundingagencies. Some of these granteeshave later received the PresidentialYoung Investigator awards (de-scribed below).

Among those receiving awardsin FY 1986:

O Henry L. Neal of AtlantaUniversity is using severalchemisorption models toinvestigate the photoemis-sion spectra of several tran-sition metals.Maria Garcia of the Univer-sity of Massachusetts(kmherst) received a plan-ning grant to find ways toget explicit mathematicalsolutions for systems ofnonlinear equations and todevelop a full-scale NSFresearch proposal address-ing this topic.

NSF also funds grants to boostthe research capabilities of minor-ity colleges and universities. Underthe Research Improvement inMinority Institutions Program,these institutions receive supportfor such activities as organizingand managing research programs,buying equipment and facilities,and collecting and publishing data.In FY86, NSF made grants totalling

43

more than $4.5 million to 16 ofthese institutions. For example:

o Civil engineers at the Uni-versity of Texas-El Paso aredeveloping a testing facilityfor investigating the dynam-ic properties and holdingcapacities of plates and an-chors in soil and in ce-mented sand. Results fromthese experiments will haveimportant implications fordec ,_=:asing earthquakedam,:_,,c to variousstructures.

O Ph'sicists at Fisk Universityin Nashville, Tennessee areusing an upgraded and up-dated molecular spectro-scopy laboratory to studythe vibrational determina-tion of crystal structuresand to develop crystals thatwill conduct light.A project at Southern Uni-versity in Baton Rouge,Louisiana uses new tech-nological methods to syn-thesize and purify certainvirus inhibitors found inembryos of the cowpea.The study will provide im-portant information on waysto control plant and animalviral infections.

The Research Oppor-tunities for Women (ROW) pro-gram, begun in fiscal year 1985,provides opportunities for femalescientists and engineers to under-take independent work. ROW sup-ports (1) research planning andresearch initiation grants forwomen who have not previouslybeen principal investigators or arereentering research careers, and(2) career advancement awards forany female investigators eligible toreceive standard NSF research

grants. The program thus respondsto NSF's concern for the quality,distribution, and effectiveness ofthe human resource base in sci-ence and engineering.

The Visiting ProfessorshipSfor Women give both promisingand established female researchersthe chance to engage in researchand teaching as visiting facultymembers at host institutions. Theprogram has several aims: toprovide role models for womenwho wish to go into science andengineering; to increase the vis-ibility of women as faculty mem-bers; to enhance the awardees'own work; and to enable thetn toreturn to their home institutionswith new ideas.

Among those receiving awardsin 1986 were:

Min M. Boesgaard, pro-fessor of astronomy at theUniversity of Hawaii, wentto the California Institute ofTechnology to study the wayall the chemical elementscreated in stars are dis-tributed throughout inter-stellar space.

Ann M Boesgaard

Jean M. Bennett, from theNaval Weapons Center inChina Lake, California, wentto the University of Alabamaat Huntsville to work onways of improving thequality and reflectiveness ofoptical surfaces andcoatings.

Facilitation Awards forandicapped Scientists and

glneers provide additional sup-port to make available specialequipment or assistance under NSFgrants to reduce or remove barri-ers to participation in research andtraining by disabled individuals.These awards respond to NSF'slong-standing policy of encourag-ing disabled researchers to partici-pate ft'lly in NSF programs.

Jean M Ben

NSF Facilitation Awardee Reginald G. Golledge is Professor ofGeOgrapby at the University of California at Santa Barbara In1983 he was stricken with a progressive eye disease that left bimlegally blind In 1985, NSF made an award that enabledGolledge to purchase a stereo copying machine Interpretinggraphic and cartographic images is a critical part of hisresearch; this machine uses a capsule paper that expandsinstantly upon absorbing heat or light from a map or a graph,producing a raised image of the original. The stereo copier (notshown in photo) bas been of great value in helping Golledge tocOntinue his research and teaching.

4 4ANNIIM, REP( I; FISCAL YEAR 1956 37

Presidendal YoungInvestigatorsNSF also seeks to develop

science and engineering personnelby selecting highly talented youngfaculty for the Presidential YoungInvestigator (PYI) Awards. Cospon-sored by industry these awards caninvolve up to $100,000 a year foras long as five years. The MIawards are intended to help uni-versities attract and retain facultywho might otherwise pursue non-teaching careers. Of the 100awards made in fiscal 1986, three-quarters went to researchers in thephysical sciences and engineering.Among the recipients:

Wendell Hill, an assistantprofessor at the Unive:sity of Mary-land, did his undergraduate train-ing at the University of Californiaat Irvine and his graduate work atStanford University. Hill's researchis in chemical physics in par-ticular, how molecules in the at-mosphere form and how they fallapart. He shines a laser (tuned to acertain energy) at an oxygen mole-cule until it disassociates, or fallsapart, then studies the way theenergy is distributed among thefragments.

One possibility is that themolecule simply falls apart intotwo atoms, each with a specificlevel of energy Another scenario isthat the molecule does not frag-ment at all, but senc6 off a singleelectron so that the entire mole-cule carries a charge and fluo-resces. A third possibility is thatthe molecule falls apart into frag-ments that consist of one neutraloxygen atom, one charged oxygenatom that is missing an electron,and the electron. Hill wants toknow which possibilities are mostlikely to occur

38 wrioNAL saws= IVUNDATION

Wendell Hill (at left)

"I'm doing this first of allbecause it's interesting," says Hill,"and second, because new instru-ments have only just recently madeit possible, and third, because it:srelated to what goes on in theatmosphere." in the upper at-mosphere, sunlight hits moleculesof oxygen and, as in Hill's experi-ments, disassociates them. Oneoutcome is the formation of ozone,which, along with oxygen, absorbsthe ultraviolet part of sunlight.Chemicals manufactured on earthcan destroy the ozone, and thusallow more ultraviolet through theatmosphere. The effects of in-creased levels of ultraviolet lightinclude increased levels of skincancers. Hill's research on whathappens to individual oxygen mol-ecules should help scientists un-derstandand perhaps maysuggest controls overthe wholeprocess. (See also "Highlights" fordiscussion of Antarctic ozonehole.)

D_

°

-,o1:-1-

0 Doreen Weinberger, anass stant professor in the Depart-ment of Electrical Engineering, andComputer Sciences at the Univer-sity of Michigan, did her under-graduate work at Mt. HolyokeCollege and her graduate work atthe University of Arizona at Tucson.Weinberger is an experimentalistwhose research combines opticsand semiconductors. Communica-tions systems, robotics, and com-puters all depend on how quicklysignals can travel through variousmaterials and how quickly thosesignals can be switched off and on.Orjnarily, these systems use elec-tric current as signals; Weinbergeris most interested in using light,the fastest signal possible. In oneline of her research, she looks atthe way light affects semiconduc-tors. Asi intense laser can inducechanges in the properties of thesemiconductor that allow a second,less intense laseralso shone atthe semiconductorto be effec-tively switched on and off

Another Presidential Young InvestfgatorMark O. Robbins is a Presidential IbungInvestigator at Johns Hopkins Universitywhose research covers a broad range ofcondensed matter physics One of hisprojects is to understand the ways inwhich a systems orderliness affects itsbehavior His theories apply to the wayfluids such as oii move through rock orthe way a wave of electrons movesthrough a crystal as though it were oneelectron. Some of Robbins work involvessimulating these systems on a supercom-puten be has been allotted time topursue his theories at the University ofIllinois Supercomputer Center

In another line of research,Weinberger looks for novel devicesthat combine semiconductors,which control a light signal, andoptical fibers, which carry thesignal from one point to another.Weinberger has built one suchdevice, an optical fiber with a holein its side, laid down on a chip.Light comes through the hole andtriggers a semiconductor detectorgrown on the same chip.Weinberger's next step is to grow,on the same chip, a many-layeredsemiconductor device that willxwitch the light from the hole onand off. The rest of the lightcontinues travelling down thelength of the fiber. Such a devicewould be the basis for the ex-tremely fast and capable new gen-eration of computers called opticalparallel processors.

PRECOLLEGE EDUCATION ANDTHE PERSONNEL ISSUE

MI who have meditated onthe art of governingmankind have beenconvinced that the fatempires depends on theeducation of youth.

le

The quality of science and engi-neering education, particularly atthe precollege level, is a matter ofcritical national concern. For exam-ple, the Carnegie CorporationForum on Education and ihe Econ-omy reported in 1986 that thesystem of precollege education,not only in science but generally,was so badly in need of repair thatit should be rebuilt from theground up.

In general, too few of thiscountry's elementary school teach-ers have even a minimal sciencebackground; too few of the scienceand mathematics teachers at thehigh school level have been well-trained in their subjects. Too manyclassrooms have poor or out-of-date equipment, and adequate sup-port systems are rarely available.By the time they reach highschool, most girls and mostminority-group students are notpursuing the "difficult" courses thatare needed for science literacy aswell as to prepare for a science orengineering education in college.By the time students reach collegeStRWS, fewer and fewer are eitherprepared for, or interested in pur-suing, a science or engineeringcareer. Moreover, a survey by theNational Science Teachers Associa-tion, with support from NSF, foundthat a third of the country:s highschools offered no physics courses,nearly a fifth offered no chemistry,a tenth no biology, and almostthree-fourths no earth or spacescience.

NSF's Directorate for Scienceand Engineering Education is di-rectly concerned with these issuesand with raising the quality ofprecollege education at all levels,using a variety of approaches.

One approach is to focus onthe teachers. NSF cooperates withother agencies and organizationsto offer the Presidential Awards forExcellence in Science and Mathe-matics Teaching, to encouragehigh-quality teachers to enter andremain in the field (see "High-lights"). In addition, NSF fundspublic schools, colleges, museums,and professional educational or-ganizations that offer teacher en-hancement projects, includingworkshops, institutes, and other

4 6

forms of inservice training. Theteacher enhancement projects, withadditional support from businessand industry, aim at keeping teach-ers updated, encouraging them toshare materials and curriculaamong themselves, and bringingwell-trained master teachers to-gether with instructors who feelthey need more training. NSF alsoworks with aniversity educationdepartments to develop new pro-grams that prepare candidates tobecome science and mathematicsteachers.

Project RISE This is an example of anNSF-funded effort to enhance the teach-ing profession. Here two high schoolchemistry teachm in California demon-strate the properties of melting silver flyusing extra oxygen

ANNUM Kyoto; mom. ytm 1986 39

Another approach is to im-prove curricula. NSF funds effortsby universities, public school sys-tems, and professional organ ila-tions to design, develop, and fieldtest science and engineering cur-ricula. The American Chemical So-ciety, for instance, used NSFsupport to design and develop anew kind of high school chemistrycourse. Instead of the usual "juniorversion- of college chemistry, thiscourse, called CHEMCOM, is abroad introduction to the role thatchemistry plays in our water sup-ply and biological processes, andto the products that result fromchemical processes. At this writing,CHEMCOM has begun a field testinvolving 3000 students and 63teachers in 13 states.

One new precollege initiativefunds coalitions between universityeducation departments, large pub-lic school systems, and publishingcompanies to design, develop, andmarket curricula in all science andengineering fields. With NSF sup-port, for example, the TechnicalEducation Research Centers groupin Cambridge, MAcooperatingwith a number of major public

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Education for toinorrow Scientisa Math teacher ThnothyHowel4 from St. Paull' Schoolin Concorg NH, won a Press'dential Teaching Award forEvcellence in 1984.

school systems and the NationalGeographic Societyis creatingand marketing an innovative sci-ence curriculum, It extends fromkindergarten through sixth gradeand emphasizes experiments andcomputers.

Another approach to improv-ing the general state of educationis through a series of creativeinformal programs. Many schoolchildren and much of the generalpublic learn what they know aboutscience and engineering outside ofschoolfrom books, newspapersand magazines, television and ra-dio programs, and museums. NSFconcentrates particularly on thelast two.

NSF funds museum collabora-tions to create science exhibits thattravel between the museums. Sub-jects of these well-attended ex-hibits include robots, geneticengineering, the tropical rain for-est, ancient technologies, the bio-chemistry and biophysics of cells,and the engineering design ofbridges and buildings.

"Sun Painting" (by artist BobMiller) at the San FranciscoExploratorium

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A museum in Columbus, Ohiohas held a weekend "science camp-in" for Girl Scollis. Other exam-ples of museum activities fundedby NSF in FY 1986 and/or earlieryears:

the Academy of Natural Sci-ences in Philadelphia andits popular dinosaur exhibit;the Smithsonian Institution"Discovery Room," with itshands-on, "please touch"approach to learning;the Boston Children's Mu-seum and the San FranciscoExploratorium.

Explorator u "Color

INFORMAL EIJUCAJION THROUGH MUSEUMS

Three exhibits at BostonChildrenk Museum

The success of the Girl Scout "Camp-ln"program at the Columbus OH sciencemuseum has fostered similar programsin 19 scieme-technology centeri acrossthe country

'Vistorted Room" at Exploratorium

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ad

ANNtvu, IUsrowr , risc,AI, YEAR 1946 41

NSF also provides key supponfor television science series suchas "How About," with Don Herbert(Mr. Wizard), and specials such asthe award-winning series, "TheBrain." Other programs are aimedat young people. "Reading Rain-bow" a summer show hosted byactor LeVar Burton, dramatizeschildren's books, including general-interest science works; the pro-gram has contributed to a dramaticjump in children's book sales. Theshows "3-2-1 Contact" and the new"Square One" are extremely popu-lar, award-winning science andmathematics programs producedby the Children's Television Work-shop in New York City.

first public academic high schoolis named for Benjamin Banneker(1732-1807), the Maryland farmerdescended from slaves who be-came a self-taught astronomer,mathematician, almanac writer, in-ventor, and surveyor.

Banneker and NSF have par-ticipated in a variety of activitiesfrom classroom lectures andcareer-day mentoring to "hands-on" experience for Banneker stu-dents at NSF-funded research facili-ties. For example, two studentswon a math/science contest andwent to the Woods Hole Ocean-ographic Institution in Mas-sachusetts for two days inSeptember 1986. There they ex-plored the facility and examined

vin, the three-passenger submer-sible that helped bring back pic-tures of the Titanic.

Media education. Television programs suchas "3-2-1 Contact" are a valuable way toincrease Imblic understanding of science."Contact- co-host Judy Leak is seen hereleanzing about the propert of light

Finally, in an example of localcooperation, several federal agen-cies have outreach efforts withWashington, D.C. area schools.(This is part of the National Part-nership in Education Programlaunched by President Reagan in1983). NSF's "Partner in Education"is Benjamin Banneker High Schoolin the District of Columbia. Thishigh-achiever schoolthe city's


Patrick °hart

4 9

Tis echicationforms the

common mi-tcl;Just as the twig

is bent, thetree's inclined.

Alexander Pope

UNTERNATIONAL SCIENCE ANDENGINEERING

Cooperation andCompetitivenessScience is by nature interna-

tional: inquiry into the origin ofgalaxies or the structure of mole-cules has no national boundaries.Some science, such as high-energyphysics, requires machines that arevery expensive for a single countryto afford. Other scientific efforts,such as antarctic research or theglobal geosciences, are intrinsicallyinternationaleither by treaty orbecause they study worldwidesystems.

The Foundation encouragesand supports U.S. participation ininternational science and engineer-ing activities that promise signifi-cant benefit to the U.S. researcheffort. It is Foundation policy tofoster the exchange of informationamong scientists in the UnitedStates and foreign countries, and toinitiate and support scientific ac-tivities in matters relating to inter-national cooperation. In meetingthese goals, NSF provides supportto U.S. scientists and engineers foraccess to unique sites, facilities, orexpertise abroad.

Educational partners. Washington, DCstudents George Kelley and TamaraCleveland visit the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution They arestudents at Benjamin Banneker HighSchoo4 Nsn high-achiever "partnershinscbooL-

Accordingly, NSF has bilateralagreements with 30-odd countries,both well-industrialized and lessso. Activities include cooperativeresearch, scientific visits, and semi-nars or workshops. The Founda.tion also has a program to supportscientific collaborations aimed atimproving the scientific infrastruc-ture of developing countries.

One bilateral cooperative proj-ect is with ICOT the JapaneseInstitute for New Generation Com-puter Technology This agreementenables U.S. computer scientistsfunded by NSF to travel to Japanand work at ICOT on the develop-ment of fifth-generation com-puters, in collaboration withJapanese researchers.

Another project is the Indo-United States Science and Tech-nology Initiative. This cooperativeeffort to advance understanding inthe areas of health, agriculture,weather, and materials has involvedNSF and several other U.S. govern-ment agencies.

While most formal interna-tional cooperative activities are inNSF's Division of International Pro-grams, many other collaborationsare supported throughout theFoundation. Examples include aprogram on international ecologyand a social sciences databaseshared by researchers taking cross-cultural social surveys; both ofthese efforts are in the Directoratefor Biological, Behavioral, and So-cial Sciences. In addition, NSFoperates the international oceandrilling program (see "Highlights"),is the lead agency for arctic re-search, and also funds and man-ages the U.S. Antarctic ResearchProgram.

Science also serves our na-tion's need to maintain its econom-ic competitiveness in the world.Thus NSP's international programsreflect that concern, too.

One program that watches outfor our competitive edge is JTECH,for Japanese Technology EvaluationProgram. Sponsored by NSF jointlywith the U.S. Department of Com-merce, U.S. Department of Defense(Defense Advanced Research Pro-jects Agency), and other agencies,JTECH WAS set up to assess pro-gress in Japanese research, com-pare it to U.S. research, and cometo conclusions about our competi-tiveness in the future. Experts inscience and technology reviewboth U.S. and Japanese programs,publishing reports on the relativestatus of various technologies:robotics, biotechnology computerscience, alternatives to silicon formicroelectronics, polymers, tele-communications and lighrwavetechnology, and computer hard-ware for artificial intelligence. Atthis writing the conclusions of thereports for all fields have beensimilar: although the United Statesstill has the lead in some areas,that lead is decreasing; in otherareas, this nation is a distinctsecond.

Global GeosciencesOf particular note is this re-

cent initiative, which is especiallyinternational in nature. In order tounderstand both natural changesand the ways in which humanbeings influence their world, re-searchers need to study that worldas a single system. They need toexamine what it was like in thepast, how it may differ in thepresent, and what the future mightbe. To do this, they must studysimultaneously the atmosphere, theoceans, the continents, life forms,and the ways in which all these arelinked so that a change in onetriggers a change in one or moreof the others.

s

50

In one sequence of events, forinstance, changes in the atmos-phere could lead to a worldwiderise in sea level. Both human-madeproducts and natural processesincrease the amounts of carbondioxide and methane in the at-mosphere. This increase in turnchanges the atmosphere, produc-ing what is called the greenhouseeffect. The result is a slow increasein atmospheric temperature thatcould eventually, for example, leadto melting of the antarctic ice.Some 90 percent of the world'sfresh-water ice is in Antarctica, andmelting of that ice would cause sealevels to rise.

Other examples of phe.nomena with global implicationsare volcanic eruptions, earth-quakes, acid rain, deforestation,and large-scale climatic events suchas El Niño (an oceanic phenom-enon that occurs periodically andcauses widespread and destructiveweather changes worldwide).

In short, human beings con-tinue to make global changes, andscientists do not yet fully under-stand the global cycles that arenaturallet alone those caused byour own actions.

In the global geoscienceseffort several federal agencies,working together, are supportingresearchers and instruments basedon the ground, under the ocean,and in the sky Global geosciencesis divided into six different proj-ects: study of the paths and effectsof different chemicals entering theatmosphere; study of the ways inwhich the oceans affect climate;identification of the processes thatcontrol ocean circulation; study ofthe ways in which plants andanimals affect the earth; examina-tion of the mid-ocean ridges wherethe seafloor is spreading apart andgrowing; and charting the motionsof both the eartB interior and itscrust.

ANNUAL R8pORT, wok'. YRAR 1986 43

51

The greenhouse effectawarming of the lower at-mosphere and the earth'ssurface

Global geosciences: researchthat affects all of our worldThis schematic view of earthsystems shows winds (largearrows); evaporation andprecipitation; seajloor spread-ing at bottom, reshaping theearW surface and recyclingelements through its interior(section); and photosynthesisby terrestrial vegetation.

NATO PostdoctoralFellowshipsSince 1959, NSF has admin-

istered this program, funded by theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO). It grants fellowships toyoung postdoctoral researcherswhose work gives them reasons tostudy abroad. Such reasons mightinclude the study of environmentalsystems that our country lacks, orwork with international experts ina particular field, or research usingtechniques or facilities unique tothe foreign country

One fellowship grantee is InesCifuentes, a geologist at the Car-negie Institution in Washington,DC. Cifuentes is using the NATOfellowship to complete a postdoc-toral program at the Institut dePhysique du Globe in Paris, Shestudies the continental plates andthe ways in which they accommo-date the forces to which they aresubjected.

fries Cifuerites, NATOpostdoctoral fellowshipawardee

In particular, Cifuentes studiesthe Caribbean plate, a small areabounded by the Cocos (or Pacific)plate, the North American plate,and the South American plate. Atits northern end, the Caribbeanplate is sliding under the NorthAmerican; at its western edge inCentral America, it is sliding pastthe Cocos. The movements to-gether create volcanoes, earth-quakes, and some minor rifting.Cifuentes maps earthquakes andfaults, watches how the crustmoves, what happens at plateboundaries, and how the plateschange with time. The answers toher questions may help to solve arelated problem: the Caribbeanplate appears to be composed offragments from other, older plates.Part of Cifuentes' work could beworking backward to the what andwhere of those older plates.

POLAR PROGRAMS

The arctic and the antarctic haveapparent similarities. Both arehosts to multinational commu-nities, are dominated by rigorouscold, and undergo extended peri-ods of daylight alternating withequal periods of darkness. Despitethese similarities, however, the tworegions are very different. Thearctic is essentially an ice-coveredocean surrounded by North Amer-ica, Europe, and Asia. The antarctic,which is also a desert, is aperennially ice-covered continentsurrounded by a great southernocean and isolated from the othercontinents,

Temperatures in the arctic canrange from above freezing in someareas during the short arctic sum-mer to below 50 degrees Fahr-enheit over the Axctic Oceanduring the winter. In the antarctic

52

interior the average winter tem-perature is approximately 90degrees Fahrenheit, but on thecoast the winters may be as warmas 4 to 27 degrees Fahrenheit.The lowest temperature recordedin kntarctica is 128.6 degreesFahrenheit.

In the arctic tundra there is agreat variety of plants and animals,and people have lived in thisregion for thousands of years.Antarctica has never been inhab-ited, and only a few hardy insects,mosses, lichens, and one type ofgrass exist on land year-round;however, the oceans surroundingthe continent support abundantmarine life with a harvest potentialestimated to be equal to thecurrent world total catch.

The PacticThis area is contiguous with,

and an integral part of, moderrcommerce. Its skies are crucial toairline traffic, communications, andnational defense. Its gas, oil, miner-als, and coal represent a significantfraction of the world's total. Itsfisheries account for around 10percent of the world's catch, andweather in the arctic influencesweather all over the world. Thus itis an area of considerableimportance.

Setting Policy for Use ofthe Arctic. For these and otherreasons, the Arctic Research andPolicy Act of 1984 set up twogroups to oversee U.S. policies forresearch in the arctic. One, theInteragency Aictic Research PolicyCommittee, is a federal group thatsets policy and formulates a com-prehensive five-year plan for re-search in the arctic region. Such aplan must balance national

ANNII TAL REPORT, FISCAL VEAII 1986 45

Arctic researcb

needsdefense, communications,and development of natural re-sourceswith the need to disturbthe environment as little as possi-ble. The Committee also workswith state government officials, andwith private sector and publicinterest groups. The other body,the U.S. Arctic Research Commis-sion, is an independent group; itstask is to recommend policy, con-sult with the Committee on de-veloping the five-year plan, andpromote research in the arctic ingeneral.

The Committee and the Com-mission have agreed that certainresearch areas are critical. Onearea with especially high priority isresolution of the health problemsand of the social and culturalissues faced by the people who arenative to this increasingly indus-trialized and urbanized region.Another concern is to understandthe relationships between atmos-phere and ocean, and betweenatmosphere and land, in order topredict weather and large-scaleclimatic changes and to ascertainthe impact of resource develop-ment. Still another issue is re-search on the upper atmosphere


and the earth's magnetosphere inorder to predict disturbances todefense and communications sys-tems from sunspots and solarstorms.

Research on the SeasAround the Bering Strait. Aresearch project called ISHTM (In-ner Shelf Transfer and Recycling)studies the biology and oceanogra-phy of the seas on either side ofthe Bering Strait: the Bering Seaon the south, the Chukchi on thenorth. The shallow strait overlies alarge underwater shelf. Wind blowsmainly from the north over theseshallow seas and circulates PacificOcean water that carries nutrients.The combination of Pacific nu-trients and sunlit waters makes theseas around the Bering Strait ex-tremely productive. This richnessfeeds the whole food chain, fromplants to fish to birds and mam-mals. Through ISHTAR, collaborat-ing scientists at the Universities ofAlaska, South Florida, and Wash-ington study this rich and fragilesystemthe flow of nutrients, theentire food web, the chemicalbalance of the seas so that scien-tists can design better schemes toprotect it.

ci MB OF 4O 4ie

EE PRO°

new logo for U.S AntarcticPmgram managed andfunded by NSF

The AntarcticU.S. policy here is different

from that which applies to thearctic. The United States is aconsultative party to the AntarcticTreaty, which was signed by 12countries in 1959 and entered intoforce in 1961. At this writing, 18countries are full members of thetreaty organization; 16 others rec-ognize the treaty, which prohibitsterritorial claims in Antarctica, bansmilitary activities (except for thosethat support research programs),and prohibits nuclear testing andnuclear waste disposal.

The United States AntarcticProgram, managed by the NationalScience Foundation, includes sci-entific research as the nation'sprincipal expression of interest inthe continent. Each year, NSF sup-ports as many as 100 research proj-ects in Antarctica and its surround-ing seas. There is a growingrecognition of the region's signifi-cant role in global processes in theoceans, the atmosphere, and innear-earth space. For example,most of the deep-bottom waterthroughout the world's oceans isbelieved to be formed in thesouthern oceans, and it is clearthat the huge ice dome (averaging2 miles thick over 5 1/2 millionsquare miles) covering Antarctica isthe major heat sink for the globalatmosphere.

Life at the Edge of theIce. Scientists from governmentlaboratories, universities, privateinstitutes, and industries are collab-orating in an ambitious projectcalled Antarctic Marine EcosystemResearch at the Ice Edge Zone, orAMERIEZ, which focuses on theexceptionally high productivity atthe edge of the sea ice.

Each winter, the sea aroundAsitarctica freezes from the landout for about 1000 miles, growing

until it more than triples the sizeof the continent. In late spring, theice begins E0 melt, retreats at a rateof 20 to 30 miles a day, and is goneby the end of summer. As the icemelts, the ocean in this arealiterally blooms with plant life.More plants and animals live in theice-edge zone than in the openocean.

As the AMERIEZ scientists havediscovered, the water from themelting ice is less dense than thesea water and floats above it. Themelting ice contains algae andother micro-organisms. This richorganic soup supports krill andother small animals and ultimatelymarine mammals and birds.

Life Frozen in AntarcticIce. During the 1985-86 australsummer, several geologists andglaciologists studied the regionnear the Beardmore Glaciet; in theTransantarctic Mountains near thecenter of the continent. Thisglacier flows from the east ant-arctic ice sheet, one of two suchsheets covering Antarctica and heldin place by ice shelves that float onthe ocean.

4

NSn McMurdo base on Ross Island In Anta

Project AMERIEZ in progress:A Weddell Sea scuba ive

New data acquired during theinvestigations near the BeardmoreGlacier suggest that as recently asrwo to three million years ago theeast antarctic ice sheet may havewithdrawn and a waterway mayhave existed across Antarctica, (Pastdata suggested that the ice sheetshave covered Mtarctica for the last15 million years.) The research

5 4

teams found ancient marine plant.s,fossilized wood, and fossil remainsof terrestrial land animals andplants that require a temperateenvironment. The theory now pro-posed is that periodic warmingand cooling trends cause the icesheets to fluctuate. By studying theice sheets of Antarctica, scientistshope to learn more about globalclimate cycles.

ANNUAL REPOR1 IscAl. Yri 1986 47

NATURAL DISAS

VolcanoesCovered by glacial snow and

ice, Nevado del Ruiz is the north-ernmost volcano in the high Andesin Colombia, On November 13,1985, the volcano erupted with anexplosion heard 18 miles away,sending a column of ash nearly 7miles into the sky Soon after theeruption, rwo groups of NSF-supported volcanologistsneheaded by Haraldur Sigurdsson atthe University of Rhode island, theother by Stanley Williams at Loui-siana State Universitywent to thesite, The teams reported back onthe exact sequence of events lead-ing up to and during the eruption,and on the geochemistry of thevolcano's lava, ash, and mud.

Since the previous November,Nevado del Ruiz had been sendingout danger signals: small explo-sions of steam and gas, earth-quakes centered below thevolcano, and a minor mudslide. InNovember 1985, however, the topof the mountain blew off, sendingash 250 miles away. Hot lava fromthe volcano triggered three mud-flows that moved at around 20

-TIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

miles an hour down the mountainand into nearby valleys. One mud-flow hit the town of Asmero, 30miles from the volcano, killingmost of Armero's 25,000 people.

Nevado del Ruiz had notexploded like this since 1595. Itand all other volcanoes sit overunderground reservoirs of meltedrock, called magma, which rises tothe surface through fissures in therock. Magma can rise slowly foryears, until the upward pressurebuilds to more than the rocksabove can withstand. Moreover, themagma under Nevado del Ruiz,like that under Mount St. Helens inWashington State, is full of dis-solved gases, so the upward pres-sure builds more precipitously andthe volcano erupts more violently.

Mter the November 13 catas-trophe, Nevado de Ruiz remainedactive, venting 5000 tons of sulfurdioxide daily, sending out ash anddust, and rumbling with constantearthquakes. Such activity is evi-dence that the volcano could ex-plode again, and since 90 percentof the glacier remains, the poten-tial for more mudflows remains aswell. Scientists have been monitor-ing it and nearby volcanoes closely.

Mount Augustine on LowerCook Inlet in Alaska is the samesort of explosive volcano as Ne-vado del Ruiz and Mount St.Helens (1), only with shorter peri-ods berween eruptions. Scientistsat the University of Alaska havemonitored it so as to warn theCook Inlet communities in timefor them to evacuate. Since MountAugustine, unlike Nevado del Ruiz,

1. Al MOM SI. Helens, a mild eruption inOctober 1986 added new material to ihe dometop, which has been rebuilding since the majoreruption in 1980. Hawaii's Kilauea volcanoerupted after [his publication was prepared andwill be discussed in a later report.

55

is on an island, its eruption couldtrigger a tsunami. Tsunamis arefast-moving waves, caused by earth-quakes, that are imperceptible inthe open ocean. Once they hit theshallower waters along a coast,however, they build. Tsunamis havereached speeds of 375 miles anhour, and heights of 100 feet.

EarthquakesOn March 3, 1985, an earth-

quake shook an 800-mile stretch ofChile, toppling buildings, killing180 people, and leaving hundredsof thousands homeless. On July 8,1985, an earthquake along the SanAndreas fault hit southern Califor-nia, blocking roads and causingpower failures, which in turn dis-rupted the water supply, On Sep-tember 19 and 20, 1985, twoearthquakes nearly destroyed partsof Mexico City, collapsing ordamaging 300 buildings and break-ing the lifeline system of watersupply, sewage disposal, communi-cations, electricity, and all transpor-tation. The mvo quakes killed20,000 people and left 30,000homeless.

Nevada del Ruiz in Colombia(above) and Mt. Augustine inAlaska (below) are two vol-canoes that have eruptedsince late 1985.

56

Some 39 of our 50 states feelmoderate-to-major earthquakesevery year. if the 1906 San Fran-cisco earthquakes happened today,property damage would exceed$24 billion, 700,000 people wouldbe injured, and 5,000 would die,just from the ground shakingalone. Thus NSF has programs thatstudy earthquakes to find whatcauses them and how their devas-tation can be mitigated.

The Incorporated ResearchInstitutions for Seismology (IRIS)is a 50-university consortium cre-ated by the seismology community.It will put in place some much-needed national facilities to sup-port research during the nextquarter-century on earthquakesand the earth's interior.

One indicator of a pendingearthquake is a seismic gap, asegment of a major active fault thathas a longtime absence of majorearthquakes. (The Mexico Cityearthquake occurred at a well-known seismic gap.) A possibleprecursor to a major shock is theMogi doughnut, a ring of minorearthquakes that occur around aseismic gap.

To monitor such phenomenaas seismic gaps and Mogi dough-nuts, IRIS plans, in cooperationwith the U.S. Geological Survey, toestablish 100 seismic stations withnew, high-quality digital equipmentaround the world. It will also buildan array of up to 1000 portableseismographs that can be moved tothe site of an earthquake. Thesenetworks will use seismic tomogra-phy, a technique analogous to x-rayimages of the human body, tomake three-dimensional pictures ofthe earth's interior. Via satellitedata transmission, the networkswill help determine the size andprecise location of an earthquakeanywhere in the world withinminutes of the event.

kNNUAL REPORT , FISCAL YFAR 1956 49

Immediately after the earth-quake in Mexico City, NSF dis-patched a team, assembled by aBerkeley, California research in-stitute and the National Academy ofEngineering, to the quake site tocollect valuable and perishablefield data. NSF also made grants to28 U.S. research institutions, tocooperate with Mexican re-searchers in studying the MexicoCity earthquake. The site had beenwell-monitored, and many of thebuildings that collapsed were de-signed using state-of-the-art princi-ples, techniques, and standards.The extent of the damage wasunexpected, and researchersneeded to collect all the informa-tion they could.

II;

Remnants o co City earthquake

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The Mexico City earthquakeoccurred along a subduction zone,where one plate dives under an-other. (Subduction zones also oc-cur along the Washington State andOregon coasts, and along southernAlaska and the Aleutian Islands.)Although the earthquake was cen-tered 230 miles away, Mexico Citywas badly damaged because it sitson an ancient lake bed whose siltsand sands amplified the shaking ofthe ground; in addition, the earth-quake lasted an unusually longtime. Concrete and mid-sizedbuildings were the most seriouslydamaged, steel and larger struc-tures less so. Rescuing peopletrapped under collapsed buildingswas a serious problem, and the

5 7

main aqueducts bringing water tothe city failed. The subway system,however, was relatively unharmed.

Researchers studied both whatwent wrong and what did not.They investigated the causes of theearthquake, how quakes affect dif-ferent kinds of ground and dif-ferent structures, what kinds ofhazards such features as glass andelevators cause. Ultimately, whatresearchers learn from the Mexicanearthquake could help lessen theimpact of similar shock waves.

NSF is giving this sort ofresearch special emphasis in a newEarthquake Engineering ResearchCenter. This Center, at the StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo,is conducting research to improvebasic knowledge about earth-quakes, engineering practice, andthe implementation of seismic haz-ard mitigation procedures to mini-mize the loss of lives and property.

Major areas of study initiallyare being directed toward build-ings and other structures builtbefore the need to mitigate theeffects of earthquakes was realized.Emphasis is given to a systemsapproach in which earthquake re-quirements are integrated withconsideration of other hazards,such as high winds.

Although the award went toBuffalo, which will serve as a focalpoint for the Center's activities, thenew facility also involves the coor-dinated efforts of the City Collegeof New York, Columbia and Cor-nell Universities, Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory, Lehigh andPrinceton Universities, and theRensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

NSF funds are being matchedfor the first year by the UrbanDevelopment Corporation of theState of New York, a partnership topromote improved cooperationamong universities, government,and industry.

MicroburstsMicrobursts are those small,

lethal downdrafts of wind that cancause airplane crashes and resultin scores of injuries and deaths.During a microburst the air sud-denly rushes downward, thenspreads ourward along the ground.A plane encountering such a burst(on landing, for example) is poten-tially in danger: it will initially runinto a headwind, add lift and rise.It will then be followed by atailwind that reduces aircraft lift;these effects can cause the plane tocrash short of the runway.

The microburst is some 2miles across and lasts only about10 minutes. Downward winds canbe more than 40 miles an hour.

NSF, in cooperation with othergovernment agencies, funds proj-ects to study microbursts and helpairplanes to avoid them. One proj-ect, called Microburst and SevereThunderstorm, or MIST, has beengathering and analyzing data onsurface temperature, atmosphericpressure, moisture content of theair, and the motion of winds in theclouds.

A second project, called JointAirport \Weather Studies, or JAWS,(1) is aimed at improving aviation'ssafety systems and weather radarnetworks. JAWS also has helped todocument conditions that lead tomicrobursts: rain evaporating inmid-air, causing the air to cool,then falling. Microbursts can hap-pen both in humid and dry cli-mates, and with torrential rains ormuch smaller storms. Microburstsalso may occur in seemingly calmweather conditions.I. JAWS is now part of the Research ApplicationsProgram at the National Center for AtmosphericResearch in Boulder, CO.

A nikrobunt and Its effect on a landing aircraft

Using information from thesestudies, Doppler radar can nowidentify some of the precursorsof microbursts: MeteorologistTheodore Fujita, at the Universityof Chicago, has examined recentmicroburst-related crashes andfound radar images of down-rushing wind and rain fading justbefore the burst hits the ground.Surrounding airports withmonitors that look for these andother precursorS should be able togive 5 to 10 minutes warning of adeveloping microburst, which isenough time to warn an aircraft.

ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 1986 51

0 The Alan T WatermanAward This award, named forNSn first director, is presentedeach year by the Foundation to aresearcher who is 35 years of ageor younger or has had a doctoraldegree for not more than fiveyears, and whose research showsexcellence, innovation, and thepotential for new discoveries. In1986, the Alan T. Waterman Awardwent to Edward Witten, professorof physics at Princeton University.Witten is considered one of themost outstanding theoretical phys-icists of his generation. He is alsoone of the world's leaders in newdevelopments in superstring theo-ry that may unify gravity with theother forces of nature. (See "High-lights" section.)

The basic theories of 20th-century physics are quantum me-chanics (the theory of atomicphenomena) and general relativity(Einstein's theory of gravity). Thesuperstring theory holds that theobjects responsible for creation of

52 NATIONAl. SCIENCE F UNDATION

3the fundamental forces of naturesuch as photons and gravitonsare not points but extremely smallone-dimensional loops of strings ofenergy

Dr. Witten also has providedfresh insights into other problemsof theoretical physics, including thelong-debated question of whetherenerff in Einstein's theory of gen-eral relativity is necessarilypositive.

Dr. Witten's research has beensupported for several years byNSF's Theoretical Physics Program.He was selected from 165 highlyregarded nominees to receive theprestigious award, which includesa medal and NSF support for up to$100,000 a year for three years ofresearch and advanced studies.

The Vannevar Bush Award.The National Science Board, NSFSgoverning body, grants the pres-tigious Vannevar Bush Award,named for the engineer and WorldWar II science administrator whoprepared the presidential reportrecommending establishment ofthe National Science Foundation.The award recognizes individualswho have made outstanding contri-butions to the nation in scienceand technology.

In 1986, the Vannevar BushAward was given to Isidor IsaacRabi, winner of the 1944 NobelPrize for physics and ProfessorEmeritus at Columbia University.Rabi has long been a dominatingpresence in high-energy physics.

Among the many contribu-tions for which Dr Rabi wasrecognized were his efforts inorganizing the first InternationalConference on the Peaceful Uses ofAtomic Energy (held in 1955 and

5 9

_Isidor Isaac Rabi

sponsored by the United Nations),and in establishing the Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency, anoutgrowth of the U.N. Conference.Dr. Rabi also made the proposalthat led to establishment of theCentre Europeene de RecherchesNucleaires (CERN) in Geneva,Switzerland, one of the majorinternationally managed sdenti cfacilities.

RabiS 1944 Nobel Prize wasawarded for fundamental contribu-tions that allowed measurement ofthe magnetic properties of atomicnuclei to a very high precision.This work not only led to a deeperunderstanding of the properties ofmatter but also continues to findapplications in numerous fieldsranging from space science andtechnology to the highly sophisti-cated medical diagnostic tool ofnuclear magnetic resonance.

Dr. Rabi was born on July 29,1898, in Rymanow, then part of theAustro-Hungarian Empire. He wasbrought to this country as an infantand grew up on the Lower EastSide of Manhattan and in Brooklyn.He received his bachelor's degree

in chemistry in 1919 from CornellUniversity and his PhD. in physicsfrom Columbia, in 1927. His aca-demic progeny include many ofthe nation's top scientists.

Distingutshed Public ServiceAwards. NSF awarded two Dis-tinguished Public Service Awardsin 1986. This award, for dis-tinguished service to science andengineering, is one of the highesthonors conferred by the Founda-tion. It includes a gold medal anda citation. One award was toWilliam Carey, executive officer ofthe American Association for theAdvancement of Science, publisherof Science magazine, and pastpublisher of Science 86. The otherhonor went to Don Fuqua, long-time and now retired chairman ofthe House Committee on Scienceand Technology in the U.S. Houseof Representatives.

New Internal Award Estab-lished. TO reflect the Foundation'semphasis on affirmative action andequal opportunity in employmentand all program areas, an EqualOpportunity Achievement Awardfrom the NSF Director was estab-lished in 1986. The Director'sAward for up to $2500 recognizesoutstanding achievement in pro-moting equal opportunity withinthe Foundation, or in increasingthe representation of minorities,women, and disabled individuals inthe scientific and engineering com-munities. Directorate-level awardsfor up to $500 are also availableto reward NSF staff for specialachievements in equal opportunity.

The first of the Director'sEqual Opportunity AchievementAwards went to these individuals in1986:

AWARDS

Elvtra Doman

Mira Doman for herexemplary record of activities andaccomplishments in promotingequal opportunities for minoritiesand women, including scientificoutreach through numerous sitevisits, efforts to recruit minoritiesand women for NSF, and service asExecutive Secretary to the Commit-tee on Equal Opportunities inScience and Engineering.

Judith S. Smiley for heroutstanding efforts to promoteequal opportunities for minoritiesand women in the field of mathe-matical sciences through her ownrecruitment efforts at the Founda-tion, through active support of theFoundation's Visiting Professorshipsfor Women and Minority Research

60

Initiation pr( grams, and as a lead-ing member of the Women in Mathorganization.

Nobel Prizes for NSFGrantees. The most prestigiousand well-known of all awardshonoring scientists and their con-tributions to science and the wel-fare of humanity is the Alfred B.Nobel Prize. In the last decade U.S.scientists have received 60 percentof the total number of prizesawarded in physics, chemistry, andphysiology or medicinean in-dication of the nation's relativestrength in science and tech-nological capability. The NobelPrize represents the very highestlevel of achievement in fundamen-tal research.

The National Science Founda-tion has made a significant contri-bution in the prior support ofNobel Prize winners. (There canbe a delay of 10 to 20 years ormore from the time prize-winningwork is done until it is recognizedby the Nobel committees.) Forexample, of the nine 1986 NobelPrize recipients, four are previousNSF grant awardeessome receiv-ing awards for scientific researchgoing back to the mid 1950s. Theyare:

Dudley Herschbach, Chem-istry (7 previous NSFgrants)Rita Levi-Montalcini, Phys-iology/Medicine (9 previousNSF grants)_James Buchanan, Economics(6 previous NSF grants)Yuan T Lee, Chemistry (7previous NSF grants)

Among the Nobel Laureatesfrom 1980-86, 17 had receivedmore than 200 NSF awards at sometime during their research careers.

ANNUAL REPONT, FINCAL )1,AR 1986 53

ELVIRA DOMAN

Associate Program Director forRegulatory Biology

Division of Cellular BiosciencesDirectorate for Biological,

Behavioral, and Social Sciences

Tenure at NSF: 1978 to presentSpecial achievements:Dr. Doman has a distinguishedrecord of accomplishments extend-ing far beyond her regular pro-grammatic responsibilities inphysiology and endocrinology, Shehas, for example, been very activein a number of activities to pro-mote increased participation inscience and engineering by under-represented groups.

In 1981, Elvira Domanorganized and headed a successfulevent for Women in Science andEngineering (WISE), an interagencygroup. Entitled "Science in YourLife," the program was held at theH.B. Owens Science Center inLanham, Maryland. Dr. Doman isstill involved in the WISE StudentChallenge Program, which encour-ages 9th- and 10th-grade girls topursue careers in science andengineering.

Elvira Doman has setTed onthe NSF Black History Committeesince 1983 and played a major rolein bringing outstanding scholars tothe Foundation for Black HistoryMonth, as well as for NationalHispanic Week. In 1985, she wascited by NSF Director Erich Blochas the "outstanding outreach pre-senter within the Biological, Be-havioral, and Social Sciences

54 NATIONAL suENCE FOUNDATIoN

4

Directorate since the inception ofthe NSF Outreach Service." (1) In1986, Dr. Doman's record wasagain recognized when she re-ceived the Director's Equal Oppor-tunity Achievement Award (seechapter 3).

Other activities during heryears at NSF include service as anEqual Employment Opportunity(EEO) Counselor and the repre-sentative for Native American Indi-ans on NSF's EEO Council. Toencourage young people to pursuecareers in science and engineering,she has served as role model,panelist, keynote speaker, and sci-ence fair judge for public schoolsin the Washington, D.C. area.

1. Through the Outreach Service, administeredby NSF's Office of Legislative and Public Affairsin conjunction with the research directorates,Foundation staff travelling on official businessgive orientations about NSF funding oppor-tunities at all institutions, especially those thatare not among the leading recipients of NSFfunds. These include predominantly minority orwomenli colleges/universities and primarily un-dergraduate institutions,

61

In recent years, Dr. Dornanwas the coorganizer of an NSFworkshop on "Research Funding atFour-Year Institutions," and she wasinstrumental in two scientific work-shops: "Regulatory Mechanisms inInsects: Future Directions," and"Strategies for the Study of Inverte-brate Peptides.Prior experience/education/other interests:Elvira Doman holds degrees inchemistry, molecular biology phys-iology, and biochemistry Herpostdoctoral studies were com-pleted at Rockefeller UniversityShe was a part-time lecturer atDouglass College, the women's di-vision of Rutgers University, whilebringing up her family She accept-ed an Assistant Professorship ofBiology at Scion Hall University,where she also served as Chief Pre-Medical Professions Advisor. In1977, she moved to Washington,D.C., where she served one year asa volunteer for the D.C. publicschool system.

To promote women in sci-ence, Dr. Doman is active in thelocal chapters of Minority Womenin Science (MWIS) and the Associa-tion for Women in Science (AWN).She also sings in two churchchoirs, plays tennis, and has beenAdministrative Vice-President andEducational Vice-President in a lo-cal club of the International Toast-masters. She is a wife and motherof rwo children. Her daughter,Paula, holds a degree in electricalengineering from Cornell Univer-sity; her son, Rodney, is a highschool senior who plays varsitybasketball and is business managerof his school newspaper.

Except where indicated, all photosin (his chapter ate by MortonEireirman,

JOHN WOOLEY

Program Director for BiologicalInstrumentation

Division of Molecular BiosciencesDirectorate for Biological,

Behavioral, and Social Sciences

Tenure at NSF: 1984 to presentSpecial achievements:Under Dr. Woo ley's leadership, hisprogram has emerged as one ofthe Foundation:s leading activities.The area of instrumentation de-velopment has grown several-foldsince John Woo ley became Pro-gram Director. In addition, moremultiuser proposals have beenjointly reviewed with other NSFinstrumentation programs, result-ing in a substantial increase injointly supported awards. Thisworks to the benefit of the entirescience and technology community,as requests for multiuser equip-ment may now include subprojectsfrom chemists, materials scientists,or engineers, as well as biologists.Dr. Woo ley has proven especiallyeffective in helping to assure thecoordination needed in reviewingthese proposals.

John Woo ley was also highlyeffective as liaison to NSF's Officeof Advanced Scientific Computing,located in the new computer sci-ences directorate. He has helpedto provide a better understandingof supercomputer opportunitiesthroughout the BBS directorate,Moreover, the National Institutes ofHealth, another federal agency hasbased key instrumentation effortslargely upon the role modelprovided by the Nsg as shaped byDr. Wooley

NSF PEOPLE

With a substantial increase inboth proposal load and the qualityof projects received, Dr. Wooleyhas worked closely with the scien-tific community to "stretch" NSFdollars as far as possible throughcost-sharing by institutions andthrough discounts, where available.

Dr. Wooley is also an un-usually capable supervisor and hasprovided notable leadership forboth support and program stallEven with an especially productiveadministrative year; he found timeto pursue personal research at theBrookhaven National Laboratoryand he copublished two papers inprofessional journals.

Prior experience/education/other interests:John Wooley received his B.S. inbiochemistry from Michigan StateUniversity (1967) and his PhD. inbiophysics from the University ofChicago (1975). He carried outpostdoctoral studies at HarvardUniversity in biochemistry and mo-lecular biology, and has held fac-ulty appointments at the SearleMolecular Biology Institute in HighWycombe, England; the MarineBiological Laboratory at WoodsHole, MA; and Princeton UniversityHis research interests have been inprotein-nucleic acid interactionsand chromatin structure. The roleof nuclear ribonucleoprotein com-plexes in RNA processing and geneexpression is the current focus ofDr Wooleyii research. Along withthe "microphotography" associatedwith these research studies, em-ploying the scanning transmissionelectron microscope, he also isinterested in mountaineering andthe macrophotography of alpineand arctic flowers,

ANNUAL KEPORTt FISCAL YEAR 1986 55

KENT K. CURTIS

Director, Division of Computer andComputation Research

Directorate for Computer andInformation Science and

Engineering

Tenure at NSF: 1967 to presentSpecial achievements:From the time he joined NSF KentCurtis has been intimately involvedin improving support for the fieldof computer research. NSF's com-mitment to this field has grown inthe past decade from a small officeto a directorate, paralleling thegrowth of the field, and KentCurtis has had a major role at eachstep along the way

With Mr Curtis serving first asa section head for the computerresearch part of NSF's Division ofMathematics and Computer Sci-ence, then as Division Director forComputer Research, the Founda-tion has become a key actor indeveloping the nation's researchinfrastructure in computer science,as well as a significant source ofproject support. Early on, KentCurtis recognized that the health ofthe field depends upon a complexinterplay between theoretical re-search, personnel developmentand production, and applicationand use of computers.

56 N1IONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

r

Under the direction of Mr.Curtis, the Division of ComputerResearch (formerly in NSF's Direc-torate for Mathematical and Phys-ical Sciences) introduced a varietyof innovative programs within NSFand helped to develop importantnew interagency programs. Forexample, an electronic informationexchange facility, CSNET, WaS cre-ated to unify the computer re-search community by connectingacademic, industrial, and govern-mental research groups. The Coor-dinated Experimental Research(CER) Program, developed underthe leadership of Kent Curtis, hassuccessfully expanded the numberof excellent university departmentsby improving the infrastructure ofthe institutions involved. The pro-gram has done this by helping toincrease the number of much-needed PhD. computer sciencegraduates, and by improving theoverall environment in the com-puter science research community.Curtis also chaired the task forcethat led to the creation of NSF'sadvanced scientific computing ini-tiative; today that initiative providesstate-of-the-art supercomputer facil-ities to research scientists in manydisciplines.

63

Kent Curtis has managed thegrowing number of professionalsand support staff in his divisionwith skill and dedication. Begin-ning with 3 individuals, the divi-sion now includes 11 professionalpositions and 8 positions in thesupport center. (See chapter 5 formore information on resource/administrative/program supportcenters.)Prior experience/education/

B.S., Yale University, 1948M.S., Dartmouth College, 1950Head, Mathematics and ComputingServices, Lawrence Berkeley Labo-ratory, 1957-1967From 1982 through 1983, KentCurtis was an IEEE (1) Dis-tinguished Lecturer on needs andprospects for computer sciencepersonnel. He has served aS aconsultant to several of the Na-tional Laboratories, received theNSF Sustained Superior Accom-plishment Award in 1980, and islisted in American Men andWomen in Science.1. Institute for Electrical and EkcrronicsEngineers

IRENE LOMBARDO

Administrative OfficerDivision of Advanced Scientific

ComputingDirectorate for Computer and

Information Science andEngineering

Tenure at NSF: 1979 to presentSpecial achievements:Each month, hundreds of scientistsand engineers telephone NSF:i Di-vision of Advanced Scientific Com-puting (DASC) seeking access tothe powerful supercomputers ad-ministered by this part of theFoundation. More often than not,their first contact is with IreneLombardo, whose good humor andunlimited patience ease the wayfor them.

Serving as the AdministrativeOfficer for this division since itsinception in 1983, Irene Lombardohas participated in the growth ofsupercomputer users from a hand-ful of hardy pioneers to severalthousand researchers. She hasbeen responsible for coordinatingall their accounts, working withprogram directors from all overNSF

Her duties have become soextensive that they are now shared.However, if there is some bot-tleneck to unplug, or a knottyproblem to untangle in order tohelp a research project get going alittle sooner, Ms. Lombardo gives ither special attention. All the re-searchers are known to her byname, and all are treated as per-sons instead of grant numbers. Shealso keeps all of the financialrecords for the division, and hasorganized a smooth-running ad-ministrative support center.

64

In addition to her regularduties, Ms. Lombardo is an edi-torial correspondent for Discovoyan inhouse newsletter at NSF:Prior experience/otherinterests:Before joining DASC, Irene Lom-bardo was a program assistant inthe Division of Molecular Biologyand a section secretary in theDivision of Materials Research,Since she arrived at NSF in 1979,Ms. Lombardo has been promotedthrough six government gradelevels.

In her few off-hours, Ms.Lombardo exercises her talent inarts and crafts. Weekends oftenfind her at country fairs where shesells a wide variety of artifactscrafted in collaboration with herdaughter and mother.

'emit 986 57

HOPE W DUCKETT

Administrative Officer/Center Manager

Division of Mechanics, Structures,and Materials Engineering

Directorate for Engineering

Tenure at NSF: 1969 to presentSpecial achievements:Surfing as a Clerk-Typist at NSF,Hope Duckett eagerly took coursesat George Washington University toadvance her career. She progressedthrough the ranks to ProgramSecretarv Section Head Secretary,Division Secretary, and Admin-istrative Officer. She now holds thedual position of Administrative Of-licer/Center Manager with herdivision,

58 NATIONAL SCIENCE FouNDATION

Since joining the Foundation,Ms. Duckett has received numer-ous achievement awards, served onseveral NSF program committees,assisted with the recruitment ofhigh school students as NSF sup-port staff, and participated in manyother activities. These include theNSF softball team, the Social Com-mittee of the Federal EmployeesAssociation, programs for NSF Sec-retaries' Week, NSF Christmas ac-tivities, and the Savings Bonds andCombined Federal Campaigndrives.

Prior experience/otherinterests:Ms. Duckeu came to NSF from theCivil Service Commission (now theOffice of Personnel and Manage-ment), where she worked as aclerk from 1966 to 1969. She is amember of such organizations asthe National Organization forWomen, the National Associationfor the Advancement of ColoredPeople, Blacks in Government, andthe American Federation of Gov-ernment Employees, Her unioninvolvement brought her to one ofher current posts as an EqualEmployment Opportunity Coun-selor at NSF

Hope Duckett is known forher sensitivity, open-mindedness,and fairness in dealing with co-workers. Her counseling skillswere honed by involvement in thecounseling program of a local highschool where her daughter was astudent.

'1.'4/

ELEONORA SABADELL

Program Director for Natural andMan-Made Hazard Mitigation

Division of Emerging and CriticalEngineering Systems

Directorate for Engineering

Tenure at NSF: 1985 to presentSpecial achievements:Dr. Sabadell has successfully in-creased interest in the new NSFprogram, Natural and Man-MadeHazard Mitigation, by the researchcommunityincluding those indisciplines other than civil andmechanical engineering. She hasactively sought every opportunityto visit universities, attc.nd meet-ings, inform other agencies andresearchers, and respond promptly,o domestic and international in-quiries about the program.

At NSF Dr. Sabadell has beenable to persuade other programofficers to share in funding pro-posals that bridge several researchareas. Eleven grants have beensplit-funded, five with other pro-grams in the Engineering director-ate, four with the InternationalPrograms Division (STIA director-ate), and two with the Social andEconomic Science Division (BBSdirectorate).

14.,

Eleonora SahadelL profession-al expertise has been recognizedby both national and internationalorganizations and governments.She has been invited to visitresearch centers, serve on advisorybodies, chair meetings, and setguidelines for possible cooperationin research activities in India,China, Japan, Pakistan, Portugal,Spain, and Austria.

Dr. Sabadell also has activelyparticipated in NSF activities toincrease the number of femaleengineers, advance their careers,and add to the number of suc-cessful proposals by these inves-tigators. To that end, her programhas funded a Visiting Professorshipfor Women award, a female under-graduate student, and two femaleprincipal investigators.Prior experience/edu on/other interests:Dr. Sabadell was born in BuenosAires, Argentina, and received bothher bachelor's and advanced de-grees from the National Universityof Buenos Aires. She has been inthe United States for 23 years. Shehas three children; one daughter isan architect, anotha daughter is a

RR

graduate student in mechanicalengineering at Princeton University,and her son is a graduate studentin civil engineering at ColoradoState University. Her husband is achemical engineer.

Before coming to Nsti Dr.Sabadell was a lecturer at Prince-ton University, a program directorat the U.S. Department of theInterior, and a senior scientist inthe graduate program of scienceand technology policy at GeorgeWashington University Washington,DC.

In addition to her work at NSFto attract and encourage femaleengineers, Eleonora Sabadell isactive in the American kssociationof University Women and the So-ciety of Women Engineers. Shefrequently gives lectures, partici-pates in seminars, and organizesmeetings aimed at drawing otherwomen into _her profession.

During her many internationaltravels, Dr. Sabadell has developeda large and unique collection ofboxes that reflect the diversity ofcultures she has experienced. Shenotes that she is "very proud" ofthese artistic and cultural artifacts,which come in a variety of shapes,sizes, and materials (e.g., wood,glass, marble). Her other currenthobbies include knitting "veryfancy things," and she has doneboth painting and ceramics in thepast.

ANNUAL RE1,0141; FISCAL 'MAR 1986 59

David Bresnahan

60 NATIONAL SC NCR FOUNDATION

6

NSF REPRESENTATIVE,ANTARCTICA

Division of Polar ProgramsDirectorate for Geosciences

Special. achievements:The NSF Representative in Ant-arctica makes science happen on acontinent of 5.4 million squaremiles. In the antarctic summer,when the sun is up and outdoorwork is practical, two "NSF Reps'serve two to three months each tocover the live-month season (Oc-tober through February). In recentyears these representatives havebeen David M. Bresnahan andErick Mang, both career civilservants.

The NSF Rep works atMcMurdo, the largest station inAntarctica and the hub of the U.S.Antarctic Program, which the Foun-dation funds and manages. Avail-able resources include the NavalSupport Force Antarctica (includ-ing the Navy's kntarctic Develop-ment Squadron Six) and a supportcontractor. In a typical antarcticsummer season about 2,000 per-sonnel operate three year-roundresearch stations, six LC-130 air-planes, six UH-1N helicopters, twoicebreakers, a research ship, and amassive sealift and airlift from theUnited States.

In the 1986-87 summer, lead-ers of 75 NSF-funded researchprojects (250 scientists and techni-cians) in the geosciences, engineer-ing, and biology turned to theFoundation for support that wasplanned months before in theUnited States.

People plan antarctic research,but nature is in charge. When theweather is good, events happenrapidly: planes arrive, deliver car-go, resupply inland stations, deployfield research parties. By De-cember the sea ice runway will berotten, forcing the planes onto anice shelf skiway where they cannottake large loads. Similarly, theannual resupply ships have a nar-row window to get through thepack ice at its summer minimum.Support personnel must reopen arunway after a blizzard, close innew buildings before winter, andrefuel the South Pole Station, whilescientists work to get necessarydata.

Much of the science is obser-vational and must meet natureSschedulee.g., measure the ma-rine plankton bloom, get an at-mospheric reading before themoon sets. Despite meticulous ad-vance planning, changes caused bystorms or equipment availabilityare inevitable. To maintain scien-tific productivity, the NSF Rep hasto weigh alternatives quickly. Thereis rarely time to seek outsidecounsel; decisions tend to bp quickand final, and at all times they areinfluenced by the need to operatesafely in the extreme environment.

The NSF Rep deals with awide array of personal and organi-zational culturesscientists, pilots,mechanics, chaplains, postal clerksbuilders, the military, and repre-sentatives of the other AntarcticTreaty consultative nations. TheRep succeeds through good plan-ning, informal communication, per-sonal credibility, and the ability tomotivate others.

Information flows heavily:through the local two-way radionetwork, single-sideband radio,and telegraphic messages from

Erick Cbicing

within or outside Antarctica; local(McMurdo has several hundredtelephones) and long-distance tele-phone (via a satellite network);and a constant stream of personalcontacts and site visits, memoran-da, notes, and letters. The NSF Repis obliged to discern immediatelythe value of current information.

Days are long (typically 7:30a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week);personal and professional lives areinseparable. At day's end, the NSFRep does not go home to family ora separate set of friends but isalways on duty.

U.S. research in Antarctica wasin its 30th consecutive year in1986, with a safety record secondto none. The number of annualresearch projects gradually hasbeen tripled, while the levels offield-support elements such as air-craft hours and personnel werekept constant or declined. U.S.antarctic research literature fromthis period led the world and hasbeen among the core documentsin numerous subdisciplines. Theseachievements of safety and re-search productivity belong to thou-sands, but theNSF Representativehas had a proinin'ent role.

68

Prior experience/education/other hnerests:David Bresnahan DavidBresnahan joined NSF in 1970,after graduating from Old Domin-ion University with a B.S. in busi-ness administration. Prior to hisgraduation he had completed twotrips to Antarctica, one working asan undergraduate research assist-ant funded by NSF Mr. Bresnahanand his family live in rural Virginia,where he is active in local com-munity affairs. He also enjoysgardening.

Erick Chiang Prior to join-ing NSF in 1979, ME Chiang workedat SUNY-Buffalo; there he wasresponsible for the arctic andantarctic ice-core facility and par-ticipated in several Greenland andantarctic expeditions. He receivedhis B.A. at Rutgers University in1972 and M.S. at Ade lphi Universityin 1975. His degrees are in geologyand earth sciences, respectively mr.Chiang is an avid Chesapeake Baysailor and enjoys both racquetballand tennis.

ANNUAL Kg PON% FISCAL 'u 1986 61


KATHRYN R. RISON

Administrative Officer

Division of Atmospheric SciencesDirectorate for Geosciences

Tenure at NSF: 1967 to presentSpecial achievements:Kathryn Rison has furthered NSF'sgoals through her long-term, supe-rior contribution to the smoothfunctioning of all internal opera-tions in her division (ATM). Herconstant, concerned attention to alladministrative needs concerningATM staff, the Administrative Sup-port Center, travel, training, equip-ment, proposal processing,budgets, disbursement of funds,long-range planning, and the ATMAdvisory Committee assures herfellow workers that all these dutieswill be accomplished in a timelyand accurate manner.

Kay Rison works in a position,between management and supportstaff, where she has intimateknowledge about policies andpractices that dominate the workplace and affect the actions ofindividual employees. Professionaland clerical staff alike, from heroffice and elsewhere in the Foun-dation, seek her aid and adviceconstantly. She is never too busy toprovide help, and she either knowsthe answers or promptly findsthem. All of this is done in a quiet,unassuming manner. Because ofher attitude, other employees areready to help her and want her tobe pleased with their work.

Mrs. Rison is an outstandingNSF staff member who functions asa key person in Atmospheric Sci-ences, depended upon by all hercoworkers.

69

Prior experienc educaUoit/other iluerests:Kathryn Rison has been ATM'sAdministrative Officer since thedivision was established in 1975,after rpending several years in oneof NSF's biological divisions. She isalso a part-time student workingtoward an undergraduate degreein computers. Other outside inter-ests include gardening, boating,skiing, and school or church ac-tivities primarily related to youthdevelopment. She serves, for ex-ample, on the advisory boards forLackey High School and GeneralSmallwood Middle School inCharles County, MD.

ELI?' BETI= TUCKER

Staff nt

Division of ChemistryDi ectora for Mathematical and

Physical Sciences

Tenure at NSF: 1952 to presentSpecial achievements:Elizabeth G. ibcker joined thechemistry activity at the Founda-tion in 1952. She was NSF's firstchemistry employee, to be joinedone month later by Walter R.Kirner, the first program directorto implement chemistry's role inthe Foundation Except for a shortinterlude in the NSF grants office,Mrs. Tucker has been employedcontinuously in chemistry Not onlythat, she has been at the Founda-tion continuously longer than anyother NSF employee. During thistime she has watched the programgrow to a section and finally to adivision as it is today.

Mrs. Tucker has not onlyprocessed every grant, declination,and withdrawal that chemistry hashandled since the Foundation be-gan but, more importantly, she hasset a standard of excellence that isa model for efficiency and ac-curacy This standard has becomevital as NSF's chemistry activity hasexpanded to a budget approaching$90 million. This standard of excel-lence was established in handling73 advisory committee meetings;providing support for 59 rotatingprogram directors; organizing trav-el, hotel reservations, and docu-mentation for 158 advisorycornmittee members; and provid-ing staff support for 18 permanentstaff members in chemistry

During Elizabeth Ricker's ten-ure at the Foundation, she hasbeen responsible for keeping trackof all cli istry expenditures, sothat eaci: ar the outflow of fundsis exactly equal to those providedby the Congress. She also hasarranged nearly every chemistryadvisory committee meeting, be-come acquainted with each com-mittee member, prepared theFoundation's report for each com-mittee meeting, and participated inthe growth and development ofchemistry as we know it today.

7 0

Mrs. Tucker has compiled themost comprehensive database onNSF chemistry in an exceptionalfile that has migrated to a localcomputerized system. If anyonewanted to know about the joys ofan NSF grant, the anguish of adeclination, and the directions thatchemistry has taken in the pastthree decades, she has captured allthe hard statistics on these mattersin her files. One can easily pin-point the trends in chemistry fromthese data. Every discipline needsa corporate memory, and Mrs.Tucker represents that for theFoundation's chemistry activitymore than anyone else.Other Mterests:Mrs, 'Ricker's interests beyond theFoundation include travel (e.g., toEurope and the Caribbean), knit-ting, caring for several dogs, anddealing with the pleasures andproblems of her semirural homeabout 40 miles from Washington.She also has two children and fivegrandchildren and keeps in closecontact with all of them.

ANNUM -WORT, MSc 1986 63


MARTIN L. JOHNSON

Fo sociate Program Directorfor Teacher Enhancement

Division of Teacher Preparationand Enhancement

Directorate for Science andEngineering Education

Tenure at NSF: 1985-1986 alsoserved as a consultant and a part-time employee 1984-85)Special achievement3:As a rotator program officer, MartinJohnson demonstrated outstandingability in the operation and man-agement of NSF's. Teacher Prepara-tion Program. For example, heprovided strong leadership andsupport in developing the specialprogram solicitation for middle-school teacher preparation in sci-ence and mathematics. He alsodemonstrated outstanding effort inassisting those interested in theprogram by providing timely, clear,and accurate information to pro-spective proposers, principal inves-tigators, and others. In addition, heconsistently provided crucial inputinto NSF concerns for underrepre-sented minorities.

Martin Johnson is an active,productive scholar, consultant, andleader in mathematics and matheducation. He is the author oreditor of several books and haswritten many articles and bookchapters. He also has contributedto a wide variety of professionalmeetings and symposia. He is pastpresident of the Maryland Councilof Teachers of Mathematics and is

7

serving a three-year term on theResearch Advisory Committee ofthe National Council of Teachers ofMathematics. He continue; to pub-lish papers md textbooks in hisfield. In 1985, the University ofMaryland, where he is now a fullprofessor, selected him as MinorityFaculty Member of the Year.Prior experience/education/other htterests:B.S. in chemistry, Morris C-Ilege,1962Ed.D. in mathematics educati n,University of Georgia, 1971Fulbright Scholar in Nigeria,1983-84hobbies: reading, golfing

ETHEL sCHULTZ

rmer Program Officer forTeacher Enhancement

Division of Teacher Preparationand Enhancement

Directorate for Science andEngineering Education

Tenure at NSF: 1984 to 1986Special achievements:To enrich the Foundation and tohelp administer its education pro-grams, NSF appointed a secondaryschool classroom teacher fromMa.ssachusetts as a rotating pro-gram officer This teacher, EthelSchultz, was an enormously effec-tive NSF representative to manyinterested groups, especially thoseat the state and local levels. Shereceived much praise from thesegroups on the clarity of herpresentations, and on the program-matic content and strategies thatshe conveyed. She displayed con-siderable initiative in making thesecontacts and in carrying the NSFmessage to groups that had notpreviously been involved with theagency Mrs. Schultz became widelyrecognized as a competent com-municator and leader by manyprospective grant proposers.

In addition to this admirableleadership, Mrs. Schultz workedvery diligently on projects sherecommended. Her recommenda-tions contributed significantly tothe consistency and coherence ofmany programs within the Divisionof Teacher Preparation andEnhancement.

During her tenure at NSF, Mrs,Schultz maintained her involve-ment in both teaching and profes-sional organizations. She presentedpapers, for example, at severalprofessional meetings and was se-lected by the Chemical Manufac-turers Association as the recipientof its 1986 Catalyst Award,

Prior experience/education/other interests:B.S. in chemistry, SimmonsCollege, BostonM.Ed, in science education, North-eastern UniversityEmployed at Marblehead (MA)High School since 1962, first as achemistry teacher (1962-83), nowas a science administrator, K-12

Mrs, Schultz has long beenactive in professional organizationssuch as the kmerican ChemicalSociety (from which she has re-ceived two awards), the New Eng-land Association of ChemistryTeachers, the National ScienceTeachers Association, and othereducator societies.

A wife and mother of threesons, Ethel Schultz describes musicand concert going as two of herbiggest outside interests.

72

0.

ANNUAL __A HSCAL 1,-Aki 1986 65

PETER W HOUSE

Director, Division of PolicyResearch and Analysis

Directorate for Scientific,Technological, and International

Affairs

Tenure at NSF: 1983 to presentSpecial achievements:Peter House is one of the many"power users" of personal com-puters on the NSF staff He hasmade extensive contributions inthe application of personal com-puters to NSF policy and manage-ment tasks. He recognized earlythe tremendous potential of per-sonal computers for science policyanalysis, NSF program data analy-sis, and general office administra-tion. His ingenuity, leadership, andencouragement have resulted inmany innovative NSF computerapplications. Some of theseachievements include:

an early microcomputer lo-cal area nerwork (Sep-tember 1984);the preparation of briefingcharts using computergraphics and high-speedcolor pen plotters (De-cember 1984);a test of secretarial servicesperformed at an employee'shome during her maternityleavedone with a com-puter linked to the office(summer 1985);


the use of laptop portablecomputers to extend key-board availability econom-ically to the entire staff, wi 1capability for direct inter-face with the local areanetwork within the office,and telecommunicationlinks to the network afterworking hours (summer1985);establishment of a largemainframe science policydatabase that allows quickaccess to information forNSF policy analyses spring1986).

In July 1986 Peter House,along with staff from NSF's Officeof information Systems (ON), con-ducted a unique demonstration oflive computer-driven briefings,using the Foundation's new televi-sion projection system. House alsoworked closely with OIS in therecent plan for acquisition of anew mainframe computer at NSFHis continuing efforts to use newtechnologies to enhance the pro-ductivity of federal employees de-serve special recognition.

73

Prior experience/education/other interests:Ph.D. in public administration, Cor-nell University

Peter House came to NSFfrom the U.S. Department of Ener-gy; prior to that he was with theU.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency He also has served as avisiting scholar at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, and taught atthe University of 'RMS. He haspublished a dozen books on suchsubjects as methods in federal S&Tpolicy analysis, forecasting, model-ing, technology transfer, researchmanagement, and environmentalpolitics.

Peter House's private interestsinclude gourmet cooking, sciencefiction, landscaping his new home,and neighborhood politics. A chiefobjective in recent years has beento assure that the recently aban-doned railroad right-of-way in frontof his house is sold to the NationalPark Service, rather than to high-rise office building developers.

CHARLES T OWENS

Former Head, NSF Regional Office,Tokyo

Division of international ProgramsDirectorate for Scientific,

Technological, and InternationalAffairs

Tenure at NSF: 1971 to presentSpecial achievements:Charles T Owens has greatlyhelped to improve access by NSFand the U.S. research communityto information on Japanese scienceand technology. In 1982, McOwens was appointed head ofNSF Tokyo Regional Office, andhe set about establishing a com-prehensive reporting program. Infour years the Tokyo office pre-pared some 160 studies on Jap-anese science and technologypolicy, R&D budgets of Japanesegovernment agencies, the work ofindividual Japanese researchers,along with translation of Japanesegovernment documents and liter-ature searches on Japanese auto-mated data bases. In addition,thousands of news items, articles,and books were sent to NSFprogram staff for information oncurrent developments.

Mc Owens also was a keyfigure in the successful negotia-tions leading to Japanese participa-tion in the Foundation:s OceanDrilling Program and acceptance ofU.S. researchers at the researchorganization for Japan's Fifth Gen-eration Computer Project.

Through Mr. Owens' efforts,NSF management and decisionmakers elsewhere in the U.S. gov-ernment have become much moreaware of Japanese S&T capabilitiesand developments; this has in turnenabled us to design better coop-erative programs and activities withthe Japanese.

Mr. Owens has since returnedto Washington, DC and has beensetting up a foreign science infor-mation and assessment group inhis division.Prior experience/education]other hiterests:1963-70: Foreign Service Officer,U.S. Department of State (servicein Argentina and Washington, DC)

U.S. Coast Guard Academy 1957-59;University of California at Berkeley1960-63, A.B. InternationalRelationsinterests include sailing, classicalmusic, and the Oriental disciplineof Tae Kwon Do.

ANNUAL Mil 1 VISUAL YEAR 1986 67

ROBERT D. NEWTON

Former Head of the Policy OfficeDivision of Grants and Contracts

Directorate for Administration

Tenure at NSF: 1958 to 1987Special achievements:During much of his career, RobertNewton studied, and involved him-self in, the relationships betweenthose who support research andthose who perform it. His effortsto simplify research grant admin-istration have influenced not onlyNSF but the larger federal anduniversity research communities aswell.

At the Foundation, Dr. Newtonwas instrumental in defining thegrant relationship to emphasizegrantee responsibility and mini-mize NSF involvement in the man-agement and administration ofresearch. He pioneered the NSF"master grant experiment" in thelate 1970s and developed theexpanded "OPAS" concept (Organi-zational Prior Approval System).This concept serves as the basis ofNSF; grant administration philoso-phy today

More recently Dr. Newtonspearheaded a cooperative effortamong 5 major federal R&D agen-cies, the National Academy ofSciences (Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable) and10 public and private universitiesin the state of Florida. Through hisleadership, these parties engagedin a demonstration project using anew, standardized, and streamlined

approach to federal support ofuniversity research. This demon-stration project was remarkable,considering the varied interests ofthe parties involved. (See chapter 1for more on this project.)

Robert Newton's clarity of pur-pose and his commitment to re-search funding and administrationissues that transcend individualagencies and universities madehim a widely known and highlyrespected federal employee.Largely through and because of hisefforts, NSF enjoys its reputation asthe federal agency with one of themost reasoned and reasonable ap-proaches to research funding andadministration.

Prior experience/education/other interests:A.B. in philosophy and generalscience, University of Rochester,1950Ph.D. in philosophy and politicaltheory, Columbia University, 19572 years with Department of theArmy, working in researchcontracting

Hobbies: running, travel

MARY THOMAS

Oversight and AdministrativeSpecialist and Administrative

Support Center ManagerDivision of Audit and Oversight

Office of Budget, Audit, andControl

Tenure at NSF: 1974 to pSpecial achievements:Mary Thomas helped to design andestablishand now headsthe Di-vision of Audit and Oversight:i(DAO) Administrative Support Cen-ter, set up in January 1986. It isone of two such centers in NSF'sOffice of Budget, Audit, and Con-trol; they share the distinction ofbeing the Foundation's first of-ficially established and fully operational administrative supportcenters.

These centers were designed'to increase the efficiency and effec-tiveness of NSF programs andactivities by equalizing workloadsand alleviating occasional staffshortages. DAO staff members feelthat their center also allows forgrowth and training in the divi-sion's various activities. They notethat the center operation tends togive a more technical character topositions that had been primarilysecretarial. Moreover, routine tasks(timecards, supply orders, traveland training arrangements) arerotated every 60 days, allowingeveryone to remain proficient inthese activities.

In order to design a centerthat would best suit the needs ofDAO and the 15 professionals itwas to serve, Mary Thomas heldnumerous meetings with staff from

ese

NSF's Division of Personnel andManagement; she also requestedinput from DAO staff as she wasdeveloping plans for the center.After the model was decided upon,Mrs. Thomas prepared the neces-sary paperwork, including rewrit-ten position descriptions andemployee performance plans forthe six support staff persons in-cluded in the center.

Mrs. Thomas meets often withboth program and support staff toremain aware of the workload, toprovide assistance in redistributingthe work as necessary, to resolveissues, and to keep her divisiondirector apprised of center ac-tivities and accomplishments. Withthe acquisition of personal corn-puters in DAO, some of the work isnow automated and new pro-cedures have been introduced;Mrs. Thomas has made arrange-ments for staff training in the useof various computer programs(Word Perfect, Lotus 1-2-3, dBaseIII) and in working with databasesfor Hewlett-Packard (NSn maincomputer).

Mary Thomas' widely re-spected knowledge and abilityand her interest in people asindividualsare key factors in thesuccess of DAO's administrativecenter. She also designed and setup the clivision administrative ac-counts, using the Lotus 1-2-3 pro-gram. Because of the efficiency ofher design, the accounts are easilymaintained and kept current, andaccount status reports are readilyavailable for DAO managementreview.

Prior expertence/educa 'on/other Mterests:Mrs. Thomas is originally fromConnecticut, where she attendedschools such as the St. FrancisHospital School of Nursing inHartford. Her prior experienceincludes 6 years with private indus-try and 19 years of federal service.Before coming to the NationalScience Foundation in 1974, sheheld a variety of secretarial andadministrative positions with theDepartment of Labor and the De-partment of the Air Force. At NSF,she has served in secretarial andadministrative positions with theformer Directorate for Applied Re-search; she currently occupies thedual roles of Oversight and Admin-istrative Specialist and Admin-istrative Support Center Managerin the Division of Audit andOversight.

During non-working hours,Mrs. Thomas devotes her attentionto home and family, including herchildren and grandchildren, and totravelling with her husband.

ANNUM MCA", WAR 1986 69

70 NATIONAL SCIENCE 1-01.INDATION

SURARI S. SMITH

Paralegal Assistant

Office of General Counsel

Tenure at NSF: 1971 to presentSpecial achievements:As NSF's paralegal assistant, SukariSmith has major responsibilities inhelping NSF staff to avoid or dealwith conflicts of interests. Workingwith a lawyer designated as NSF'sethics counselor, she draws on herextensive knowledge of federalconflict-of-interest laws and theNSF regulations that implementthem. Scientists rely on her foradvice; many rotators and others,upon leaving the Foundation, re-ceive from her a required brief-ingtailored to their particularsituationsabout the postemploy-ment rules that will for a timerestrict them from representingprivate interests vis-i-vis the NSF.

As the Foundation's FederalRegister certifying officer and liai-son with a key Office of Manage-ment and Budget section (Office ofInformation and Regulatory Af-fairs), Ms. Smith is the gatekeeperfor NSF's published rules andregulations.

Ms. Smith also helps the Foun-dation's lawyers with work in awide variety of legal specialties,from patents to legislation. Inaddition, she is an editorial corre-spondent for Discovery an NSFinhouse newsletter. In dischargingall her responsibilities, she displaysa vigor and style that have madeher one of the Foundation's best-known personalities.

77

Prior experience/education/other interests:Sukari S. Smith's NSF career startedin the Division of Biology andMedical Sciences in November1971. She worked as InformationAssistant in the Division of PolarPrograms and as a secretary in theNational Science Board Office forseveral years before joining theOffice of the General Counsel(OGC) in 1980. She has assumedincreasingly important roles inOGC, becoming the Foundation'ssole Paralegal Assistant in 1984.

Ms. Smith received an Associ-ate degree in Arts and Sciencesfrom George Washington Univer-sity in 1978. She continues to worktoward completing an undergradu-ate degree in sociology at the sameinstitution. During a hiatus in thiseffort, she spent a year as avolunteer lab technician (in theevenings) with the WashingtonFree Clinic in Washington, DC. Thiswork grew out of her originalinterest and studies in medicine atthe Washington Technical institute.

RY McDONOUGH KEENEY

Coordinator, National Science &Technology Week

Office of Legislative andPublic Affairs

Tenure at NSF: 1984 to presentSpecial achievements:Since 1985, the National ScienceFoundation has coordinated Na-tional Science Week, a program toincrease public understanding andawareness of science, mathematics,and technology Another goal ofthe Week is 'to encourage youngpeople to pursue careers in thesefields. So successful were the 1985and 1986 efforts (see "Highlights"section earlier in this report) thatthe program was expanded tobecome National Science & Tech-nology Week (NSTW), held April5-11, 1987.

Mary Keeney, the Foundationcoordinator for this initiative sinceit began, is also the originator ofmany of the ideas and activitiesassociated with the Week Indeed,its success and widened scopecan be attributed largely to Ms.Keeney's creativity and extraordi-nary drive. Additionally, her talentshave resulted in plans to carry outNS1W for a number of years tocome.

Ms. Keeney's enthusiasm forthe program, and her ability tocommunicate this feeling to mem-bers of the science and technologycommunity have sparked a re-sponse throughout the variousgroups; this has resulted in theparticipation of many professionalsocieties and associations as spon-sors of NSW activities and events.

Her ability to produce top-quality materials in a high-pressuresituation has been demonstratedthroughout the last three years asthe program has evolved andgrown far beyond its originalscope.

Ms. Keeney, in addition, hassuccessfully managed the fundrais-ing portion of the program, assur-ing corporate financing of variousWeek activities and involving themajor corporate sponsors in plan-ning sessions prior to each of theWeeks.

78

Her dedication to broadeningthe base of informal science educa-tion to include a wide spectrum ofages, interests, and backgrounds isresponsible for the breadth andsuccess of NSTW Moreover, she hasbeen able to draw on groups ofpeople who demonstrate excel-lence in their fields to act asadvisors in many areas of tht.NSTW program; these advisorsserve without recompense, evenpaying for their own travel andaccommodations to attendmeetings.

Finally Mary Keeney's workthroughout the Foundation hasencouraged various NSF director-ates to participate in the spon-sorship of NSTW programs thatrelate directly to their particulardisciplines.

Prior experience/education/other interests:Mary Keeney previously worked atthe Naval Historical Center, theSmithsonian Institution, and, onCapitol Hill, as an organizer for the"Year of the Ocean." Her M.A.degrees are in American historyand museum studies (University ofDelaware Hag ley Program, 1978).She is interested in graphic artsand design and is also a gourmetcook. Ms. Keeney is certified as aSCUBA diver, an activity she shareswith her husband.

ANNUAL kW P S CA L 1986 71

OPERATIONS

Establishment of Supportor Resource Centers. NSF hasset up support staff centers, eachunder a center manager, to coordi-nate clerical and related services inan organizational unit. Under thenew system, based on industrymodels, people learn to performmost of the services a unit re-quires. As a result, they can act asback-up support when someone isout, their workloads can be bal-anced, teamwork is encouraged,and duties considered routine canbe rotated. Occasionally, peoplecan even be assigned to dutiesthey especially enjoy doing. Amongthe most important advantages ofthe centers system is the possibilityof upward mobility for supportcenter staff as they learn new,higher-level functions.

One of the early supportcenters was orgarized in NSF'sDivision of Electrical, Communictions, and Systems Engineering; itssuccess has served as a model forother divisions. And the centerserving the Office of Legislativeand Public Affairs has received oneof the Foundation's CommendableService Awards for its design,structure, and successful operation.

Electronic Advances. NSF'sOffice of Information Systems be-gan to implement a new electronicmail system to replace those whichhave been in use throughout theFoundation. Among the features of


the new NOTE mail system are:access to the national and interna-tional computer networks BITNET,ARPANET, and CSNET; the ability ofstaff to reach the mail system usinga local phone number while ontravel; and the ability to querylocal and national electronic bul-letin board services. (See also"Improving the Proposal Process,in chapter 1.)

ORGANIZATIONAL CHAAGES

New Directorate. As ofMay 1, 1986, NSF established theDirectorate for Computer and in-formation Science and Engineer-ing, or CISE, bringing the numberof its directorates to eight. CISEconsolidates programs in computerand information science and engi-neering from throughout the Foun-dation. The Division of ComputerResearch (formerly in the Directo-rate for Mathematical and PhysicalSciences), the Division of Informa-tion Science and Technology (for-merly in the Directorate forBiological, Behavioral, and SocialSciences), the Office of AdvancedScientific Computing (which han-dles supercomputer centers andnetworks), and certain computerengineering and communications/signal processing activities fromthe Directorate for Engineering arenow housed in the same organiza-tional unit. CISE aims to preventoverlap between programs and tolink the disciplines that practicecomputer science.

79

The new directorate is headedby C. Gordon Bell, former pro-fessor of computer science atCarnegie Mellon University andformer vice-president for engineer-ing at Digital Equipment Corpora-tion. Bell is well-known -as aninnovative computer architect; heand his wife Gwendolyn are co-founders of the Computer Museumin Boston, MA.

Internal Moves. l'he Divi-sion of Astronomical Sciencesmoved to the Directorate for Math-ematical and Physical Sciences. Themove reflects the tendency ofacademic departments of astrono-my to be associated with depart-ments of physics. The formerDirectorate for Astronomical, At-mospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sci-ences, now minus astronomy, haschanged RS name to the Directo-rate for Geosciences, or GEO forshort.

The Office of Equal Oppor-tunity (0E0) moved from theOffice of the Foundationli Directorto become part of the Directoratefor Administration. 0E0 providesadvice, training, and guidance toNSF staff to promote the fullparticipation in science and engi-neering of women, minorities, anddisabled or handicapped persons.

NSF OPERATIONS AND ORGANIZATION

New Engineering Office.Engineering as a field dependsespecially on cooperation betweenindustry, academia, and the federalgovernment. The Directorate forEngineering established the Officefor Engineering I nfrastructure De-velopment (OEIP) to coordinateactivities affecting more than oneof that Directorate's divisions.Among the office's responsibilitiesis a program to identify anddevelop research potential in engi-neering at the undergraduate andgraduate levels, in order to encour-age more students to go on todoctoral degrees in engineering.

New Name. In the Directo-rate for Biological, Behavioral, andSocial Sciences, the Office of Bio-technology Coordination changedits name to the Office of Inter-directorate Research Coordination.It continues to be responsible formaintaining NSF's activities in bio-technology in addition, the officenow coordinates Foundationwideactivities related to ethical issues inscience and engineering

SENIOR FO&7DATION BOARD OFFICALS, FY 1986

Erich BlochNSF Director

Roland W SchmChairmanNational Science Board

John H. MooreNSF Deputy Director

Charles E HessVice ChairmanNational Science Board

ANNUAL REP01fl FISCAL WAR 1986 73

T__

he National Science Founda-tion is convinced that thenation's international com-

petitiveness in this highly tech-nological era can be maintainedonly by having a vital, well-supported, and well-equippedcommunity of scientists, mathe-maticians, and engineers doingforefront basic research. Many fac-tors affect our ability to competeeconomically in the modern world,but basic research and educationfor a technology-oriented age areunquestionably vital. Without them,we can neither maintain a competi-tive posture nor advance ourknowledge base.

The discoveries, inventions,and principles of basic researchunderlie existing technologies andopen the way for future ones._Investment in research and educa-tion has been the source of muchof our economic progress over thepast four decades; that investmentcontinues to be the best single wayto provide for the future.

CONCLUSION

Einstein statue at National Academy of Science4 Wasb ngton, DC

82ANNUAL REFOR1 ; Fisca YEAR 1986 75

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STAFF AND NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD MEMBERS (FISCAL YEAR 1986)

NSFIONAL SCIENCEFOUNDATION STAFF

(as of September 30, 1986)/Ewe tor Erich BlochDemur Direaor .1ohn 11, MooreSenior Science ildo:cor Nkiry E. ClutterGerwra/ (Ammer', Charles IlerzDirector; Office af Legislative and Public NfirirN,

Raymond F. ByeControllo: Office qf Budget. Audit, and (.'ontrol,

Sandra I). liyeDirector: Office (if Mformation Systems,

Constance K. N1clindt )11

Amistaril Director fin. Biological, Behavioral, and.Social Sciences, David T KingsburyExecutive Officer Alan I. LeslinerDora, Office of Interdirectoraw Research

Coordination, (Acting) Thomas S.Quarles

Director: Division al Ikbaviand and NeuralSciences. Richard T Lourrit

'Myelin; Division of Ifirgic Syvtems andResources, John L. Brooks

Director Divishm of Cellular Bioschwees,(Acting) Bruce F. Cmminger

Director: Division of Moleodar WaveiencesJames II. liriiwn

Direc n. Division of Social and EconomicScience, Roberta B. Nliller

/U.c Ian/ Director firr Computer andmfonnamm Science and Engineering, C.Gordon BellExecutive Officer Charles N. BRAtlitileillDirector Office of ildianced Scientific

Computing, John W. ConnollyDirect Division of Compnwr Research,

Kent K. CurtisDirkiion of Information Scknceand 4-chnologil (Acting) l'i-TmuChien

Director: Division of Computer andliffbnuation Engineering BernardChem

Assistant Dirvelor for Engineering, Nam I? Sul)Deputy Assistain Director for Engineering,

Carl W [fallDead Office for Engineering Infrastructurv

Development William S. ButcherDirector Division of Cross Disctpinutry

Research, Lewis G. MayfieldDirector Division of Enguwermg .Science m

Chemical. Biochemical. and%hernial Engineering, Nlarshall M.I ill

76 NATIOw tiCIENCE KMINDATION

Division Director Division al EngineeringScience in Electrical,Communications. and SystemsEngineering Frank 1.. Unhand

Directm: Division of Engineering .ScienceMechanics. Structurev. andMaterials Engineenna. (Acting)win ming

Director Dimion iii linulanwmal Researchin Emerging and CrithalEngineering Systems, Arthur A.Ezra

Direct : Division of Science BaseDovlopment in DesignManufacturing and Computerimegrated Engineering. Michael%Nunn'

Ascoam Director fix 6'covi(91cm William J.Nlerrell, Jr.Evecutive Officer Kurt W. SandvedDin,clor Divicion of Atmospheric Scient

Eugene W BierlyInnyclor Divisiori of Earth Sciences. J;cnies I.

!laysiErecum Divi,vion of Oc.2an Sciencev, NI.

Grant GrossDirector INtision l'rosp'aM Peter

E. WilknissAvisamt Director for Mathonatical and Physiod

Sciences, Richard S. NicholsonKWCntilv Often NI. Kent WilsonDirector Division of Astronomical Sciences,

Laura P !klutzDirector DiOsim; of Chemistry Edward F

1 !ayes

Director Division Materials Research,Lewis 11. Nosanow

Direct( Ditision Malhematiad Scienaw.Jiihn C. Polking

Director Dirv:sion of Physics, Ilarvey B.Willard

ilk:swam Director for Science and EngineeringEducation. liassam Z.. ShakhashiriEvecuthv Officer Peter E. VankwichDead, Office cf College Selma,

Instrunwnlatimi, Robert E WatsonDead, Office of Studies and Proqram

Acsmsment, William 11. SchmidtDirector lifiWan of Yember Preparation

and Enhancement, ArnoldStrassenburg

Director Division of Materials Deivlopment.Research and Inihrlind Science *

Education George W. TreawlMaxtor Division qf Research Career

Development, Terence I.. Porter&sigma Dovour fbr Scientific, 'technological.

and International Mairs, Richard J. GreenIf:coal/ire OffiCOn Richard R. RiesDirector Office al Small BasineN Research

and Development. 1Nmald Senich

Director Office nall and DisadomWaitress Utilization. I N maidSenich

Enron)* IMIsion of Industrial Science and'technological Innomtion I NinaldSvnich

Director: Mrision qj Mtwara) Initiation andhuinovement, Alexander J. Nlorin

Dinctor: Dimon al internationalPrograms. (Ailing) Richard J.Green

Director Division of Policy Research andAnalysis, Peter W. !liaise

Dintlar: InvIcian aj Science Requin sStudies. William I. !wart

Assistant Demean. fur Admia' in, GeoffreyNI. FenstermacherDirector: Office of Ifqc.. "kir/tinily,

Brenda NI. BrushIThicion 0.1 Mianclal31anagement, Kenncth II. Fi)ster

Director truvion of Grants and Contracts,William IS. Cole, Jr

Dime/ Division of Personnel andManagement Margaret I Windus

Dit mar Division of Administratilv Services,Gaylord L. Ellis

NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD

'terms Expire May 10, 1988I. BAKER. Presklent, Calitornia

Polytechnic State Cniversity San LuisObispo, CA

ROBERT F. GILK1,,SON, CILlirrmin of theExecutive Ommiittee, Philadelphia *.

Philadelphia, PACI1ARLES E. IIESS (Vice (:hairman, National

Science Board) Dean, Ci)Ilege ofAgricultural and Environmental ScienUniversity 01 California at Davis, 1=4,ds, CA

CIIARLES I.. 110SLER, Vice President forResearch and Dean of Graduate School,Pennsylvania State 1 'niversity iversityPark, PA

WILLIAM E NI1LLER, President and ChiefExecutive Officer, SRI International, MenloPark, CA

WILLIAM A. NIERENBERG. Director Emeritus.Scripps Institution of Oceanography,l'iliversity of California at San Diego.

RNIAN C. RASM1!SSEN, McAfee Professor ofEngineering, Nlassachusetts Institute olTechnology Cambridge, NIA

ROIAND W SCI INUIT (CILiirntin,Science Board) Senior Vice Presidem andChief Scientist, General Electric CimcpanySchenectady, NY

Urms Expire May 10, 1990PERRY L. ADKISSON, Chancellor, Texas A&

University System, College Station, TXANNELISE G. ANDERSON, Senior Rese:Irch

Fellow, Tlw Hoover Institution, StanfordUniversity, Stanford CA

CRAIG C. BIACK, Director, Lus Angeles CountyMuseum of Natural Ilistory Los Angeles, CA

RITA IC COIWE11., Vice President for AcideniicAffairs and Professor of MicrobiolonCentral Administration, University ofMaryland, Ade MD

momAs B. DAY, President, San Diego StateUniversity San Diego, CA

JAMES J. DUDEILSIADT, vice presidcnI forAcademic Affairs and Provost, University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI

K. JUNE LINDSTEDISIVA, Manager,Environmental Sciences, Atlantic RichfieldCompany, Los Angeles, CA

SIMON RAMO, Director, TRW Incorporated,Redondo Beach, CA

Terms Expire May 10, 1992

E. ALBERT con-oN, WI Doherty-WelchFoundation Distinguished Professor ofChemistry and Director, Laboratory forMolecular Structure and Bonding, TexasA&M University College Station, DO

MARY L. GOOD, President, Engineered MateriakResearch, Allied-Signal Corporation, DesPlaines, IL*

JOHN C. HANCOCK, Executive Vice Presidentand Chief Tecfinkal Officer, UnitedTelecommunications, Inc, Wesmood, KA*

JAMES B. HOLDERMAIN, President, University ofSouth Carolina, Columbia, SC'

JAMES!, POWEll President, Franklin andMarshall College, Lancaster, PA*

"HOWARD A. SCHNEIDERMAN, Senior VicePresident for Research and Developmentand Chief Scientist, Monsanto Company, St.Louis, MO

("Pm) vacancies)

'Confirmed 10-21-86"nomination pending Senate cunlirmarion a of

2-117

Mernber Ex OfficioERICH BLOCH, Director, National Science

Foundation, Washington, DC

THOMAS UBOIS, Executive Officer, National Sci-ence Board, National Science Foundation,Washington, DC

a,

8 4ANN1 At. to,:p( JR 1; FIst :A1, 'STAR 1986 77

PATENTS AND FINANCIAL REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR 1986

I. Patents and Inventions Resulting from Activities Supported by NSF

During lisc if year 1986, the 1bundation received 123 inventiondisclosures. Allocations of rights to 49 of those inventions were madeby September 30, 1986. These resulted in dedic:ition to the publicthrough publication in 13 cases, retention of principal patent rightsby the grantee or inventor in 37 instances, and transfer to othergovernment agencies in 2 cases. Licenses were received by theFoundation in 56 patent applications filed by grantees andcontractors who retained principal rights in their inventions.

11. NSF Financial Report

Research and Rekited ActivitiesAppropriation

Fund AvailabilityFiscal year 1986 AppropriationUnobligated balance available, start

of yearAdjustments to prior year accounts

Fiscal year 1986 availability

ObligationsBiological, Behavioral, and Social i ces:

Molecular BiosciencesCellular BiosciencesBiotic Systems and ResourcesBehlvioral and Neural SciencesSocial and Economic Sciences

Subtotal, Biological, Behavioral,and Social Sciences

Computer and Information Science andComputer and Computation

ResearchInformation, Robotics, and

Intelligent SystemsMicroelectronic Information

Processing System ..... 7,278Advanced Scientific Computing 36,468Networking and Communications

Research and infrastructure 8,558

4,060

1974,639

59,64549,96558,26543,62327,794

Engineering:

$ 33,482

15,093

Subtotal, Computer andInformation Sciences andEngineering

78 NATIONAL scsistm FouNDATIns

$1,29 ,896

$ 239,292

100,879

Engineering:Chemical, Bkwhemical, and

Thermal EngineeringMechanics, Structures, and

Materials EngineeringElectrical, Communicaticms, and

Systems EngineeringDesign, Manufacturing and

Computer-Integrated Eng.Emerging Engineering

TechnologiesCritical Engineering SystemsCross-Disciplinary Research

Subtotal, Engineering

27,708

22,674

19,813

12,775

10,39623,84627,735

Geosciences:Atmospheric Scieiices $ 92,580Earth Sciences 46,827Ocean Sciences 119,424Arctic Research Program 8,035

Subtotal, Geosciences

Mathematical and Physical ience-Mathematical Sciences $ 51,928Astronimical Sciences 80,151Physics 113,172Chemistry 85,745Materials Research 104,314

Subtotal, Mathematical andPhysical Sciences

$ 144, 7

$ 266,866

$ 435,310

Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs:Industrial Science and

Techm)logical innovation $ 15International Cooperative Scientific

Activities .. ..Policy Research and AnalysisScience Resources StudiesResearch Initiation ancl

Improvement

Subtotal, Scientific,Technological, andIntermuional Affairs ...

Program Development andManagement

Subtotal, obligations .....Unobligated balance available, end of

year

1.11,,,bligated balance lapsing

Total, fiscal year 1986 availabilityfor Research and RelatedActivities

10,2221,8283,853

7,096

U.S. Antarctic Program ActivitiesAppropriation

Fund AvailabilityFiscal year 1986 appropriation $ 110,151Unobligated balance available, start

of year 59Adjustments to prior year accounts 31

Fiscal year 1986 availability ....

ObligationsU.S. Antarctic Research ProgramOperations Support

Subtotal, obligations

Unobligated balance available, end ofyear

Total, fiscal year 1986 availabilityfor U.S. Antarctic ProgramActivities

11,01699,145

$ 71,836_

$1,297,313

1,472

111

$1,298,896

$ 110,241

$ 110,161

80

Special Foreign Cur rency Appropriltion

Fund AvailabilityFiscal year 1986 appropriationUnobligated balance available, start

of year .... .

Adjustments to prior year accounts

Fiscal year 1986 availability ..

ObligationsSpecial Foreign CurrencyUnobligated balance available, cod c

yearUnobligated balance lapsing

Total, fiscal year 1986 availabilityfor Special Foreign CurrencyProgram

957

2

1,098

1,191

1,191

Science and Engineerhig Education ActivitiesAppropriation

Fund AvailablityFiscal year 1986 appropriation $ 53,161Unobligated balance available, start

of year 31,494Adjustments to prior year accounts 21

Fiscal year 1986 availabili. 84,676

ObligationsResearch Career Development .....Materials Development, Research,

and Informal Science Education ..Teacher Preparation and

EnhancememStudies and Program AssessmentCollege Science Instrumentation

$ 25,938

24,357

26,2562,7855,259

Subtotal, obligat $ 84,595

Unobligated balance availahlc, end ofyear

Unobligated balance lapsing

Total, fiscal year 1986 availability$ 1 0,241 for Science and Engineering

Education Activitics

86 I. 1 !rIscj OAR 1986 79

Trust Funds/Donations

Fund Ava112bilityUnobligated balance available, start

of yearReceipts from nonfederal sources ..

Fiscal year 1986 availability ....

ObligationsOcean Drilling ProgramsMiscellaneous Prwam ActivitiesU.S.-Spain Scientific and

Technological Program

Subtotal, obligations

Unobligated balance available, end ofyear .

fiscal year 1986 availability forTrust Funds/Donations

527

1

284

72

$ 12,874

$ 1,779

$ 14,653

SOURCES: Fiscal Year 1985 Supplementary itudgo Schedules and Fiscal 'IV ar 1985Budget to Congress.

San Diego computer site

80 NATIONAL iCIENCF FOUNDATION

Table 1. Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences,Fiscal Year 1986

(Dollars in Millions)

Number ofAwards Mnount

Molecular Biosciences .... 832 $ 59.65Cellular Biosciences 765 49.96Biotic Systems and Resources 789 58.27Behavioral and Neural Sciences ... 784 43.62Social and Economic Science 548 27.79

littal . ........ 3,718 $239.29

SOURCE. Fiscal War WWI Budget ID C igre%JulilkaLIon nI Btintate of Appropria-lion tOuantitative program Data Tables).

Table 2. Computer and Information Science mdEngineering, Fiscal Year 1986


Number ofAwards Amount

Computer and Computation Research . 279 $ 33.48Information, Robotics, and Intelligent

Systems 210 15.09Microelectronic Information Processing

Systems 92 7.28Advanced Scientific Computing 18 36.47Networking and Communications

Research and Infrastructure 54 8.56

Tbtal . 653 $100.88

Table 3. Engineering, Fiscal Year 1986(Dollars in Millions)


Chemical, Biochemical, and ThermalEngineering 506 $ 27.71

Mechanics, Structures, and MaterialsEngineering 360 22.67

Electrical, Communications, andSystems Engineering 311 1981.

Design, Manufacturing, and Comput r-integrated Engineering 144 12.78

Emerging Engineering Technologies 145 10.36Critical Engineering Systems 309 23.85Cross-Disciplinary Research 59 27.73

TOtal $144.91

8 7

Table 4. Geosciences, Fiscal Year 1986(Dollar; in Millions)


Table 7. Scientific, Technological, and InternationalAffairs, Fiscal Year 1986


Atmospheric Sciences 570 $ 92.98Industrial S & T Innovation . .. . 207 $ 15.22

Earth Sciences 650 46.83Ocean Sciences 725 119 42 Internael. Coop. Sci. Act. 479 10.22Arctic Research 82 8.03 Policy Research and Analysis 138 1.83

Thtal 2,027 5266.86 Science Resources Studies .. 40 3.85Research Initiation and Improvement 51 7.10

Total .. , . ...... .. .... 8.22

Table 5. Mathematical and Physical Sdenccs FiscalYear 1986

(D liars in Millio s)

Number ofAwArds Amount

Table 8. U.S. Antarctic Program, Fiscal Year 1986(Dollars in Millions)

Number ofAwards AmountMathematical Sciences 1,265 $ 51_93

Astronomical Sciences 263 80.15 U.S. Antarctic Research Program 129 $ 11.02Physics 506 113.17 Operations Support 16 99.14Chemistry . . .... , 986 85.75

Total 145 5110.16Materials Research 875 104.31

Total 3,895 $435.31

Table 6. Science and Engineering Education FiscalYear 1986



Research Career DevelopmentMaterials Development, Research, and

152 $ 25.94

Informal Science Education 108 24.35Teacher Preparation and

Enhancement 276 26.25Studies and Program Assesment 12 2.79College Science Instrumentation 207 5.26

Total 755 5 84.59

ANN' IAL HEN 4J FAR 1986

ADVISORY COMMITIEES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1986 (ADDRESSES EFFECTIVE AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 1986)

OFFICE OF ME DIRECIUlt

NSF Advisory Council

Victoria BergMDeputy Commissioner for Curriculum .1*

Program DevelopmentTexas Education ,1gencyAustin, 'IN

Dennis ChamotAssociate Director, Departmen

Pmfessional EmployeesAFL-CIOWashington, DC

Matina I tomerPresidentRadcliffe GillegeCambridge, MA

William FL KruskalDepartment Of SiatisticsUniversity of Chicago

John F NiblackVice Presidentpfimr,Grimm, crRoger NollProfessor of EconomicsStanford UniversityStanford, CA

Robert NoyceVice Chairman of the Board!met CiarpiirationSanta Clara, CA

Gail PesynaBiomedical Products DepartmentE.I, DuPont de NemoursClaremont, CA

Gerard PielChairman of the BoardscienItfic AnteriamNew York, NY

Lois RiceSenior Vice PresidentControl Data CorporationWashington, DC

Linda S. WilsonVice President for ResearchUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Harry WoolfDirectorThe Institute for Advanced StudyPrinceton, NJ

Daniel VankelovichThe Daniel Vankelovich GroupNew Thrk, NY

82 NATION/U, SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Committee on Equal Opportunitiesin Science and nchnology

Leoorc BlumDepartment of Math and Computer ScienceMills Collegeoakland, CA

Kimikooak Ridge National ltlor.iti tryOak Ridge, TN

Bernard J. BulkinDirecior, Analytical Scie ces LaboratoryStandard Oil Ci).Cleveland, Oil

Thomas WPresidentWest Virginia State CollegeInstitute, WV

Mario J. Gonzalez, Jr.Associate Dean for EngineeringUniversity of Texas, Austin

Priscilla GrewCommis.sionerCalifornia Public I tIt5 Comm.San Francisco, CA

Phillip C. JohnsonDeputy Director, Department of EcologyState of WiLshington, Olympia

Harry G. LangNational Technical In. Mute for the Dell'Rochester, NY

William K. LeBoldDirector, Education, Research, and Inforniarlim

SystemsPurdue llniversityWest Lifavette, IN

Shirley M. MalcomAmerican Assn. for the Advancenietit of ScienceWashington, DC

Nikla Martinez-RiveraWats(in Research Lab

Yorki(,wit Heights, NY

Shirley M. MellayDean for Student AffitirsMassachusetts institute of TeclintrlogvCambridge, MA

Caryn L. NavyRaised Dot Computing, Inc.Madison, WI

Ernest G. UribeDepartment of BotanyWashington State University Pullnian

Sally WoodDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Santa Clara, CA

Iv Qfficio

Simon RamoDirectorTIM Inc.Redtindo Beach. CA

Advisory Committc- on Merit eview(Terminated 8/86)

Charles j. ArntzenDirector, Plant Science & Mic biokE. DuPont de NemoursWilmington, DE

William D. CareyAmerican Assn, for the Advancement of 'AcmeWishington, DC

Norman I lackermanChairman of the Scientilic Advisory BoardRiiberi A. V'elch limodationhaiston, 'IN

Anna J. I larrisonEmeritus ProfessorMt. I lolyoke CollegeSouth I ladley, MA

Edward A. KnappPresidentUniversities Research Assn.Washington, I)C

Gardner LindzeyDirector, The Center for Advanced Study in the

Behavioral SciencesStanford, CA

William E RaubNational Institutes of I lealthBethesda, MD

Charles P SlichterProfessor of Physics and in the

Advanced StudyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

Nam P SubAssistant Director for EngineeringNational Science Found:akin

Michael WinstonVice President for Ac:alemic AttainsHoward Ilniversitywashington, DC

Leo ThongDepartment of Defelsewashington, I/C

enter

Alan 1: Waterman Award Committee

flivid BaltimoreDireckwWhitehead InstituteUnthrklge, MA

Margaret BurbidgeDepartment of physiCNI:Inver:illy of Cali licnua atLa Jolla, CA

tear GiavverGE It & D CenterSclienectady, NY

Iiarry B. GrayDivision of Chemistry and Clienuical EngineeringCalifornia InNtittite of lechnok cgvPasadena, CA

Envin I.. Dalinl)epartment of pli!.!iiesUniversitv of Calikwnia, lterkclev

E. rDean. Institute or Technologyuniversitv or MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN

Peter W. LikensPresidentLehigh t!niversityBethlehem, PA

Gardner Lindzey rCenter for Advanced Study in the Itellavucral

SciencesStanford, (A

Roy E SchwittersPR)fetitior Of PhlyNICNlarvard University

Cambridge, MA

W Clark Still, Jr.Pmfessor of ChemistryColumbia l!niversiiyNew York, NY

Torsten N. WieselLaboratory or NL(ir()hiol(ut,ivRockefeller UniversityNew Yiwk, NY

larriet A. ZukermanThe Russell Sage FoundatkmNew York, NY

in Diegi

i. Offkio

Erich BlochDirecior, Natkinal Science Pc cundatkm

ank Presspresident, National Academy of Sciences

Roland W. SchmiitChairman, National Science Boa

Robert M. WhitePresident, National Acidcniv of En ,ineering

President's Committee on tlw NationalMedal of Science

Katherine S, BaoLos Angeles, CA

Richert If. Cannon, Jr.Professor ChairmanDept. c if Aeronautics cIck AstrimauticsStanford l'niversityStanford, CA

Ilmmas B. DayPresidentSan Diego State I niversity

Roger D. I Jai-HymnDepartment of Physics Iiadiolc vyOral Roherts rniversitTulsa, ok

lAddie I fughesPalo Alto, CA

John A. NiterzelDirector, St. Marvk I lean CenterSt, Louis, MO

Willie J. NunneryAdi, Assoc. Pmfessor of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison

Gopal 5, PahvA

Ryal R. Poppachair.o or the Board, Sti wag 'Iichn cli igy

OcrporatkinLouisville, C

Rene E RodriguezJackson Heights, NY

Allan SpitzVice President for Academit, Afhiirs and

Protessor of Political ScienceUniversity of Alabama, I funtsville

Bruno 0, WeinschelWeinschel EngineeringGaithersburg, MD

Ey Qflicio

John P McIagueAciing Science Advisicr to the President and

Acting Director, Office of Science &lechnology Poliq

Frank PressPresidentNational Academy of Scieticcs

DIREC FORAM FOR COMPUTER ANIINFORMAUON SCIENCE AM)ENGINFFRING

Advisory Committee forComputer Research(all in university computer sciencedepartments unless otherwise listed)Clarence EllisMicroekctronics and Ciunupuier iidinnl

Corp.Austin, 'IN

Charles W GearUniversity of Illinois a t I trbanaChampaign, II,

A. Nico I lahermann(;irnegie-Mellon I niversiPittsburgh, PA

richin E. I loperoftCornell trniversityIthaca, NY

Kenneth W KennedyRice UniversityI holism!), IX

Rai) KosaraittDepartment of Electrical Engineering and

Computer ScienceJohns I lopkins UniversityBaltimore, MI)

Lawrence II LandweberMyersity of Wisconsin, NI:Olson

Wendy G. LehnertUniversity of Massachusetis, Amherst

Nancy A LynchMassachusetts Institute of licluni chugs 'Cambridge, MA

lohn T Pinksion, IIIMicroeleoronics and Oimputer Technolo

Corp.Austin, -17):

Burton J. SmithSupercomputing Research) CenterInstitute for Defense AnalysisLanham, MI)

Lawrence SnyderUniversiiy of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Program Advisory Panel forAdvanced Scientific Computing

Robert J. AsaroDepartment of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidence, RI

ANSI 'Al. Rlaq MT, UN FAH I 986

Suse BroydeBiokigy DepartmentNew NOrk University, NY

David K. FerryDepartment of Electrical EngineeringArizona State University Tempe

Arthur FreemanDepartment of PhysicsNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, II.

Peter GilmanNatkmal Center for Amkispheric Researchlimilder, CO

Anthony C HearnInformation Sciences DepartmentRand CorporationSanta Monica, CA

Neal laneOffice of the ProvostRice UniversityHouston, TX

William A. LesterDepartment of Chemistrytlniversity of California-Berkeley

Werner RbeinboldtDepartment of Mathematics & StatisticsUniversity of Pittsburgh

Allan R. RobinsonDivision of Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Christopher A. SimsDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Frank IL StillingerAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Keith UncapherInformation Sciences InstituteMarina del Rey, CA

J. Craig WheelerDepartment of AstronomyUniversity of Thxas, Austin

Kenneth G. WilsonNewman Laboratory of Nuclear StudiesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

84 NATIONAL SCIENCE rt. NDATION

DIRECTORATE FOR ENGINEERING

Advisory Committee for Engineering

George It. AbrahamsonSRI InternationalMenlo Park, CA

Arthur E. BerglesDepartment of Medianical EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic instituteTroy, NY

D. J. ForbesExxon Research & Engineering CompanyFlorham Park, NJ

Elsa GarmireUniversity of Southern CalifOrnia, los Angeles

Frederick W. GarryGeneral Electric CompanyFairfield, CN

tester A. GerhardtRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY

Mario J. Gonzalez, JrOffice of the Dean of EngineeringUniversity of Thxas, Austin

John F HolzrichterLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, CA

Paul C. JenningsI lead, Engineering & Applied Science

Departmenlifornia Institute of Technology

Pasadena, CA

Robert W LuckyAT&T Bell tahoratc>rjesHolmdel, NJ

John W. LyonsDirector, National Engineering LaboratoriesNational Bureau of Standard..Gaithersburg, MI)

Gordon II. MillarMotortech, Inc.Daytona Beach, EL

Irene C. PedenUniversity of Washington, Seattle

Cary PoehleinAssociate Vice President for ResearchGeorgia institute of TechnolowAtlanta, GA

Herbert H. RichardsonTexas A & M UniversityCollege Station, TX

Daniel P SiewiorekCarnegie-Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA

Sheila WidnallDepartment of Aeronautics & AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

John FL WigginsResearch EngineerRedondo Beach, CA

Peter WillResearch and Development LaboratoriesPalo Alto, CA

AdviSory Committee for EngineeringScience in Chernical, Biochemizal,and Thermal Engineering

John AndersonDepartment of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA

Arthur E. BerglesJohnson Engineering Centeritenssalear Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY

Patsy ChappelearHudson Engineering Corporationlouston, TX

Robert C. Dean, Jr.\Wax ComorationLebanon, NH

Charles EckertDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois, Urbana

John C. FriedlyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Rochester

Simon 1 Gi)renChemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of California, Berkeley

J. V. It. HerberleinWestinghouse R&D CenterPittsburgh, PA

James HsuDepartment of Chemical Engineeringlehigh liniversityBethlehem, PA

Henn, C LimPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN

William ManogueCentral Research DepartmentEL duPont de Nemours & Co.Wilmington, DE

I toward PalmerThe Graduate SchoolPennsylvania State tiniversityUniversity Park, PA

Gary poehleinAssociate Vice President for ResearchGeorgia institute of ThchnologyAtlanta, GA

Lanny SchmidtDepartment of Chemical En ineering and

Materials ScienceUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapot

Joseph L. Smith, Jr.Department a Mechanical Engineerint,Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Shirley TsaiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringCalifornia State University Long Beach

Advisory Committee for the CriticalEngineering Systems Section

Mihran AgbabianIlniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA

John E. BreenPhil NI. Vergermin S k mid Engineering

IAINiratoryUniversity of Texas, Austin

Rolf EliassenMetcalf ,S4 EcklyPalo Alio, CA

John W FisherLehigh ilniversityBethlehem, pA

Iitik Y RaniWashinguin Slate I niversitvpuilman, \VA

liarclay G. jurli.Department of City and ItjlonaI Nat lingCornell lInivursityIthaca, Ny

Joseph L. Minor'1,1 Tech Univers0lathbiwk, TX

James L. NolandAtkimain 5 Nkiland M!kinkier, CO

1)(mald J. O'ConnorManhattan CollegeBronx, NY

Bruce RittmanDepartment of Civil Engineeringl'rbana, IL

Dwight A. SangreyCarnegie Melkm UniversityPittsburgh, PA

John H. WigginsNational 'technical Stteni,Redondo Reach, CA

Lily N: ThungDepartment of Enviummenial Medicine &

MicrobiologyNew Mirk University Medical Center, NY

Advisory Committee for Design,Manufacturing, andComputer Engineering

Saul AmarelInformation Processing Techniques OfficeDefense Advanced Research Projects AgencyR(isslyn, VA

Adam BellTechnical Univ,a-sity of Nova Sc01111Halifax, Nova Scotia

John BollingerDean, College of Engineeringliniversity of Wisc(insinMadison, Wi

Ralph K. Gavin, IIISemiconducuir Research CorporationResearch Triangle Park, NC

Lynn ConwayAssociate Dean of EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor

!Limy C CragonDepartment of Electrical and Computer

EngineeringUniversity of Texas, Austin

Eugene Del A iatchDean, School of Engine/ ingNhirgan State itniversityBaltimore, NID

Richard S. GallagherGraphics Software l)evekipment

Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc.Pnwidence, RI

John A. GoldakDepormient of Mechanical and Anr mautical

EngineeringCarleton (iniversityOttawa, Ontarki, Canada

1)avid A. !lodgesDepartment of Electrical Engineering and

Computer ScienceUniversity ot California, Derkeley

Carver A. MeadDepartment of CAimputer ScienceCalifornia Institute of li.MukilogyPasadena, CA

Theodosius PavhdisBell Telephone LaboratoriesMurray 1011, NI

tarriect II. RipsDepartment of Electrical and C(auputer

EngineeringI.S. Naval PtIstgraduate

Montere CA

Daniel P SiewiorekDiviskm of Computer SciencesCarnegie-Melhin UniversityPittsburgh, PA

I tarok! S. St( tneIIIMYorkomn I !eights, NY

1)aniel E. WhitneyC.S. Draper L.:Min-monCamhrkige, MA

Peter WillResearch & Development LaborauiriesFairchild Semiconducuir OirporationPolo Alto, CA

Advisory Committee for EngineeringScience in Electrical, Communica-tions, and Systems Engineering

C. S. HurrusChairman, D.portnuent of Electrical EngineeringRice UniversityHouston, TX

John E CashenVice President, The N hrop CiirporatkinPico Rivera, CA

Bruce A. EisensteinChairman, Department (If Electrical EngineeringDrexel (IniversityPhiladelphia, PA

Sigrid R. McAfeeDeportment of Electri al EngineeringRutgers UniverskyPiscatawa; NI

Stephen NelsonVice President of ResearclChippewa Falls, WI

Irene C. PedenDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Wishington, Seattle

Joseph RoweVice Chairngin, uld me.ittAling Meadows, IL

Loalard NI. SilvermanDean of Engineeringliniversity of Southern CalitOrnkt Los A gelesRobert L. ThomasDepartment of PhySicsWayne State UniversityDetroit, MI

Timothy N. TrickChairman, Departnient of Electr;i:al andComputer EngineeringUniversity of Illinois, Ilrhana

Thomas NOlkenInstitute for Materials Science and EngineeringNational Bureau of StandardsGaithersburg, MD

Advisory Committee for theEmerging EngineeringSystems Section

Mahal BirnbaumAerospace C:(irporationLos Angeles, CA

David E, CookVice PresidentDakota stale CollegeMadison, SI)

Thomas II. FraserRepligen CorporatkmCambridge, MA

Elsa M. GarmirelIniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA

John G. 1.invillStanford UniversityStanford, CA

Colin A. Mel,aurinUniversity of Virginia Me,lical SchoolCharlottesville, VA

Stewart D. PersmickOimmunications Research, Inc.

Holmdel, NJ

Alfred R. PorvinEli Lilly CompanyIndianapolis, IN

Charles D. ScottOak Ridge National Labor:km.1.4 'IN

I lou II. SunDrexel lIniversitFhiladelphia, PA

Advisory Panel for EngineeringResearch Centers("11:rminated 9/30/86)

Marilyn W AndrulisAndrulis Research (:orptirationBethesda, NII)

Charles ChristXerox CorporationRochester, NY

ANNUAL It0,01(11 FIN( AI VVAR I

Thimus II. FraserRep ligen CorpiwatitmCambridge, MA

John C. I lancocklInite(i Telecommunications, Inc.Kansas City, MC)

Mounir KanialGeneral Motors Research LahsWarren, MI

Joseph lAmgoRockwell International Science CenterThousand Oaks, CA

Terry LoucksTechnolow Nttrum CiunpanyWorchester MA

Gene M. NordbyUniversity of Colorado, Denver

Harold W PaxtonCarnegie-Mellon tiniversityPiusburgh, PA

John RvdzEmhart Corporationlartford, CT

Arthur TrabantIfniversitv of Delaware, Newark

Erie Walkerl'ort Itoyal Plantatkmlilton I lead, SC

Advisory CommiUce for EngineeringScience in Mechanics, Structures, andMaterials Engineering

Dan K. AiAluminum Ctnupany or AnAlcoa Center, PA

Samuel AroniSchool of Architecture and tirban PlanningUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Lia V. BrillhartTriton CollegeRiver Grove, II.

Gordon BrownEastman Kodak ConipanyRochester, NY

Donald HarlemanMassachusetts Institute of Techm)logyCambridge, MA

Maurice HolmesXerox anporationWebster, NY

Martin C. JischkeUniversity of Oklalu maNorman, OK

Karl N. ReidOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK

James RiceHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

A, William Ruff, JENational Bureau o ,Washington, D.C.

riLa

86 NATIONAL SCIENCE VouNDATION

Ronald ScottCalifornia institute of ThchnologyPasadena, CA

Sook P SungDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, crBranimir R. Von liarkovichUniversity of VermontBurlington, VI'

James H. Williams, JrMassachusetts Institute of 'rechnologeCambridge, MA

Ward 0 WinerGeorgia Institute ol TechnctlogyAtlanta, GA

DIRECTORATE FOR BIOLOGICAL,BEIIAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Advisory Committee for Biological,Behavioral, and Social Sciences

Lawrence BogoradDepartment of IlioltigsII:Irv:1rd UniversityCambridge, MA

David Cohenvp for Research and Dean of the

(,raduate SLUR))Northwestern lIniversityEvanston, II

Roche! GelmanDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Frederick MostellerDepartment of Health Polky & lanaHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

Peter RavenDirectorMissouri licitanical GardenSt. Louis, MO

liiL'!i

l,ucille ShapiroAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York, NY

LiAti A. '1.adellDepartment of Electrical Engineering 04

Computer SciencesMiversity of California, Berkeky

Advisory Panel for Ethicsand Values Studies

Rosemary ChalkConsultantCambridge, MA

Clifford GnibsteinPnigram on Science. Tecluudogy,

and Public AffairsUniversity of California, San Diew)

Joseph B. KadaneDepartment of StatisticsCarnegie-Mellon IMiversityPittsburgh, PA

Barry lachterVanderbilt I. MiversityNashville, TIN

Douglas E. Mad.canCenter for Philosophy and IkuhiliUniversity of MarylandCollege ',ark, MI)

Nicholas SteneckDepartment till listoryIlniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Donald WarwickHarvard Institute for International DevvlopmentCambridge, MA

Polley

-IAVIORAL AND NEURAL 5ClENflS

Advisory Panel for AnthropologicalSystematic Collections

Barbara H. ButlerMuseum of Natural HistoryUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE

Phillip LewisFiekl MuseumChicago, II.

Nang 0 LurieMilwaukee Public

Bruce McMillanIllinois State M LISCLII ii

Anna MxiseveltNew York, NY

Islatural listory

Advisory Panel for Archaeologyand Physical Anthropology(all in university anthropology departmentsunless otherwise listed)

Johnathan S. PriedlaenderTemple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA

Donald GraysonUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Clifford J. JollyNew Thrk UniversityNew York, NY

William ,k IA mgacre,llniversity of ArizonaMeson, A7,

Douglas W OwsleyDepartment of Geography and AnthropologyLouisiana Stale UniiiCriffyBaum Rouge, IA

Erik TonkausUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM

Advisory Panel for Archaeome y

Francis II. BrownDepartment of Geology & GeophysicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake City UT

Jeremy A. Sal-40ffDepartment of AnthropologyLlniversity of Pittsburgh

Edward V cayreConservation Analytical lAboratorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC

Jerry StippDepartment of GeologyUniversity of Miami

Fred WendorfDepartment of AntlircipcilogvSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TX

Advisory Panel for DevelopmentalNeuroscience

Gordon GuroffNational Institutes of IlealthBethesda, MD

Fredrick C. KaufmannUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD

Pal R. LevittMediral College of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA

icflrey [OilmanWashington linlversitySt Louis, MO

ittinaldgAiyMassachusetts Institute

Cambridge, MA

!Oily A. MIXkly

University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA

John P31k3

Department of ZoologUniversity of Washingu In

Seattk, WA

mu.M1ngl'oo

Yale lInhersity

New Riven, CT

Michael Stryker

University of CaliforniaSan Erandsco,

C. Nnoininue Toran-Alleran -Inst. (or the Study of litimat i ReprodtCtilt11111113 University

New York, NY

Advisory Panel foNeural Systems

John 11.11)TIIe

Department of Physkilogy &t I n iversiry of Texas Medical uml

Auslio,1)4

Anthony Caggiula

Department of Psycholto,IniverAy of Pittsburgh

Raymond) DingledineDepartnien of Pharmacolop--t Iniversicy of North Can di naChapel 11111,NC

Patricia WW1Cleveland ChiropracticDepartment of AnatomyLos Angelo,CA

Josh Wallin)Department of BiologyCity College of Nov

Charles J. Wilson

Dcpartnyni or Anatomytiniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN

Ifltc rFative

Rioicm

Gregg C. OdenDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI

Susan U. PhilipsDepartment of AnthrojUniversity of Arizima'Meson, AZ

Advisory Panel for Memoryand Cognitive Processes(all In university psychology clepa mosunless otherwise listed)

Sam ClucksbergPrinceton UniversitPrincett in, NI

Prank KeilCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

Gail McKoonion Northwegern University

Evanston, II,

Douglas I. NtedinUniversity of Illinoisllrbana,

Linda B. SrnitIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN

James VossLearning Research & T

University cif Pittsburgh

Advisory Panel for tingifis,----,ties(all in university linguistieed=epartmersts unIcssotherwise listed )

Sheila E. ilhonsteinIlrown UnhersityProvklence,

Lyle Campbell

Department ofAnthropmilogySUNY at Alkuly

Sandra Chung

iversity of California, San I

David MeNeill

University of Chicago

Lise MennDepartment of PsychokwUniversity of California, 1./). A1--1

Advisory Panel for Molecularand Cellular Neurobiology

Marjorie A. Arian()Department of Anatomy & NetirohioligUniversity of VermontBurlington, VI`

Anne M. EtgenAlbert Einstein College of MediCineDepartment of PsychiatryBronx, NY

Gordon CuroffNational Instilutes of !Wald Nil I)Bethesda, mr)

Mark) ManineA-CarrionVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA

Robert J. MilnerScripps ClinicLa Jolla, CA

Thomas L. QUit imic hueNational Institutes of I lealthBethesda, roD

Hobert PerlmanUniversity of BIMUrbana, It,

Guillermo R. PilarThe Biological Sciences (in mopUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, CT

Charles I. SchaufDeportment of Physiolo)..,vylinsh.Presbyterian, St. Lukc'sChicago. II,

ANNt tm. itroovrr, 7

Timothy J. 'ley lerDepartment of Netm)biologyNhinheastern Ohio UniversityRixnstown, 011

Gregory A. WeilandCornell liniversityIthaca, NY

Advisory Panel for Psychobioloff(all in university psycholog) departmentsunless otherwise listed)

Jeanne AltniannAlice Lalmratory of Animal BehaviorUniversiw of Chicago

Roy 1,, CakiwellUniversity of California, Berkeley

Donald A. D,i,vAniryUniversity of FloridaG.ainesville, FL

Bert Hondo!) lerNIuseum unuparath'eI larvard lIniversityCambridge, MA

Stewart I I. 1 lukeJohns I lopkins UniversityBakinuire, MD

Leonard E. ,larrard\Washington 4.\k Lee CniversitLexington, VA

Barrv IL KomisarukInstitute of Animal BehaviorRutgers (IniversityNew Brunswick, NI

Donaki I KniodsmaUniversity ol MassachusettsBoston, MA

J. Ilruce OvermierUniversity of Minnesi-aaMinneapolis, MN

\William D. TimberlakeIndiana (Iniversitylikximington, IN

Meredith J. WestUniversity of Niirth Cjii tunaChapel Hill, NC

Stephen C. WoOdSUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

Advisory Panel for Sensory Physiologyand Perception

Richan' AltschulerKresgei .learing Research InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn Ar..-,or, MI

Gary K. BeauchampMorten Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphia, PA

Randolph lakeNorthwestern UniversityDepartment of PsychologyEvansum, IL

Carol CiceroneDepartment of Psych()h)gyIlniversity of California, San I )iego

85 rim a:v.4m. sciEricE Rita

Robert FoxDepartment of PsychologyVanderbilt IlniversityNashville, TN

Charles D. GilbertCentral Visual StudiesRockefeller UniversityNew Thrk, NV

N. I IalpernDepartment of AnatonwSUM' - Stony lin )ok

Peter II, HardineEve Research Institute of the Retina Eiuui,daiiuunBoston, NIA

Eric I. Knuds(mStanford UniversityDepartment of NeuniliiokigyStanford, CA

Masakam Konishi(:alm1i-nk, institute ot TeChnologyPa CA

La, KrugerUniversity (il California, IADepartment i if AnatomyBerkeley, CA

Foteos MacridesWorcester Foundation for Experil mtal BiologyShrewsbury MA

Robert F MillerDepartment of OphthalmologyWashington 1IniversitySt Dmis, MO

Lawrence PintoPurdue l'niversityDepartment if Biological S iencesWest lAfayeue, IN

Nhirray IL SachsDepartment of Biomedical ingineering,fohns Flopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD

Steven K. ShevellDepartment of Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Chicago, II,

Carol WeltWaisman Center on Human Petardation and

Human DevekTmemUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI

William A. }Z)stDepartment of Psycht)logy OtolarVngOlOgyIa )yola UniversityChicago, II,

Advisory Panel for Social andCultural Anthropology

Michael BurumUniversity of California-irvine

Patricia DraperPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA

Conrad Kona%University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Renalto I. RosaldoStanford UniversityStank)rd, CA

June SchneiderCity I !niversity of New 'iOrkProgram in AnthroptilogyNew York, NY

Advisory Panel for Social andDevelopmental Psychokw

Jack BrehmDepartment of Psychol()gyl!niversity of KansaslAwrence, KS

Marilyn IS. BrewerInstitute for Smial Science I esearchuniversity (it Caldornia, IA

CirazionoDepartment of PsycludogyUniversity of GeorgiaAtiwns, GA

CaroI Naw JacklinUniversiw of Southern California, IA

Dean G. PruittDepartment of PsycholowSUNY at Burial()

Richard Schulz.1tniversity (il Pittsburgh

MOM SYS`l'EMS AND RESOURCES

Advisory Panel for Ecology

George 0. liatzliDepartment of Ect tlogy litho]University of IllinoisIlrhana, 11,

B. Ben Bob( ii I

Natal ProjectUniversity of Ilawaiilimolulti, Ill

David C, ColemanNatural Resource Foilogy Lii ii iran tryColorado State 17niversityFort Collins, CO

Alan P CovichDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OklahomaNorman, OK

D. A. CrossleyDepartment of EnumuulogyUniversity or GeorgiaAthens, GA

Stanley I. DodsonDepartment of 7(iologyUniversity of \WisconsinMadison, WI

Diana W FreckmanDepartment of NematologyUniversity of C.alikirnia-Riverside

lenry S. I lornDepartment of WowPrinceuin lIniversityPrinceton, NI

Michael J. KlugWK. Kellogg Biological StationMi. ,iigan State I Iniversity1,,ast Lansing, NII

and Evolution

tige Liv

Deprimeni of Plant 1)Atlux )1oK,,y

Virgighlywchoic Itistiiitte and ;Ititt,,l'Hitasity

VA

I lira W. LI

Derma lleni of Fisheries aim _ndOregoSmte UniversityCorvilIK OR

Riehatlit MackIN2nJoiniWashlnimn Slaw I:Myer

P011nut

PatriNA.SlorrowDepoim of Paralt-gyIlniwity of mintiest naNilti nopolls, MN

JaCkPest iAllesearch LahorigtiirvPenosykidi state Universil itytnivasiiy Park, PA

Jack A MilordFhabodlake Biological N4-a:utionmieusily of Montana

Missoli,4f

INinaldit Sating, JrDeparma of Biological S;ciencesFlOrkk SEW IliiVersiO,'

liillalukste,

PatricklWebberArcticod Alpine Reselrciv Campusl!nivemyof

Bottlder.co

c_laviortil

Darrell G West

Oak IFAke National Laborat....=,ory, TN

Donald K Whitehead

DcPariliol or BOWI Piz= :ant hOlOgyiThipg Nlaine

knigor, liii

AdVison'I'mel for EcoS5-stern StUdies

Carol KO. IlledsoeCollegeolForest gesonrc

WashingamSealtle,WA

William(' CaleDC1130111011 of EnviroorneliMEal SciencesLiniVOSitiof Texas.Dallas

Jerry WilwoodDivisioadEmininmental SW.---4ciencesOak Rik:NationaI Laboran()ry, TN

Mary KlirounieDeparkia of Plant 5 Soil BiologyUnivc001

Jerry FrrinklinEurem scams LaboratoryOregonbe IMiversityCorvallis,OR

JamesDeparima iii za-Ailogylinivepiliof WisconsinMadism,WI

Jerry KI.Melillov.bousiklie Ocean( raph IC I 115111 ution MA

Judy I. MeyerDepartment of ZookwUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA

William J. PartonNacu nd Resource Ecoltw laliCoktrado State UniversityVon Collins, CO

William II. Patrickcenter for Wetland ttrcesLouisiana Mate Universityliaton Rouge, L.A

Eldirr A. PaulDepartment of Plant & Soil Milt tgyUniversity of California, Berkeley

Timothy R. StaiterltDepartment of IlioloqKM1Sas State UniversityManhattan, KS

Herman It ShugartDepartment of Environmental SciencesIlniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA

Keith Van CleveForest Soils LaboratoryIniversity of Alaska

Fairbanks, AK

Walter G. WhitiordDepartment of Bkilog!,'New Mexico State Universi ylas Cruces, NM

Advisory Panel fo "1puIa1ion Biologyand Physiological .nogy

Warren AbrahamsonBucknell UniversityLewisburg, PA

Janis AntonoviesDeparmient of litnanyDuke IlniversitvDurham, NC

Fakhri BazzazDepartment of Organismic &

livolutkinary BioltigyHao'ard UniversityCambridge, MA

Albert li BennettIhniversity of Giffin-ilia Irvine'

James EhleringerUniversity of Utah'Salt Lake City UT

1)(llighLs lkauymaEcology & SymematicsCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

Nelson G. flairston, Jr.Ecokigy & SystematkCornell I In iversit yIthaca, NY

David loom.Department c, ZoologyUniversity of marylandCollege Park, MD

Cathy CI Laurie-Ahlbe,'gDepartment of GeneticsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC

9 6

van B. ljiulicrtDepartment of l'awiron ti la t

Organismic 1101

Eidullich"

la tins li Pitelkolici)logical studies Prokt r-nElectric lit Avcr Researcl-A IWiiuii

l'alo Alto, CA

Leslie RealDepartment of Zigilo}.tyNorth Carolina State I 4-1 hollyRaleigh, NC

Susan RiechertDepartment til Vatologyliniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, 171

Barham A. schualWashingkm University'St. lamis, MQ

T StormersSyyrr2sse ,eIrll \riliversity"

Joseph TravisFlorida State lIniversitTillahassee, EL

W;ide,niversity of Chicago,

II:teltricTueVritLiiryersity'

West Lafayette, IN

'biology or biological t

Advisory Panel for SyN.-Intir X3iology

Gregory J. AndersonDeparmiera of Ilitilogy

Iniversity or CAinnectictsStorrs, er

Richard C. BruscaLife Science DiyisiolL.A. County Museum tiLos Angeles, CA

Sherwin CarliquistDepartment of BotanyRanch() Santa Ana llotani4:CrilenSanta Ana, CA

Anthony RochelleDepartmet a of %WOWOklahoma StateStElwater, OK

James E. EstesDepartmem of [totallyUniversity of OklahomaNorman, QK

Daniel C. Fishermuseum of PaleontologyI in iversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, mi

Jack I PisherFairchild Thipical C iarderi

Jean GilmartinDepartment of liotanYWashington State Univer iPolk-nail, WA

As,,,,. 1986 89

John It GoldGenetics SectionTexas A & M UniversityCollege Station, TX

Morris GoodmanDepartment of AnatomyWayne State UniversityDetroit, MI

Gordon GordhDepanment of EmomolowUniversity of California, Riversi-:_

Wallace E. La BergeDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL

Norton G. MillerBiological SurveyNew York State MuseumAlbany, NY

Martha J. PowellDepartment of BotanyMiami UniversityOxford, 011

Diane B. SteinDepartment of Biological SciencesMount Holyoke CollegeSouth Hadley MA

CELLULAR BIOSCIENCESAdvisory Panel for Cc II Biology

Robert Alan BloodgoodDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesville, VA

Lilly Yuen Wen BourguignonDepartment of Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Miami Medical SchoolCoral Gables, Ft

David S. FormanDepartment of AnatomyUniformed Services Univ of the

Health SciencesBethesda, MD

William T GarrardDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan Antonio, TX

Michael GreenDepartment of MicrobiologySt. Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO

Jonathan WJ:uvikCarnegie-Mellon UniverPittsburgh, PA

Ajit KumarDepartment of BiochemistryGeorge Washington University Medical CenterWashington, DC

Leon KwangDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN

Y

*biology or biological sciences department

SCIENCE FOUNDATION

George M. LangfordDepartment of PhysiolowUniversity of North Carolina-Chapel Hill

Andrea M. MastroDepartment of Biochemistry Microbiolo

Molecular & Cell BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA

Ian H. MatherDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD

Norma NeffSloan-Kettering InstituteNew York, IVY

Thomas G. O'BrienDepartment of Anatomy & BiologyThe Wistar InstitutePhiladelphia, PA

Lee H. PrattDepartment of BotanyUniversity of Georgia-Athens

Raymond ReevesDepartment of Genetics and CellWashington State UniversityPullman, WA

Keith Ray SheltonDepartment of BiochemistryVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA

Eugene L. VigilUSDA Agricultural Research CemerBelLsville, MD

Kathryn B. HorwitzHealth Sciences CenterUniversity of ColoradoDenver, CO

Joan K. LunneyUSDA Agricultural Research CenterBeltsville, MD

Carol NewlonDepartment of MicrobiologyNew Jersey Medical SchoolNewark, NJ

Judith A. OwinDepartment of BiolowHaverford CollegeHaverford, PA

James L. RobertsDepartment of BiochemistryColumbia UniversityNew 'ibrk, NY

Linda A. ShermanDepartment of lmniunolog%Scripps Clinic & Research F undationL.:a Jolla, CA

iolog Margaret A. ShupnikMass. General HospitalBoston, 1M

Kenadall SmithDepartment of MedicineDartmouth Medical SchoolHanover, NH

Stuart R. TaylorDepartment of I'harmacologvMayo FoundationRochester, MN

Gregory W WarrDepartment of BiochemistryMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC

Maurice ZaudererDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of Rochester, NY

Christopher C. WidnellDepartment of Matomy & Cell BioloUniversity of Pittsburgh, PA

Advisory Panel for Cellular Physiology

Harold BehrmanDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyYale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT

Carol CowingMedical lining)Li Jolla, CA

Carol J. DeutschDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA

Norman Lee EberhardtMetabolic Research UnitUniversity of California, San Francisco

Dean EdwardsDepartment of PathologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO

James C. GarrisonDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesville, VA

Jeffrey M. HarmonDepartment of DefenseUniformed Services Univ of the

Health SciencesBethoda, MD

Institu e

9 7

Advisory Panel for Developmental Biology

John E AshUniversity of Utah"Salt Lake City [1T

Kate E HaraldDepartment of Anatomy & Cell BiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI

Anthony Robert CashmoreLaboratory of Cell BiolowThe Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY

John J. EppigJackson LaborauwyBar Harbor, ME

Lewis J. FeldmanDepartment of BotanyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA

Vicioria FinnertyEmory UniversityAtlanta, GA

**anatomy depar nt

Frank C. GreeneWestern Regional Re.search CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureAlbany CA

Thomas J. GuilfovleDepartment of BotanyUniversity Of Minnesota at St. Paul

S. Robert HilferTemple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA

Ann M. HirschWellesley CollegeWellesley, MA

Eugene KatzDepartment of Microbiol gvSUNY Stony BrookLong Island, NY

Claudette KleinDepartment of BiochemistrySt. Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO

Jack E LilienZoology Research BuildingUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI

Charles D. LittleUniversity of Virginia"Charlottesville, Va

Richard B. MarchaseDepanment of Cell Biolow and AnatomyUniversity of AlabamaBirmingham, AL

Laurens J. MetsUniversity of Chicago'

Roy O. MorrisDepartment of Agricultural ChemistryOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR

William I). ParkDepartment of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas,A & M UniversityCollege Station, TX

Rudolf A. MTIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN

Kenneth R. Robins nPurdue UniversityW Lafayette, IN

Joan V RudermanHarvard Medical St.Cambridge, rs. tA

LificOlnUniversity of California, Santa Cruz'

William H. TelferUniversity of Pennsylvania*Philadelphia, PA

Gail L WaringMarquette University*Milwaukee, WI

Fred H. WiltDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of California, B rkeley

William E M. Woldinstitute for Molecular VirolowSt. Louis University School of Medicine

*biology or biological sciences department'anatomy department

Mary A. YondDepartment of GeneticsUniversity of California, Berkeley

Advisory Pand for Eukaryotic Genetics

James J. BonnerIndiana University, Bloomington'

Robin E. DenellKansas State University Manhattan'

Christine GuthrieDepartment of Biochemistry & I3iophvsicsUniversity of California, San Francisco

Larkin Curtis HannahVegetable Crops Departm ntUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL

Alan N. HowellUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

Thomas KialfmanDepartment of BiolowIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN

Charles S. LevingsDepartment of GeneticsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC

Joseph NadeauThe Jackson LaboratoryBar Harbor, ME

Carol NewlonDepartment of Microhio IlvgvNew Jersey Medical SclnxilNewark, NJ

Shirleen RoederDepartment of BiologyYalu UniversitNew Haven, CT

Rodney J. RothsteinDepartment of Human Geoetic.s DevelopmentColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

George A. ScangosJohns Hopkins University'Baltimore, MD

Melvin I. SimonCalifornia Institut - of TLchnokigrPasadena, CA

Christopher R. SomervilleDepartment of Botany & Plan PatholowMichigan State UniversityE. Lansing, MI

Edward WakelandDepartment of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL

Keith R. YamamotoDepartment of Biochemistry & IMoplimicsUniversity of California, San Francisco

Michael W. YoungRockefeller UniversityNew York, NY

'biology or biological sciences department

98

Advisory Panel for Regulatory Biology

Eldon BraunDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of Arizona, Tucson

Sylvia ChristakosDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Medicine and Dentis

New Jerse.; Newark

Patricia DecourseyUniversity of South Carolina, Columbia

August W EppleDepartment of AnatomyThomas Jefferson CollegePhiladelphia, PA

John C. S. Fraviniversity of Massachusetts Medical School

Worcester, MA

Gilbert S. GreenwaldUniversity of Kansas Medical SchoolLawrence, KS

Jeffrey HazelDepartment of ZoologyArizona State University Tempe

Cecil A HermanNew Mexico State University'Lis Cruces, NM

Fred J. KarschReproductive Endocrinology ProgramUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Harry J. I.ipnerFlorida State University'Tallahassee, FL

Lynn M. RiddifordDepartment of ZoolowUniversity cm WashingtonSeattle, WA

Howard J. SazUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, IN

Dorothy SkinnerEast Tennessee State UniverJohnson City TN

Milton H. SteuiOnSchool of Life & Health ScienceUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE

C. Richard bylormuseum of ComparatiHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

David W TowleUniversity of Richmond. VA

John C. WingfieldRockefeller UniversityNew York, NY

'biology or biological sciences department

ANNU ruieotrr, viscoa. YEAR 1986 91

MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES

Advisory Panel for Biochernist_I(all in university biochemistry departmentsunless otherwise listed)

Keith BrewUniversity of Miami

Gerald M. Car LsonUniversity of MississippiUniversity, MS

Richard L. CrossSUNY-Upstate Medical CenterNew York, NY

Raymond Frederick GestelandDepartment of IliokwUniversity of UtahSalt 1.ake City, UT

Arthur Edward JohnsonDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OkkihomaNorman, OK

George KenyonDepartment of Pharmacolow & ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley CA

Jack F KirschUniversity of C;tliforni;r-flerkelev

William H. KonigsbergDepartment of Molecular Biophysics and

BiochemistryYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Fred Russell KramerInstitute Cancer ResearchColumbia UniversityNew Nbrk, NY

Jack Kyle.Department of ChemistryLlniversity of California-San Diego

Leroy F. LuiDepartment of Biological ChemistryJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimore, MI)

Carolyn MacGregorArlington, VA

Carl ParkerDepartment of ChemistryCalifornia Technical institutePasadena, CA

R, Michael RobertsDepartment of BiochemiUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO

Charles 0 RockSt, Jude Childrenk HospitalMemphis, TN

Okl G UhlenbeckUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO

92 NATIONAL . CIENCE FOUNDATION

Robert WebsterDuke UniversityDurham, NC

Advisory Panel for BiologicalInstrumentation

Robert C. CooksDepartment of ChemistryPurdue UniversityW lalayette, IN

James CronshawDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

Margaret K. EssenbergDepartment of BiochemistryOklahoma State ITniversityStillwater, OK

Alfred F EsserDepartment of Comparative & Fxperi-

mental PatholowUniversity of Florida, Gainesville

Robert p FutrelleDepartment of Genetics S: DevelopmentUniversity of Illinois, lThana

Lynda GoffDepartment of BiologyUniversity of California, Santa Cruz

David G. GorensteinDepartment ol ChemistryUniversity of Illinois, Chicago

Fred L. HeffronMolecular 13k)k)gyeScripps Clinic

and Research FoundationLa Jolla, CA

Jan HermansUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC

John 1.2ngmoreBiophysics ResearchUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Richard A LaursenDepartment of ChemistryBoston University, MA

Warner PeticolasDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OregonEugene, OR

John Michael SchurrDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AhshingtonSeattle, WA

Thdd M, SchusterDepartment of Biological ScienceUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs

John E. SmartMogen Research Corporation

MA

David WemmerDepartment of ChemistryBoston University, MA

Advisory Panel far Biophysics

Norma amenDepartment of BiologyWesleyan UniversityMiddletown, CT

Bruce AverillDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA

Stephen G. BoxerDepartment of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanford, CA

I.udwig BrandDepartment of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD

Gerald FasmanDepartment of BiochemistryBrandeis UniversityWaltham, MA

Gerald FeigensonDepartment of BiochemistryCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

David GorensteinDepartment of ChemistryPurdue UniversityW Lafayette, IN

Stephen HarveyUniversity of Ak ima, Birmingham

Sherwin LehrerMuscle Research InstituteBiNton Bkrmedical institute, ts.LA

Ira LevinLaboratory of Chemistry S PhysicsNational institutes of I lealthBethesda, MI)

Richard MalkinDepartment of Plant & nil 13kikigyUniversity of California, Berkeley

Stanley OpellaDepartment of Chemistryiniversity of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, PA

Graham PalmerDepartment of BiochemistryRice UniversityHouston, Tx

Gary QuigleyMassachusetts Institute of lechnolt gvCambridge, MA

Francis SalemmeDepartment of Central ResearchThe moult CompanyWilmington, DE

Thomas SchleichDivision of Natural ScienceItniversity of California, Santa Cruz

James P ThornberDepartment of Bit)ImUniversity of California, Los Mgeles

Advisory Panel for Metabolic Biology

Roger N, BeachDepartment of BiologyWashington UniversitySt, Louis, MO

9 9

Samuel BealeDepartment of BlotDivision of Biolow &Brown UniversityPuwidence, RI

Diana S. BeattieDepartment of BiochemistrWest Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV

Barbara K. BurgessDepartment of Molecular Biokigy

and BiochemistrvUniversity of California, Irvine

Mary Lou Ernst-FonbergDepartment of BiochemistryQuillen-Dishner CollegeJohnson City, TN

Mark JacobsDepartment of IliokiwSwarthmore CollegeSwarthmore, pA

Edward R. LeadhetterDepartment of Molecular & Cell BioUniversity cif Ccinnecticut, Storrs

Peter MakineyDepartment of PhysiolcigyJohns Hopkins UniversitvBaltimore. MD

Richard E. McCartySectkm of lik chiemjsirv & M kilecul Bit ICornell UniversityIthaca, NrY

Thomas Moore, Jr.Department of IhnanyLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, IA

Peter I I. QuailDepartment of BotaLUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison

Clarence A Ryan, Jr.Department of Agricultural ChemistryWashington State University Pullman

Jerome A. SchiffInstitute for PlaitobiologyBrandeis UniversityWaltham, MA

Thomas H. WilsonDepartment cg. Physiok-igyHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA

David ZakiniCornell University Medical CollegeIthao, NY

MN'

Advisory Panel for Prokaryotic Genetics

George S. BeaudreuDepartment of Agricultural CheniisirOregon State University Corvallis

Charles E EurhartDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of 11,txas, Austin

Richard FrisqueDepartment of MicrobiologyPennsylvania State Universityuniversity Park, PA

Richard S. HansonGray Freshwater Biol. InstituteNavarre, MN

Dennis J. HennerGenentech Inc.San Francisco, CA

Stephen H. HughesNCI-Frederick Cancer Research CenterFrederick, MD

Ethel N. JacksonBethesda, MD

Julius H. JacksonDepartment of MicrobiologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashville, TN

Paul S. LovettDepartment of Biolog-yUniversity of MarylandCatonsville, MD

K. Brooks LowDepartment of RadiologyYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Anne G. Macthys. eDepartment of BotanyUniversitv of North Can)linaChapel Hill, NC

Peter A. PaueeDepartment of MiCrobiologyIowa State University of Science & TechnukigvAmes, IA

Robert L. QuackenbushDepartment of Microbic)lJniversity of Sciuth DakotaVermillion, SD

John ReeveDepartment of Microbiolo-Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH

Monica RileyDepartment of BiochemistrySUNY-Stony Brook, NY

Marcus M. Rhoades, Jr.Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS

Priscilla A SchafferLaboratory of Tumor VirusDuna-Farher Cancer InstituteBoston, MA

David E. SheppardSchool of Life & I lealth SciencesUniversity of Delaware, Newark

Michael It SilvermanMicrobial Genetics SectionAgouron InstituteLa Jolla, CA

Philip M. SilvermanDepartment of Molecular BioAlbert Einstein College of MedicineYeshiva UniversityNew York, NY

Loren R. SnyderMichigan State Univ rsity Ltn.sing

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCE

Advisory Panel for Decision andManagement Science

Alfred BlumsteinSchool of Urban & Public AffairsCarnegie-Mellon t IniversityPittsburgh, PA

Emilio CaseuiDepartment of GeographyOhio State UniversityColumbus, OH

C. West ChurchmanCenter for Research in _anagementUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA

Ward Edward.sDirector, Social Science Res -arch institinionUniversity of Southern California, I,os Angeles

Kenneth II. HammondCenter for Research on Judgment and policyIiniversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO

Kingsley E. HaynesSchool of Public & Envircrimental AffairsIndiana Universit: Ilkmmington

Gary I,. [AlienCcillege of Business AdministrationPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA

Andrew P SageAssociate Vice President for AL idemic AffairsGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA

Advisory Panel for Economics(all in university economics departments unless

otherwise listed)

Beth AllenUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia. PA

Theodore Bergstromilniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Ernst BerndtMassachusetts Instititte of lechnoloCambridge, MA

Alan BlinderBrookings institutitinWashington, DC

Jcinathan EatonUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA

Richard GilbertUniversity of California, Berkeley

Charles ManskiUniversity of Wit;

Robert PorterSUNIY-Stony Brook, NY

Thomas RomerCarnegie-Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA

Alvin RothUniversity of Pittsburgh PA

ANNUAL REPORT, FISC 986 93

"Ilioniata=s SargentHooves=r InstitutionStanfor=d, CA

Alan StockmanUnivere.-=Aty of Rochester, NY

Nancy I L StokeyKello- Graduate SchoolNortirestern UniversityEvanst=n,Lawren-sace II. SummersHarvarl UniversityCaMbridge, MAJeffrey Q. WilliamsonHarvarJ UniversityCarnbri-Adge, MA

Charles A. WilsonNew li>=irk UniversityNew Yc,rk, NYKennetEM WolpinOhio Srite UniversityColunilus, OH

Adviso.,wry Panel for Geography andRegiorial Science(all in t=aniversity geography departments orschools unless otherwise listed)

Marilyn BrownOak ftilge National Laborator); TNAndrew- - IssermanRegionaaal Research instituteWest Vic-Arginia UniversityMorganertown, WV

Edward y MaleckiUniversadty of Florida, Gainesville

Nelson 1 R NunnallyUniverSUaty of North CarolinaChapel L Hill, NC

David R. ReynoldsUniverSLary of IowaIowa Citmty tA

Billie L. Turner, IIClark Or-setiversityWorcestr, MA

Advisomey Panel for Historyand Phlosophy of Science(all in P.,---z_niversit)' history & philosophy ofseiene. - departments unless otherwise listed)

Richard W Burkhardt, Jr.Departrent of HistoryUniversiw-ty of Illinois, Urbana

Nancy C.-=-_-rtwrightStanford UniversityStanford CA

Edward 0. ConstantCarnegl-Mellon UniversityPittsburE,=h, PA

Richard 01.C. JeffreyDepartirr-ixent of PhilosophyPrincetori UniversityPrinceter-mn, NI

Robert KargonJohns -spkins UniversityBaltimor.=.v, MD


iter

Sklarty of Michigm

An r tsr, MI

sober,n iment 0f philosop4

;A-sity of Wisconsin.lison,

Advisory Panel for law and SociWSciences

Gordon BermantFederal Judicial CenterWashington, DC

Phoebe EllsworthDepartment of PsyehbgyStanford UniversityStanford, CA

Joel B. CirossmanDepartment of PoliticaBdenceUniversity of Wisconsin,Madison

Lynn M. MatherDepartment of GOvernainDartmouth CollegeHanover, NH

Albert J. Reiss, Jr.Department of SociohqYale UniversityNew Haven, Cr

Joseph SandersLaw CenterUniversity of Houston

Steven ShavellHarvard Law SchoolCambridge, MA

Advisory Panel for Mcaurement MethodsandData Improvement

Robert E BoruchDepartment of PsychdowNorthwestern ilniver,ityEvanston, II.

Patrick L. BrOckettProfessor, Department ()f FinanceUniversity of Texas, Atisim

Clifford C. CloggInstitute for Policy Resurcli& Ev IuationPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, PA

A. Kimball RomneySchool of Social ScienceUniversity of California,Inine

Donald 13. RubinDepartment of StatisHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

1. Paul SchultZEconomic Grriwth CenletYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Harold W. WattsCenter for Social glowColumbia UniversityNew York, NY

Advisory Panel fomir Political Science(all in universiry par=ilitical science/governmi

departments ttim-dess otherwise listed)

James AkWashington UniversirmtySE. Louis, MO

David W BradyRice UniversityHouston, TX

John FL ChamberlinInstitute of Public PcJnolicy StudiesUniversity of MichignArm Arbor, MI

Pamela y ConoverUniversity of North rarolina Chapel BillMichael Lewis-BeckUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA

Barbara D. SinclairUniversity of Califorrula ia, Rive

James A_ StimsonUniversity of Houstor-n, TX

Herbert E WeisbergOhio State Universit)-Columbus, OH

Dina X ZinnesUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, IL

Advisory Panel for Sociology(all in university socAliology departmentsunless otherwise liscd)William T BielbyUniversity of Califon- -ia, Santa Barbara

Glenn CarrollSchool of Busintr.s m--frninistrationUniversity of Califort-amAa, Berkeley

Mark GranovetterSUNY at Stony Brook

Frances E. Kohrin-GudscheiderBrown UniversityProvidence, RI

Peter V. MarsdenUniversity of North C-=-=-rolinaChapel Hill, NC

Jeylan MortimerUniversity of Minneso.:--ta, Minneapolis

Michael tiseemBoston University; MX

Lynne G. ZuckerUniversity of California, Los Angeles

DIRECTORATE FOR GEOSCIENCES

Advisory Committee forAtmospheric Sciences

Susan R AveryCooperative Institute for Research in

Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, CO

Lance E BosartDepartment of Aim spheric Science'SUM' at Albany

Robert L. CarovillanoDepartment of PhysicsBoston College, MA

Stanley ChangnonIllinois Stare Water SurveyChampaign, EL

Robert A. DuceGraduate School of Oceanographytlniversity of Rhode IslandKingston. RI

Robert A. BoozeDepartment of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

James F KimpelDepartment of MeteorologyUniversity of OklahomaNorman, OK

Mukul KunduDepartment of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD

Sharon K. LeDucNOAA/AISC, Models BranchColumbia, MO

Jennifer LoganCenter for Earth and Planetary PlwsicsHarvard UniversityCambridge, NU%

Harold D. OrvilleInstitute of Atmospher:c SciencesSouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyRapid City SD

Manfred H. ReesGeophysical InstituteUniversity of AlaskaFairbanks, AK

Barry SaltzmanDepartment of Geology & Geoj,hvsicsYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Advisory Committee for Ear h Sciences

Samuel AdamsDepartment of Geology & Geological

EngineeringColorado School of MinesBoulder, CO

Don L AndersonDivision of Geological and Planetary ScienceCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA

John It BookerGeophysics ProgramUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA

W Gary ErnstDepartment of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Arthur R GreenExxon Production Research CompanyHouston, TX

Stanley R. HartDepartment Of Earth and Planetary ScienceMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Miriam KastnerScripps Instittrion of OceanographyUniversity of California, San DiegoLaJolla, CA

Susan W KeifferU.S. Geological Survey

James J. PapikeDepartment of Geologw and Geol mai

EngineeringSouth Dakota School of Mines and TechnologyRapid City SD

Karen I.. PrestegaardDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of Illinois-Chicago

David M. RaupDepartment of Geophysical SciencesUniversity of Chicago, IL

Peter A, ScholleDepartment of Geological SciencesSouthern Methodist UniversityDallas, TX

Earth ScienCeS Proposal Review Panel

Subir K BanerjecDept of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Arthur I.. BloomCornell Univer.sityIthaca, NY

Maryellen CameronDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of OklahomaNorman, OK

Richard W. CarlsonDept. of Terrestrial MagnetismCarnegie Institution of WishingtonWashington, DC

Darrel S. CowanUniversity of Washington*Seattle, WA

Gregory A DavisUniversity of Southern California*Los Angeles, CA

Thomas H. JordanDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and

Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

I-I. Richard LaneAmoco Research CenterThIsa, OK

(12

Bruce D. MarsliDepartment of haah and Plan

Johns Hopkios UniversityBaltimore, MP

Judith A, MamieUniversity of FlorklaGainesville, Ii

Richard J. O'GmodlHarvard Uniumily'Cambridge, MA

Peter PriceLittleton, CO

Thomas J. SlooklindGeophysics Ortt9Los Alamos Word LaboratoryLos Alamos, NM

Robert B. SmithDepartment offieolog and Get)ph,..-.-sicUniversity of thu Salt Lake

James R. SteidloransUniversity of Wymning, Laramie*

John W ValleyDepartment of Geology and Geoph---,sicsUniversity of Oconsin, Madimm

David WalkerColunibia Universily.New Thrk, NY

Science

*geology or geologia sciences deprtment

Advisory Committee for Ocean :Sciences

Donald Boesch)Louisiana Univershies Marine 7 nChauvin, IA

Robert W CorcllMarine ProgramillniklingUniversity of New Hampshire, Dorhairn

Robert G. DouglisInstitute for Mirk and Coastal Stud AsUniversity of southern California,LO. An viesTerrence JoyeeDept. of Physical OrwnographyWoods Hole Oceanographic Inst.Woods Mile, INB

David M. tirlDepartment of OceanographyUniversity of Hamill, Honolulu

I,. Jay LangfelderHarbor Branch Oinographic Instiririoii Inc.Ft. Pierce, El.

Margaret Leine°Graduate Scluvl of OceanographYUniversity of Ithule Nland, Narraganti

&fan I LewisDepartment of OceanographyUniversity of Withingion, Seattle

John li, MartinMoss Landing Maine laboratorySan Jose State UniversityMoss landing, CA

Mary Jane PerryDepartment of OmmographyUniversity of Washington, Seattle

AVM REPORT, FISCAL 1986 95

Thomas C. RoyerInstitute of Marine ScienceUniversity of Alaska, Hirhanks

Constance SancettaLamont-Doherty Geological Obseret oryPalisades. NY

David R. SchinkDean of GeosciencesTexas A&M University College

Friedrich SchottRosenstiel School of Marit

SciencesMiami. H.

Derek W SpencerAssociate Director of ResearchX'oods Hole Oceanographic Inst.Woods Flole, MA

Fred SpiessScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego1.a Jolla, G1

and Atmosnlm

Advisory Panel for OceanSciences ResearchLarry AtkinsonCenter for Marine StudiesDepartment of OceanographyOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA

Michael p BaconChemistry DepartmentWoods Hole Ocearnigraphic lostitinion

Peter BelzerDepartment of Marine ScienceUniversity of South Florida, St. Petersburg

William BoicourtHorn Point Environmental LaboratoryUniversity of Maryland, Cambridge

Leo BumDepartment of BiologyYale UniversityNew Haven, CT

Doughis CaponeMarine Sciences Research CenterSUNY at Stony Brook, NY

John CullenBigelow Laboratory\Vest Boothhay Harbor

John DelaneyDepartment of OceanographyUniversity of Washington, Seattle

Silvia GarzoliLamont-Doherty Geological OhsciziturvColumbia UniversityNew Ihrk, NY

Susan HenrichsInstitute of Marine SciencesUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks

Thomas C. JohnsonDuke University Marine LaboratoryBeaufort, NC

John KlinckDepartment of OceanographyTexas A&M University College Station


Teh-Lung KuDepattment of Geological SciencesUnix: of Southern California, Los Angeles

Michael T. LedbetterMoss Landing Marine lalisSan Jose State UniversityMoss Landing, CA

Ants LemmaClimate Analysis CenterNOMCamp Springs. MD

Roger LukesDepartment of Ocearmgraphy

7 University of Hawaii, Honolulu

Andrew McIntyre1 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Columbia UniversityNew.' Yorlt, NY

Marcia McNuttI Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, & PlanetaryL _Massachusetts Institute of Technologl.0-Cambridge, MA

0---53u5tav Paffenhofer=tikidaway Inst. of Oceat

avannah, GA

tittawrence PomeroyWAnstitute of EcologyUK:University of Georgia A1- It CM

OCUIG. Michael PurdyLILIDept. of Geolow & GeophysicsNoNX'oods Hole OceanograpInc InstituteN;bods Hole, MAa--fhomas RoyerITTAnstitute of Marine Sciences1=XIniversity of AlaskaFairhanks, AK

aron Smith

gra thy

7 jceanowaphic Science DivisionUro()Iihaven National Laboratory1___Lipton. NY

l-_-enneth Tenure=hesapeake Biokigical Lahoratory1-__:_iniversity of Maryland

olomons. MD

1e:111n WalshN-00arine Science DepartmentI. Iniversity of South Florida, "Eimpa

I-I-bomas Whitworth1=Department of OceanographyIT-1-exas A&M University College Station

I----lerhert L. WindomS-.74kidaway Inst. of OceanographyS.Zavannah, GA

Arekdvisory Committee for Polar Pro a

Adams15--Eiarrow AK

fagmar R. Cronn1.zaboratory of Atmospheric Research\Viocushington State University Pullman

n W D. Dalziel1=niversity of Texas, Austin

Jc._-L-_Mn EddyLTriiv Corp. for Atmospheric ResearchII--z-ouldel; CO

.lames R. HeinzlerNASA/Goddard Spa Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD

David HopkinsDept. of Geology md GeophysicsUniversity of Alaskkhirbanks

Hans O. JahnsExxon Production IWO Co.Houston, TX

Louis.1_ LanzerottiBell LaboratoriesMurray LEI!, NJ

Ursula Bailey ManiumSmithsonian Mtrophsical ObservatoryCambridge, MA

Ellen S. Masley-Thompminstitute of Polar SidoOhii_m State Univer*Columbus

Worth D. Nowlio, Jrience

Department of OcoagraphyTexas MAI Dnivers4 College Station

Chester M. PierceCamLridge, MA

1171erprl'arrTtniciesnzetnof BldgAugustana CollegeSioux Falls, SI)

Johannes WeertmariThe Technological MameNorthwestern ifnimilyEvanston,

103

DIRECTORATE FOR MATHEMATICALAND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

- _

Advisory Committee forAstronomical Sr:knees

Mitchell C. Begelman-University of Colorado, Boulder

David R. BranchDepartment of Physic:5 and AstronomyUniversity of Oklahoma, Norman

Bruce W CarneyDept. of Physics & AstronomyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC

John A. GrahamCarnegie Institution of WshingtoiiWashington, DC

Donald N. B. HallInstitute for AstronomyUniversity of Hawaii, Honolulu

Martha P HaynesDepartment of AstronomyCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

Frank'. LowSte..m1 Observatoryuniverw, of Arizona, lbcson

Harold A. McAlisterDepartment of Physics arid AstronomyGeorgia State University Atlanta

Joseph E SalahNEROC Haystack ObservatoryMassachusetts institute or Technolol.,TCamhridge, MA

Irwin I. ShapiroCenter for AstrophysicsCambridge, MA

Hugh M. Van HornDepartment of Physics & AstrortonivUniversity of Rochester NY

Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr.Center for Space Science and AstrophysicsStanford UniversityStanford, CA

Robert W WilsonRadio Physics Research DepartmentBell laboratoriesHolmdel, NJ

Advisory Committee for Chemistry(all in university chemistry departmentsunless otherwise listed)

Jacqueline K. BartonColumbia UniversityNew York. NY

Richard li. liernsteinDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California. Los Angeles

Sally ChapmanBarnard CollegeNew York, NY

Peter B. DervanCalifornia Institute of TechnoloaPasadena, CA

Luiti FCIVONII

UniversilyniMiamiCoral Gabbs, It

Bertraro OlteierReidDuke UnimityDurharn,K

David M.IleculesUniversityntPittsburgh, PA

RalphMerck, ShriiDohme ResearchRahwity,

Jiri joaasUniversityolillinois, Urbana

TheodoreNonaCenter fa kilablical I esearenUniversity o(OnsasEaWrence,l6

James C. kinVarlderbill tioersitv

JerrY It Nolitig

I D ps

Nrthorield,MN

MallindsrethInrSt, Lonis, hIT

Kenneth SiilyrnondUniversity01California, Berkeley

VeroniCa Nhql

.lo /kmider

University of Tesas,

Mark S. Wrighton

Massachuschlostitute of TeellnoloWCambridge,M

Mivisory Committee forMaterials Research

_ries

Gtienter AJnIy

Deparunenio(fliysicsUniversity eitliifornia, Santa Barbara

Robert H. DvPepartnientatterials Sciencc

Engine*University ofblifornia, Berkeley

G. Sladetlltq CorPonioaNOrktown IkIghts, NY

Stuart i cowPepartnientaemical EngineeringUniversity e(WS(onsinMadison, WI

Larry It OakDepartment of ChemistryUniversity olSoothern California, l.o.s Angtles

RAYMond F kkerMichigan Technological UniverHoughton, NI

Coli n p PimDepartment olthysicS & Materials Researd=1

tabOratotyUniversitY cllffinois, Urbat)a

Men M. gOldlOgiSchQ01 Of p4sand AstronomyUniversity oiMinnesota, Minneapolis

1 4

Pierre C. HohenhergAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, NJ

Alan JacobsenEx_xon Research & Engineering CompanyAnnandale, NI

Samuel KrimmDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Alexei A. MaradudinDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of California, Irvine

Dennis W. ReadeyDepartment of Ceramic EngineeringOhio State Universio: Columbus

John SilcoxSchool of Applied and Engineering PhysicsCornell UniversityIthaca, NY

Donald M. SnwthMaterials Research Cen -rI.ehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA

Kinhleen C. TaylorDepartment of ChemistryGeneral Motors Research MhoratoriesWarren, MI

Advisory Committee for MathematicalSciences(all in university mathematics (Imam) ntsunless otherwise listed)

Morris It deGrootDepartment of StatisticsCarnegie-Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, PA

Robert D. EdwardsUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Ramanathan GnanadesikanBell Communications ResearchMorristown, NJ

Les A. KarlovimDean, College of Sciences & Liberal StudiesGeorgia Institute of '11..chnologyAtlanta, GA

Anatoly KatokCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA

Nancy J. KopellNortheastern UniversityBoston, MA

Domild J. LewisUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI

Andrew J. MajdaPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, NJ

Louis NirenbergCourant InstituteNew York University; NY

Linda P RothschildUniversity of Califnria, San Diego

Alan D. WeinsteinUniversity of California Berkeley

ANNLIM REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 1986 97

Guido L WeissWashington UniversitySt Louis, MO

Advisory Committee for Physics(all in university physics departments unlessotherwise listed)

Lloyd 'ArmstrongJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore. MD

Thomas W AppelquistYale UniversityNew Haven, CI'

Sam m. AustinDepartment of Plnsics ,Y4 A.stroiioiiiyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI

George B. BenedekMassachusetts Institute of TechnolowCambridge, MA

Joan M. Centre IlaDepartment of Physics anti Atmospheric

ScienceDrexel UniversityPhiladelphia, PA

Eugene D. ComminsUniversity of California Berkeley

Stanley DeserBrandeis UniversityWaltliam, MA

Gerald T GarveDivision of Mathematics and PhysicsLos Alamos National LhoratoryLos Alamos, NM

Robert L. Gluck.sternPhysics PrograniUniversity of Maryland. College Park

Paul D. GrannisMINN-Stony Brook, NY

Joseph A. Johnson, IllCity College of the City Unive sity of

New York, NY

Walter KohnUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

Steven E. KooninDivision of Physics and AstronomyCalifornia institute of 11.,chnologyPasadena, CA

Leanne C. PitchfordGil Laboratories Inc.Waltham, MA

Frank SciulliColumbia UniversityNew York, NY


DIRECTORNVE FOR SCIENCEAND ENGINEERING EDUCATIONmotimmmAdvisory Committee for Scienceand Engineering EduCatiOn

William O. BakerMurray Hill, NJ

Larry J. BlakeOregon institute of TechnolowKlamath Falls, OR

Eugene FL Cota-RoblesUniversity of California, Santa Cruz

Norman C CraigOberlin CollegeOberlin, OH

F Joe CrosswhiteOhio State UniversityColumbus, OH

Kay DavisFernbank Science CenterAtlanra, GA

James D. EbertCarnegie Institution of ashington

Gregory L FlorantSwarthmore CollegeSwarthmore, PA

Patricia A. GrahamHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

David A. HamburgCarnegie Corporation al New YorkNew "trork, NY

Irwin J. HoffmanGeorge \Washington High SchoolEnglewood, CO

Gerald J. HoltonHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA

David W HornbeckState Superintendent of SchoolsBaltimore, MD

Philip W JacksonUniversity of Chicago

Edward C. Keller, Jr.West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV

Leslie KoltaiLos Angeles Community Coll,-!, gstrictLos Angeles, CA

Annuli LisCourant Institute of Mathematical SciencesNew York University NY

Margaret MacVicarMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA

Walter E MasseyUniversity of Chicago

Homer A. NealSUNY- Stony Brook, NY

Roger L. NicholsBoston Museum of Science

George C. PimentelUniversity of California, lierkeley

Karl S. PisterUniversity of California, Berkeley

Henry O. PollakBell Communication Research CenterMorristown, NJ

Mary B. RoweUniversity of FloridaGainesville, ft

Paul SaltmanUniversity of California-San DiegoLa Jolla, CA

Susan SpragueMesa Public SchoolsMesa, Pa

Anne B. SwansonEdgewood CollegeMadison, WI

Gail E. ThomasNational Research CouncilWashington, DC

E Karl WillenbrockAmerican Society for Engineering EducationWashington, DC

DIRECTORATE FOR SCIEN11F3EIC,TECHNOLOGICAL, ANDINTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS_

Advisory Committee for InchisMtrial Scienceand Technological Innovation

Tura Kay BiksonRand CorporationSanta Monica, CA

Alfred BrownConsultant

Washington, DC

Wayne BrownSalt lake Cit; UT

Phillip CertainDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI

Russ DrewViking InstrumentsSterling Park, VA

Edward DuggerUNC Ventures

Boston, IvLik

Miter H. PlosilaPennsylvania Dept if Comn rliarrishurg, PA

William R. PrindleComing GUM WorksCorning, NY

Elisabeth RippsteinSCINTAG, Inc.

Sanu Clara, CA

liohert L Underwoodlicizer CorporationChicago, IL

Advisory Committee fOrInternational PrOgrams

Nancy g ButteTexas Childrenk HospitalIlnuston, TX

John K HulmUstinghouse Electric Corpor tionPittsburgh, PA

Hybl B. Lyon, Jr,North Texas CommissionDallas Ft. Worth, 'TX

Walter E Masse!'University of Chicago

Hugh L PopenoeUniversity of Florida, Gainesville

J. Thomas RatchfordAmerican Association for the AdvtIticnient of

ScienceWashington, DC

Anthony San PietroIndiana University Bloomington

!airy L TieszenAugustana CollegeSloox Falls, SD

David S. WileyMichigan State University East Unsing

Jean WilkowskiVolunteers in Technical AssistanceArlington, vA

F Karl WillenbrockAmerican Society for Engineering EducationWashington, DC

ANNUAL REPCaR1 FISCAL yeAR 19 6 99

OTI-WR NSF PUBLICATIONS OF GENE ST

About the National Science Foundation (b(OchLmire)NSF Bulletin (published monthly except in July-4j and August)Publications of the National Science FoundatiolimGrants for Research and Education in Sck2nee nd EngineeriGuide to ProgramsNSF Films (booklet)Mosaic Magazine

Single copies of these publications' from Forms and Publications, NSF 1800 G Street, N. Washington.D.C. 20550, (202) 357-7861.

The National Science Foundation basil) (TOeirphonic Device for the Deaf) capability which enables individualswith hearing impairment to comniunicate with tEzhe Division of Personnel and Management for information on NSFprograms, employment, or general matters. This z number is (202) 357-7492.

FY 1986 Annual Report:Principal writer: Ann FinkbeinerDesigner: Justin MsociatesTypesetting: Printing Dimensions, Inc,

NATIONAL tiCIENCE FOUNDATION 107

Oreer erocgsse0 Code:

*6269

The An(arctic Journal of the United States,established in 1960. is published quarterlyMarch, June. September, and December)with a Mtn annual review Issue by the Deri-sion of Polar Programs of the NationalScience Foundation, The Journal reports onU.S. activities in Antarctica and relatedactivities elsewhere, and On trends in theVS- Antarctic Research PrOgram. For a cur .rent review of U.S. antorctiC activities, usethe lorm on 'his card.

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