DOCUMENT REM= - ERIC · 2014-04-09 · DOCUMENT REM= ED 347 052 SE 052 002 AUTHOR Greeno, James 0.1...

DOCUMENT REM=

ED 347 052 SE 052 002

AUTHOR Greeno, James 0.1 Berger, DanielTr:LE Functional Knowledge in Probaem Solving.IESTITUTION Stanford Univ., Calif.SPONS AGENCY Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA. Cognitive

and Neural Sciences Div.REPORT NO G11C-2

PUB DATE Jul 90CC. _JACT N00014-88-K-0152NOTE 85p.PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Computer Simulation; *Critical Thinking;

*Educational Strategies; Learning Strategies; LogicalThinking; *Preblem Solving; *Thinking Skills

ABSTRACT

An experiment compared solving of operational anddiagnostic problems after different instruction about a fictitiousdevice. Solution of both kinds of problems was facilitated byinstruction (1) that focused on functional relations mom componentsof the device or (2) that fccused on states of the individualcomponents. For operational problems, this result contrasted with anearlier finding (Greeno & Berger, 1987) that only functionalinstruction facilitated inference and learning of operationalprocedures. In this study, component instruction included informationabout the states of switches and all participants saw a diagram ofthe device with information about connections between components.Both results are consistent with a characterization of relevantdevice-model knowledge by Kieras /1.984) as including knowledge ofdevice topology: connections between components and relations ofconnections to the controlling operations and indicators of thedevice. Comparison of information in the instructional conditionswith planning nets for the operating procedures showed thatfunctional instruction included needed informat.'..on ih'vut connectionsbetween components and that component instruction included neededinformation about states of switches that determine connectionsbetween components. For diagnostic tasks, while solutions of problemswas facilitated by both component and functional instruction, someaspects of problem-solving strategy were facilitated only byfunctional instruction, indicating that the organization ofdiagnostic problem solving probably depends on integrative featuresof the problem solver's menta2 model of the device. (Author/KM

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4

Functional Knowledge in Problem Solving

James G. Greeno

Stanford University and the institute for Research on Learning

and Daniel Berger

University of California, Berkeley

& DIPARTAIENT 01I EDUCATIONObne of Educaonal Ressaucn and nnusouement

£DUCAIiOP4M. RE SOuRDES ORmATIONCENTER (ERIC)

Thus document has testi PeanSdCed almulled Prom Wee Demon co ovetwietfonor 9s:124N

C Moto, cningeS nate been made Po umparrefebroocon %pants

Pomts ot new of openons stated m 1nP1 docmem do not necesaann, lettlesent OffIc.4(CtE RI mutton or Donor

"PERMISSION TO REPROCUCE THISMATERIAL HAS SEEN GRANTED BY

tNr.)

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

October 9, 1990

2BUT COPY AY

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1lo. MORT SECUIV7Y CLASSMCATIDN

Unclassifiedh. swum wissOICATON AUTHORITY

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEFenn Il.provedOWN°. 071114PU

10 iterribmw MARKINGS

BECLOAPICATIONIORIPIGRABING meow

C. PERTOMANG ORGANZA-110N REPORT NUMBEW

lat-2

6o. -NAME Of PERTORBW4G ORGANZA oi

Stanford University

ADDRESS gay. Stott end Zibcade)

DISTINIUTICwtAvAitABIL #00111Approved for public rams;distribution unlimited

Eb -OFFICE SYMBOLOf opplicoloW

Stanford, California 94305-3096

%I. NAME Of 'UNDO.* /SPoteontNGORGANZATICN

S. NONITCMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERS)

74 ,NAME_Of _ORING ORGANZ/NON'cognitive ftience.ProgramOffice of Naval Research (Code 1142CS)

117751ffitftmmukentivoomoriSOO North Quincy StreetArlington, VA 22217-5000

/X ADDRESS (CN)'. Am end ZIPCodo)

lib. OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCuREMENT INSTRUMENT OENVFKAT#ON NUMBEROf applicable)

1330014-88-1C-0152

to SOWS OF fuND,N6 NuMBERSPROGRAM PRO1ECTELEMENT NJ Nr,

611538 RR04206 -04206-0VaNO

WORK WITNO

13 Dec

11.11TLIOndodolocodydasoitNottord 1989/1142

FnnqtionsJ Knoviedee in Problan Soljg

G. Green° and Daniel Berger

131.TIVIOFREPORT lift TIME COVERED pa esalimmacon (Yoimefonth,Doo -11S PAGECOuNt

Technical I mem m I 1990, July 72

16 SUPPLEMENTARY IPVTATION

17 COSAT1 CODES

MELD GROUP SUB-GlICUP

18 SWUM TERMS (Commie en moo e S mammy and Woolly by bloc* number)

Problem solving; functional knowlidge; learning;

procedural knowledge; device models

wrimMTPACT tronotwo onrorwarifoireosowyomildww**Mot* numbedAn experiment compared solving of operational and diagnostic problems after

different instruction about a fictitious device. Solution of both kinds of problems

was facilitated by inetruction (1) that focused on functional relations among

components of the device or (2) that focused on states of the individual conponents.

For operational problems, this result contrasted vith an earlier finding

(Orson* 41 Berger, 1987) that only functional instruction facilitated infsrence

and learning of operational procedures. In this study, component instruction

included information about the states of switchos and all participants saw a

diagram of the device with information about connections bntween components. Both

results are consistent with a characterisation of relevant device-model knowledge

by Kieran (1984) as including knowledge of device topology: connections betwmenP.T.0,

20 juSTRIBUTIONIAVAKABIuTY Of ABSTRACT 2, ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICAT;ON

a wilaASSIREOMPIUMITIO 0 SAME AS RPT q Emc =Rs unclassified

22. NAME Of RESPONSIBLE INDMDUALDr. Susan Chipman

221, TELEPHONE Onciade Ave OfFiCE SYMBOL

(202) 696-4318 ORR 1142CS

Prowoos editions me obsolete. SECuRfly CLASSIf:CATioNzjus itif

S/N 0102 -LF -014 -6603DDFmn 1473, JUN N

3

SECURITY CIASSIFICRRON OF THIS PAGE

components and relations of connections to the controlling operations and

indicators of the device. Comparison of information in the instructional

conditions with planning nets for the operating procedvres showed that

functional instruction included needed information about connections between

components and that component instruction included needed information about

states of switches that determine connections between components.

For diagnostic tasks, while solutions of problems was facilitated by both

component and functional instruction, some aspects of problem-solving strategy

were facilitated only by functional instruction, indicating that the

organization of diagnoztic problem solving probably depends cm integrative

features of the problum solverls Dental model of.the device.

OD Form 1473 , JUN 86 (Reverse)SECURITY CLASSMATtON OF THIS PAGE

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Functional knowledge in whim solvingJ. G. (Irmo and D. Bever Me 9

classified as one of three wag Thinctiond, Switch, or Wire. A Fano' malfunaioninvolved a pmt that was pet/anted in dus functional device model intmuctiom a Switchrodfimcdon cmccrned a part that had failed in its switching mechanism; and a Wiremalfunction meant that a wire bad broken and was not passing its signal. Appendix yinincludes a description ci each malfuncdtm and an optimal mission for earl.

For each diagnostic task dm participants were first asked to perfoml one of theoperating procedures from Day 1. After the , ; swahdos, die pastkipantscould tell that the &vice was bra= becalms did not show the conespoadi%letter. They them uied to locate the broken =mimes with alternate pnxvdmes or with tbePart Inspector. Parpants imew that they had nylaced =cot part when the appropriateletter appeared in the indictrar.

Parti I. were an unlimited amount of time to complete each tait Theexperimenter ma aid participant but did ask quemions to detamine the Rarticipantscunent state in resolving the problem and to elicit the reasons for his or her acuons.

14

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53

Fimotbmd Kifede In Problem SolvingJ. G. &gem and D. Ww page 12

component instruction, (pc&F+ AO12 - pc = -0.14 ± 0.13. And the three poops with

device-m:1M instruct:1cm made fewer ernes than dm group with no instruction, (paw+

pit+ pc)/3 -miv fa -0.19 ± 0.15. The proportion of arms co individual switthes were

all small, and tiffemeces among thou were net significant

Table 4 shows the proportims ciconectsolutions ant switch settinp fm- the

transfer problem.

Table 4

Proportions Correct on the Transfer Task

Complete State Connection

Insfruglian lash. fiwitchaa 2511016

None .89 1.00 .96

Component .88 1.00 .93

Functional 1.00 1.00 1.00

Cmpt&Fctn1 .99 1.00 .98

Competed with du previous experiment, these results differ primarily in much

better by the groups with no insuuckan and onl component instruction. Tim

small (- -- amcmg conditions favored the groups with functional insmuctim butnone of the differences wen significant.

Table 5 shows the data for performs= on the recall tasks. Performawe wasnearly perfect in all the conditions.

17

Funotkusal Know1ia In Problem So IvbvJ. G. Green* and IX swum. Palle 13

Table 5

Proportions Correct in Recall

Comp** Stele Connection

Ingagian lallit.. Exitgbas Build=

None

Component

Functional

Crrpt&Fctril

.94 1 .00 .97

.94 .98 .99

1 .00 1 .00 1 .00

1 .00 1.00 1 .00

121121.21ZAMORifalliii

limes used in instruction un Day 2 were as folbmvs: Cowman, Not Augmentedin 21 mimmn2; Qmsponent, 4. /1// 29 minutes on the review and 6 minutes onmalfunction infonnadm -1 ..'° I 10 mimnex BothoblotAugpunted sa 26 minutes;Both, Augmented = 30 nimues co the review and 4 minutes on malfunction info"

Table 6 shows propositions of correct solutkes cm dm six diagnostic prolAems, andproportions of publems that way solved comedy with correct explanatkes even of thenature cite malfunctitm. The puticipmts who lad ccorment instructim wen in twodifiment confide:um one that =dyed insinctun abos malfinscdrms ofcompounds and the other that thd not. andlitkus are presented minutely in Table6, and data are also resented far the Component groups togeddr and for the Comment &Ihmairmal groups _ Tim di:fro:mice between groups with and without augmentedinstrucdon was na - on any measure that we examined, so all analyses areremted for the Compoumn and Compment & Fonctional 1110oPs

2Data on instruction times for one of the nine partkipants in the Component, NotAugmted condition were not available. The mean reported was for the remaining eightparticipants.

18

Amami JCnow1ee ki Pmbhan SolvingJ. G. Orem and D. Way prat 14

Table 6

Proportions Correct in Diagnostic Tasks

lilalastion

Tasks and

TRcIca Emalaustkaus

None .70

Cmpt, NW Awmented .87

Cmpt, Awmented .93

Component .90

Functional .93

Cmpt&Fctnl, Not Augmented .98

Cmpt&Fctl, Augmented .96

Component & Functional .97

.52

.as

.83

.84

.78

.94

.89.92

On correct tasks, iloth the effect of fumtional instroxion and the effect of

component instruction were significant, OIC&F +1102 OAC + ANY2 ot 0.15 ± 0.08, and

(pc&F + ;.tri2 -4LF+ AN)/2 = 0.12 ± 0.08. The interaction was not significant, (pay

- pp) - (pc - ppl) " 0.15 I 0.16.

On correct tasks and explanations, the affects of functional instructim and

component instructke and the interactice wee all significant, (pox + gi.)/2 - (pc + itN)!2

= 0.17 j OM, Otail7+ PCY2 047 + ANY2 gl 023 ± 0.09, and (may ;44 - (Ac - AN)22 -0.18 ±, 0.17.

Table 7 shows results for a measure of understanding in solution of the diagnosticproblem. Participants were discouraged from replacing =Eponyms arbitrarily, and were

qi 1.1 ed to state a hypothesis When they wanted to ,{ a comment. It was mak ineach probkm to detenrine which comment was at t witlumt replacing any

ts. Table 7 shows frequencies of occurrence of replacing components that were

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Furmtional Knwp k Pnabiem SolvingJ. G. Greene and D. ftw Page 16

instrucdcm and the intenakm on Ns measme were very near atm, (paa + pc,Y2 41,F

ANY2 -0.01 ± 0.06 and (pctkp gp) - (pc - pN) sm 001 I 0.13.Table II

Haphazard and Redundant Inspections

Mean *Haphazard' Mean Proportion

inalmata ...inganotions. Besluacklitiousgliana

None 0.18 .11

Cmpt, Not Augmented 0.06 .11

Cm0., Augmented 0.09 .09

Component 0.07 .10

Functional 0.06 .04

Cmpt&Fctni, Not Augmented 0.09 .04

Cmpt&Fdlo Awmented 0.04 .02

Component & Functional 0.06 .03

FinAlly, Table 9 invIves use of a diagnostic medwd. Information can often beobtained vffic1enzly by seeing whether the device operatesprcperly in a setting differentfrom the one that is known to be malftmctioning.

In the mean propmikm of talks on which prticipants used an alternate operation,

the effect of functional insncdan was significant, (pow + ppY2 - (pc + LtN)/2 sis 0.35 ±

0.14. The efkct of ccanponent instruction and dm interactkm were not signifumnt, (pup

- 411: ANY2 es 0.04 j 014 awl (ACM - (j1C AN) gs -0.12 I 0.29. Inthe mean number of alternate operations used per task, the effect of functional instmtkm

WAS eigaificaM (Pcsif + pfY2 - (Pc + AN)12 ss 0.73 ± 0.37. Tim effect of component

instructice and the interaction were not significant, (pm? + pcY2 OAF + pplY2 ss -0.05

I 0.37 and (Pc&F 11F) 01C I1N) = 0.13j 034.

Lanclusigai

The results of this experiment further demcmstrate the iuortance of knowledgeabout functional interactions among t, in an ineMlars mental model as

device. Our findings support Metes's (1 conclusion that knowledge of the system

21

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Functional Knotaiedp P. Pmblem SolingGismo and D. emir

Discussion

Palle 18

We characterize knowledip for , of opemfas and diagnosing thevS12000 in tams of dun schemata and = =; items of infonnatice tlet ate used ingenerating solutions ce problems. Figure shows we of the schmnata, a schema forgetting power from one ccartpcmu a to another ccanponem b.

Consequence: power-from (b,a) fa and b are components)

Requires: power (a) +

AND

3 x3 y[port (x,a) Aport (y,b) A conned (x,y))

OR

3 ticomponent (t) x 3 Apart (x,a) Aport (yfb) A connect (M)] A

power-from (b,t)]

Figure 3. Schema to get power from a to b.

The schema has two requirearats: (1) that component a has power, and (2) either that aport of a and a port ci b are connected, or that there is some intermediate component t witha pon that is connected to a pond' a, and that b has power from t.

The second schema, fcr having power at a compcoent, is in Figure 4.

Consequence: power (c)- + is a component)

Requires: power In source of c;

c on

Fig= 4. Schema for having power at a component

The sou= of the solar pack, tablogniph, and vegetor art, respectively, the sunshine(which must be on), the power tablet (which always has power), and the vegtgable bar(which must be charged). The source of tin purifxr is considered to be the pon at theselector switch that is connected with the purifcr by a wire.

23

Ramtbnal Knowlee in Problem SowingJ. G. Greene and D.esger

The thhd schema, for comecting tw pots, is slum in Figum 5.

Paae 19

C onsequence: connect (x,y) tuxi y are ports)

Reqtdres: 3 w [wire (w) A attach (VIA A attath (*fly)]

OR

3 s 3 u 3 v 'twitch (s) A single-port (tam) A Mined (X,U) A

altemateport (v,$) A connect (y.v) A soltch-set (a,v)]

OR

a:meet (y,x)

Rgure 5. Schema to coma two ports.

nvo ports are connected if acre is a wire w that is attached to both of the pots, or if thereis a switch s, with a single pon u that is connected to x and an alternate port v (Le., one ofseveral alternatives) that n comected to y and the switch is set to v. The third alternative,connect (y,x), makes dm property symmetrical.

A planning net fix solving the first operatkmal task is shown in Rpm 6. Thesn Figure 6 are goals, dm mauled rectangles ate tequired that we

in the situatims, accordin to the diagram, wx1 the rectangles we action dun thehad to The net is 0:aerated by starting with the task goal,

a schwa has that goal as a consewence, and including that schema'snquirements as goals. Some retest nay be sodded in the situatiox the rest mustbe set as goals to be uthieved with I 1(111 (le two shaded blocks weccropments that am duplicated in different parts the netweek.)

We have examined the insuuction in the funcdonal and concommt condition,coordinating dm informadon in the instruction with the general infonnatice in schemata andwith the wee specific items in the planning nets.

The information in the three schesnata was not presented in either theftmcticsal or the compcment instnunkm. The functimud instruction uded infornaticmthat wadd be relevant fce ut-s .t the first Rol third schemata, Figure!; 3 and 5, Theaxnponem instruction included is s , that would be relevant for Inferring the

schema, Figure 4.

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Fog:WM Xiw1ece In Rub lam SolvingJ. G. Gram and D. d pave 23

The cuss-has:1W items involving the MO Swint in de aetconespond tothe insuucdon: "The 0-type switch works in mem _speeding upon posidoa Of theswitdi, an energy signal will flow from port 'a' to either pore& up or Rd, or port 'cdown or Md. For if there is an impulse sipal piesent at pat 'a' and the switchis in the &we Mol that the signal will flow from pat 'a' to pm Like the I-type switcit, no signal will flow to lb' ar pot 'c' when in the MIpositkm.." (screen54S) The item involving sport purifier and a pact of the motor.. wcrwrespcs. thd:Ilpaiseinfirmation in two instructional save= "When fimcdtming as aPurifier will puffy the Impulse Signal selected by the Sok= S This launderedsignal will be passed to the VO mut MO connector plugs...." (screen 50S), and "Like alldx other ccenector the Molpkg allows the VST Motor to connect to othercomponents." (screen S)

We judge that the goal of having the prifier cui carespcmds direcdy tix "The nextconstituent ci the purifier.is iss prifkr. Like a =water, the purifkr is adyactivated there is - inesent at port 'C.' If so, thei - wilhlaundertheimpulse signal present la port 'a' and pass it to b.' (screen ) "Realize that if thereis no electricity at port 'c' or if there is no 41' at pon 'a,' tinn nothing will be purified ccpassed." (screen 47S)

The it= involving ports of the sekctor switch and setting that switch to Scorrespond to *A:wither new minium is the impulse purifier's selector switch. Theswitch's position allow an impulse signal to pass from eitkr the 'd the S position, 'a° theT tion, If the V position ce v the A pathice polls to port V. Far ecamde, when the

switch is in the V position, an impulse signal will flow from port 'b' to port `e'."(screw 435) "However, if then is no impulse signal at port 'le when the switch is in tim Vposition, thai no signal will be passed to port V." (=en 44S)

The items involving ports cf the solar pack and the purifier correspond ditectly to:"Uke the first two components dte impulseis activated when there is electricity atraw energy that is ptesent at 'a'

(screen 4lS) and 11 it

switch. The switch'sposition, 'a' the T

has an energy =miter. The coiverterIf activated,the converter uansform

pass it as an invoke sipal with the value of 3 tonew contains= is the impulse purifkr's Water

allow an impulse sipial to pass fim either the ecr the S'If the V at 1 'c' the A position pcuts to mt ie. For

%III/ wInn sekctor switdi is the V position, an impulse signal will flow frtznport to port 'e'." (screen 43S)

Finally, the goal of making the sunshine be on corresponds to "The photo-receptorand the solar pack counituents are connected as one unit. If sunlight Mu the photo-receptor, it is focused on the solar pack and is passed as raw enrgy3torrt 'a'. Realizethat when the sun is not shining, no raw energy is passed." (screen

Fig= 8 shows the I net with shaded elements that we judge to correspondto items of information in , functmnial insructkon.

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Finctional Knowtedge In Plubion ado laJ. 0. Cram and D. ftraw Page 25

We jurkge that one item in the instructire subsumes three of the *gnaw of the netinvolving oath* of swkohet "To change a knob or switch, just move the mouse prism tothe desired region of a toggle and pass tin kft hum If do swkch does not respond, justclick the left bunon agaht." (screen 3F al screen 3S) The 'butte - ik

Film 8 was also related to a screen about the tog& switches, "Mee that five togglesin the middle of do sawn lave duet gable positions: (up, nakidk, MT) and down.'fly these switches to get used to their &Smut tr, (men 4F). Tin

utton sunshke element was tbe imeteedee et it wetin the .. instruction: make - sun shine, just Fess k the Sunshkie' buttra"(sawn 11 gm sawn 398). That also was a mat with genaal info:nuke about wires,as in the anyway instrwtion, "The 'lines' on the screen repreeentwires that comectcomponents. The 'lighter' colored wires w the sawn any local elearkity. While the'darker' colored wires carry impulse powa" (screw 7F g2 sawn SS).

Infomatkm about high-level goals in Figure 8 was 4 explicidy in the functiwalinstructka The pals of getting power to the mow frau sun as a power somve and

power front the sun to the solar to nation m duee sawns:are three possibk power somves Aar a V - each of whkh is in tin fom of a

differau medimn. 1) The sun's rays ate one tnedinna, and 2) the second cones in the formof the recauly ckvebped Penniman Power Tablet. 3) The thhd enerp agent is in thesechapablo vegetable matter clan enagy bar" (screen 1CF) "A moaner(rkstination) of power in an earth vehicle is its engine. Howeva, reaching theVST211100's moor, the somves jag introdwed must be capuned, unnsfonmad,forwaided awl then - " (screen 12n and Muth of da three somves is 'capnuerfdifferently; for insumce, 1) tin sun's mys are Inought imo the solar pa* via a photo-receptor. Similarly, 2) the ,.. , 's absorpon needk picks up energy from the powertablets, and lastly, 3) the - 6 wawa catalyzes the vegetaNe matter of the energy bar"(sawn 13F)

We judge that tin goal of connecting the solar with the purifier oonesponds toan item of information in a screen shoat cos1on I -- bon the tallograph rr thevegetor ss passed along to the impulse wilier by external - The solar pat* is a Inn ofthe impulse purifier, so its energy is passed intenally (sawn 17F).

Infamatirm about tin selector switch 'cloy= to the solar pack is in generalterms in the functional instivction. "When an enagy some comas to purifier viaextemal lines, the cabks are attached to the VST switches and then to, thiplugs. Furthamoe, there is an input sekctor switch cm the impulse whithe user to select we of the connected impale signals* (screen 2(F), and "It is important a3realize dui that is a couespondence betseen a setting on the sdector switch and an immt"plug" cm the purifier" (screen 23F).

The goals ci getting power from the purifier to the motor and of connecting theto the motor corresponds to an item clinformathm k the fimakmal insowdon,

signal is chosen will have its power laundered by tin.putifkr and passed viaexternal lines to the mow what the energy is finally used. &sacks the engine, there isanother I destinaticm for the purified energy signak it can be sent to some device tobe - " (screen 27F). The switch MO is memioned, alwg with its function cifconnecting tlw purifier with a destination devbx: 'Thew are three pugs 11, VI andAI, where tlw external source compcatents' cables (i.e., PIO and 9 ) cou....ect. The othertwo toggles VO and MO, are the purer's output plup which can =nem to cksdnationdevice hnes Rel and mor (screen 22F).

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Ructions, KrmwIee In Problem SolvingJ. G. Groom and D. Wm page 27

Table 10

Frequencies of Correspondence:

Task 1 Elements and kurtruction

ElemenLina Numallmals razaLinsausaban Ecialalialnam

Ursa Ada ti12110 Bai Laam Mae

Power-From 2 0 0 2 2 0 0

connect 6 0 0 6 3 0 3

Wire, Attach 4 0 4 0 0 4 0

Compons., Ports 2 2 0 0 0 0 2

Switch, Ports 2 2 0 0 1 1 0

Switch-Set 2 2 0 0 0 1 1

Button Switch 2 0 2 0 0 2 0

Power State 5 2 0 3 1 0 4

Elution Component 2 2 0 0 1 1 0

Total Connections 12 0 4 8 5 4 3

Total States forconnections 8 6 2 0 1 4 3

Total Single States 7 4 0 3 2 1 4

Functional Knowledge k Pmblem SolvingJ. 0. Gismo and D. Muff

Table 11

Frequencies of Correspondence:

Initial-Trial Tasks

Page 213

ElamantIma klutni.ialask Comtiostagion EciaLlatelasfign

fdifigi.ligua NOR Aztaamin. Nos

Power-From 8 0 0 8 8 0 0

Connect 28 0 0 28 16 0 13

Wire, Attach 18 0 18 0 0 18 0


Switch, Ports 10 10 0 0 6 4 0

Switch-Set 10 10 0 0 0 4 6


Power State 22 10 0 12 4 0 18

Button Componert 9 9 0 0 2 7 0


Total States forConnections 38 28 10 0 6 18 14

Total Simile States 31 19 0 12 6 7 18

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Functional Knowlee ki Protairn 13o Ivh1J. G. Greeno and D. ftraw Piqe 31

Statistical summaries of info:natio* in the two ldnds cl instruction =respondingto elements of the planning nets are given in Tables 12 and 13.

Table 12

Frequencies of Correspondence: Task 1 Elements

and instruction Given by Greeno and Berger (1987)

Elamsalwat Numaoleak ConaLlatitaskin EataLlastactian

SiaaLaulais thins Banciluilia None

Power-From 2 0 0 2 2 0 0

Connect 6 0 0 6 1 2 3

Wire, Attach 4 0 0 4 0 1 3


Switch, Potts 2 0 1 1 1 1 0

Switch-Set 2 0 1 1 0 2 0


Power State 5 2 0 3 3 1 1

Button Component 1 1 0 0 0 0 1


Total States forConnections 8 1 4 3 2 5 1

Total Single States 6 3 0 3 3 1 2

Comparison ofthe StatiStiCS in Tables 12 and 13 with those in Tables 10 and 11clarifms how the ins:rued= in the two expaiments produced the diffemnt msults that weobtained. In them and Berpris (1987) experimem, specific informadon In the fimcdonalinstructkm cceresponded to about 40% of de elements of all three cd' CategOrieSin the planning nets, while specific infecund= in the component *.to Ironically none of the elements involving commcdons between commons or states ciswitetats that determine connection. These was inf in the compon= instructionspecifically about dm control of single compmnts, lmt tbis was apparently not sufficient,

36

Funotbrier Mewled. hi Problem &WmJ. G. Memo and D. Bogor

in the absence of Wormed= about connessions, to reovkk a basis kror ,.ti th the pees expedment, with tissiozhes awed as components

, 1 in the functkuml Wineskin canspanded si nearly cme-halfof&mews involving cminecdres bonen componems, but diem was litde

specific information about states of swkches that determine connections. in must,informatimi in tie "" " '' inStMetiOn '' "-''' 1 ' i . kt about three-fourths of

planning-no denims , . i , : states ofswitches. CCIWOCM insuucskm alsoincluded spedfic loft:mad= about MOM of tbe Fdanning-net skims invtiving the stmes41 single components than the fa" instruction in both experiments,diffeience was smnewhat greater in the momexperiment than in Gnaw 'and" t:l L II! s

(1987) experiment.

Me 32

Table 13

Frequencies of Correspondence: Initial-Trial Task Elements

and Instruction Givers by Greeno and Berger (1987)

ElemanLInla

Power-From

ConnectWire, Attach

Compons., Ports

Switch, Ports

Switch-SetButton Switch

82818

Power State 22

Sutton Component 10

raglasinsation EcinUnatatelian

Utskluiza, HIL112 Allikaufiuttah NMI

Total Connections 54Total States for

Conrections 38

Total Single States 32

0 8

0 28 10 8 10

0 1 C: 3 3 12

4 0 4 4 0 4

4 6 2

2 8 3 7

10 0 10

9 0 13 11 4 7

8 2 0 0 3 7

0 0 54 21 11 22

4 16 18 15 19 4

17 2 13 11 7 14

3 7

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Functional KnouIee RUA= BravingJ. a Greene and D.Beigsr Pat. 34

linctional insttucticat only in a minor way, involving the talequacy riesidanations tint they

mild gin about correct soludons. The funkmal insmmtion, however, was Mk:nodallymme effective than the ccvnpommtinstructkm mending strategic awes of diagnostkptcthlem solving.

Acknowledgement

Supported by ONR Contact N0001488K0152, Ploket code 4422549.

References

Bibby P. A., & Payne, S. J. (1989). Knowledp ci devices: Internalised= ofdesctiptions? Departmems of Psychology and Continuing, University

of Lancaster.

deKleer, J. & &own, J. S. (1981). Mental mockis of physical mechanisms and dmirIn J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive AM and their acquigrion.

n NJ: Lawrewe Bribe= Associates.

Oreeno, J. O., & D. (1987). A model of functimal(Rego No. t K-1). School of Education, University of

Kieras, D. (1984). A simulat.km model for Focedure infereme from a mental model for adevi:e. Technical Report No. 15 (UARZ/DWIR-84/)NR-15). Department

of Univasity of Arizona.

Kieras, D. (1988). What mennd model should be taught: Claming instmctirmal =tentfor - =gingered systetns. In J. Psotka, L. D. & S. A Mutter(Eds.), nselligent tutoring systems: Lessons learned (pp. U-112). Nillsdale, NJ:Lawrence alba= Associates.

Kiel's, D., & Bovair, S. (1984). The role of a mental model in learning to operate aCognidve Science, 8, 255-273.

Towne, D. M., & Munroe, A. (1988). TinL D. & S. A. Mutter (Eds.), /(pp. 479- Hillsdale, NI: Lawtence Ed

till maims= system. In J. Psotka,*toting moans: Lessons learnedAssociates.

39

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Functional Kiip In Problem Salm Appendbcal. G. Chew and D. ftgv Page 38

SatEENI

Remenber dad a task is caripleted when the mquested Wier appears in the VST box, therip most compiman image. For example, if the ask is to make the device workwith V, then you have dun this when a "V" was in die VST box.

41

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Functbred Knowiedp In Problem Solving: Appendix II

0. Greeno and D. Berger MP 38

SOLEMN

This devkie has two attractive features. First, it can receive pow from different sourceswhile shnuhanemuly storing dm energy. Second, an ow= can easily connect theparts ci the vsn000 power supply system in different 11111111ganeMS.

SCREEN9F Question

One ci the attractive females of the VS12000 system is

a: its similarity to miur power stingy system.b: there is just csie arrangement to the system.c: the ability to use and smre epargy simulatnewsly.

SCREEN1W

There are three possible power sources for a VST2000 each of which is in the fomi of aMar= metimm. 1) The sun's rays me cme medium, and 2) the second comes inthe ftem of tlx recently developed Panianau PowerTablet. 3) The thini energyagent is in the rechargable vegesable matter of an Energy Bar.

SCREEN11F

To make the stm shine, just press in the "Sunshine" butm

SCREEN12F

A typical consumerbefore=Owed

SCREEN13F

Each of the three sources is "captured" diffuently, for instance, 1) the sun's rays arebrought into the Solar Pack via a Mao-Receptor. Similarly, 2) the Tablograph'sabsorptiot needle picks up energy flan the Power Tablets, and lastly, 3) theVegetor's scanner catalyzes the veptable matter of theEnergy Bar.

dessination) of pma in an earth vehicle is its engine. However,the VSTMN mctor, the - % sources just introduced must be

ft:mauled md thenI

SCREEN14F

Furthermore, the Energy Bar can only be scanned mule for energy, after which it must berecharpd.

SCREEN15F Question

Sun rays, a power tablet and rechargbk vegetal* matter

a: are similar mediums whose enemy is captured differently.b: arc &relent mediums and are captured differeedy.c: captum different types of energy similarly

Fimodwal Knewledga In Problem Solving: Appendk IIJ. G. Greene and D.fger

SOLEEN1f17

After the

Palle 39

sources are captured they wed 'so be uansfimned, and each =pot=this with a Power +ft -ffimw. This devke amens the capured

so that the aura that comes fran each of the source components is in aform: an impulse signal.

SCREEN17F

Energy from theexterrud lines.passed internally.

SCREENIW Question

or the Veptor are passed along to the Impulse Pudfkr byagar pack is a part of the Impulse Purifier, so its smergy is

External lines azt needed to pass energy to the Impulse Purifur fium

a: the Solar Pack and the Veiptor.b: the Tabby* and the Solar Pack.c: the Vegetor and the Tablogra*

SCREEN19F Qinstion

Signals which reach the Impulse Purifier

a: arc in different forms dependin* on the signal's source component.b: are alwar passed via external hues.c: are in a single form.

SCREEN2OF

When an en -srpv source connects to the purifier via external lines, the cables are attadtd tothe VST Switches and thfm the mifier's input plugs. Furthermore, there is an inputrklector switch on the Immise Purifier whkh ars dk user to select one of thecomb:cud impulse signals.

SCREEN21F

Instead of =meeting cables to plugs on the system VST2000 seen on the screen, thissystem mes several switches for this purpose. Realize that each toggle in the middleof the scram represents an input or cutput plug for tlx purifier.

SCREEN22F

There arc 3 input plugs - 11, VI and AI, what the external source components' cables (Le.PrO and Ta0) comma The other two togples, VO and MO, iat the . soutput plugs which can connect to destination device lines - ReI and

SCREEN23F

It is important to realize that dmre is a correspondence between a setting on the SelectorSwitch and an ininn "plug" on the pinifier.

4 4

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.410. 1 0 1 ,I1 . II 141 ..* III. 6) (II PL-:11 .. I I.. 5 1 II, I f ...11 11 t142.1

..45 ..4 A 5 t 0 10 &L. ' - t!6.,.....11 14 ,1f6 '4 liL.I.Aht. 1.:_711.1 6 1 . 1 ... A

b I ... II ..0 II 1t6.1 16 6. III, t.4 4 II) I io,1116 01 4 II. I It 10 4)4, 51 oti ..., A IP IIlmmirmio_-

4 -.4 31.4_1I 41 42 '4/4... 4 / .141, I. 4. I, IS II, _.._... 1 s_

5,...Se 0/ 11 4 -1714 "44. -.... 11 .-4:4-..11. el -.4/ 4.1 7.__-__4 1.4 _4 ' ..._SA-.1,i,44 11-

. 64 111 1 .4 I 1.1.;`,...:_ I .4 1. 1I At '_-(.7.1i!.'

... it* !ki-L1).--: I ...1 , t

II -414-!.! !,_. -VI1 i ' 11..4

ta A

"1 1ii

I he. I .11

I 1 10 ' 5.164/ 1.1...11,01 I. 11

Si ft ttitiO 114 1_01,_4_74 1 -Ai

4:I 5 .it 44 t11tvii4.. lo.te ti te IS, t.i

.5 '5: I itt:Ale

i '.5. .5 4 ..- 4 5 54 3.1 41Iii...../ 4.. It ts 3,15 1 6_11 11 .4 11 A 11, II I. .4 01 ' 6 I "IS.

. 1,-- 0 6 * ,...,;. i:..-11.1 I .1_ 11: 11 ,14. 5 11 3 113 4 it 14.1%11 1 III.. 4151,

lit 11 -,1 1 4. 9 ' I. -I , I 5 1 I 1.2.4....22.2.;L 1......., I ... 1_51 3 I I 0

'Y./ I I Ili II ' ..1 55345 I ... t 5 _+, 43

Functional Knowledge In Problem Solving: AppendixJ. G. Greeno and D. ftw'

SCREEN32F Question

The signal selected mi the Impulw Purifier

a.. can be sent to more than we device at a time.b: cannot be stored while it is Al_ used.c: may be used to =barge tin h.

4 6

FUTIC1101101 In Problem Solving: Appendix 10J. (3. Groom and D.

Appendix

Component Instruction Screens

SCREEN l S

You are going to be introduced to several components which make ty the VST2000

system.

SCREEN'S

PPP 42

(if Diagnosdc.Day then) Yestaday, you Imre taught several °peat* procedures for theVS72000 system. Today, you will be asked to fix the system who it malfumttions.

(else) Today, you will be tau&several (venting procedues kr the VST2000 system.You are expected to leam the states of the sysatm's compare= andhow theanyone= work in these states. Tomonow, you will be asked to fix dm system

when it malfmtctions.

SCREEN3S

To change a kna or switch, just mow the mouse pointer to the desired regkm of a toggle

and press the left bunco. If the switch does rot respond, just click the left Won

again.

SCREEMS

Them are 5 different comproents in this system, and they are: (1) a Tablogmph, (2) aVegetor, (3) an Impulse Purifier, (4) a VST Motor BM (5) several VST Switches.

Frathamore, each of these system comp:num is made up of several constimentparts, and you will be introduced to all of these.

SCREEN5S

The lbws" on tin Screen represent wires that comectwires ori the Screen carry electricity. While duImpulse Power Signals.

SCREEN6S

4611111 111$ The W cokredcolored wires carry

Funhennort, the value at one end of a whe will be the same as tlx value at the other end of

the wire.

SCREWS

The T 6 6 4 6" is a device mark up of 6 consdtuent parts. These are: (I) a State Selector

S (2) an Energy Converter, (3) an A 6 6 9 I Needle, (4) a PennanentPower Tablet, (5) an electrical plug and (6) the ID =nectar plug.

Rawl Iona! Knowledge m Pattern So lvtg: App./lainJ. G. Mew and D. Berger Mae 43

SCREENIIS

DIAGRAM T.State.Switch

The 1 =IV= in du:tricky at the elecuical Ow, and this plug connects to theState Switch. ff that is *ma:1*y resent at port "a", then when the swkchis in the P Psothm posidon, electricity is passed from port "a" to port "V. Wksin thank& position, the switch does not pass any skaricity.

SCREENOS QUESTION

DIAGRAM T.State.Switch

The Tabbgraph's Selector Switch will always pass eixtricity

a: Mum in the or position.b: if them is electricity at is "a" port and it is in the "P" positian.c: if there is electicity at its "a" port.

SCREEN lOS

DIAGRAM Tablet

Another pan of the tablograph is tie Permanent Power 'Met. This tablet is made up of aninfinite number of panicles that axe constantly giving off benign Raw Tablet Power.

SCREEN11S

DIAGRAM Needk

The third ccestituent part of the Tallograph is the Absorption Needle. If there is electricitypresent at the ,Nd e's port "b", it can a. it Os raw power at its point and pass thepower out at port "a". If there is no 6" present al pa bn, tim the needlecannot captum or pass the raw power.

SCREEN12S

DIAGRAM T-Converter

The next part of the tablogsph is the Power Convener. Tim ccoverter is activated whenelectricity is pram at port "a". When activated, the converter takes Raw TabletPower from port "b" and transform it into an Impulse : Simi with the valueof 1 The . , . , Sign21 kaves the °mem at port "c". ., .4 is no electricity toactivate the . Converter, it will not rand= or pass a signal.

4 8

Functional Knoee hi Probiem Solving: Append( IllJ. G. Gann° and D.Berger Page

SCREEN13S QUESTION

DIAGRAM T-Converta

When activated, the Tablograph's Power Cmwerter

a: will have electrkity at pod "a".b: takes saw power nom port "b" awl transforms and sends it as Impulse Energy to port

c: does bmh a and b above.

SCREEN I4S

44

DIAGRAM Th-Plug

The TabbgraWs final cons:luau is the MO ccemector plug whkh allows the Tablogngitto connect to other commends. Ta0 is a Td-Plug which allows the Tablograph tomake 3 ccenections. Thus in the diagram above, pmts "h", "c" and "d" all receivethe value at port "a".

SCREEN15S

As a whole th .;.. :i has two states, Halt and Prodme, which att set with the StateSelector Switch. in dm Produce P posidon, there is an Impulse Signal withthe value ci 1 Fes= at the ports of the 110 come= plug. However, no signal ispresent at the connector phis wino the switch is in the Halt H position.

SCREF...N16S QUESTION

Whkh constitnems of the Tablograph need electricity to work?

a: The Power Converter and the Absorption Needle.h: The State Sekctor Switch and the Pennsnent Power Tablet.c: the Power Calve= and the Ta0 ConnectorPlug.

SCREEN17S QUESTION

Which statemem is false?

a: The State Seketm Switch determines the state of the Tablograph.b: The Tablogaph can connect to otherc: Time is always an Imindse Signal at the a0 commun. plug.

11:1

SCREEN18S

Another component in the system, the V ".." yhas 8 cautiment parts, many ci whkh aresimilar to the .'s Vegetor's rens art: (1) a State Selector, (2)an Energy Converter, ) a - - (4) an Energy Bar, (5) the Setup Button, (6)an electrical plug and (7 and 8) two connector plugs, PrO and ReL

4 9

. .

t C' 11

!.,14'i_I

I uI III '1 1 1111 If .. 41 ..1..4 -.: II, +.4111,14'1 1 11, .,. 11. 1. I 1/ I/ 4"/

- 41...

b.* CI ..1./.7,4 4 14' \' " 11 Iff,."Al. .14/1, Vitt t 1...,......:_ii I 121

.1.451 t' i v 4 441 11. ..1,-,e.t *II s. III 11 4_ a 1 ....11 .Vs k ... t . .-/ _-_...

'\111411 1111C ,-.1 It,- II It t 'IC t t t: t 1 'I...0_1 4..1044 OH itl 11P, 1_1_21 11

AN:

11: u e

1 4'1 11 1'11 b /

,.n4 11,1A

Dr v:10, ki ID,IF V Ls

_

f ....*_blift"111, 0.21'.:"1-:_f__

"

..11.114 1, 111,.. If

4 4 t -

1.1/al I 11.'111. I

, f f:1::: .111 I

r ft

tIVI

1 I 11 I 111 I....11.1A SAN 'J.,. 11,11,11

1,.. A

l.4.11 6,111:1,11111L.....4 I' 4.4 11 01 I ..1 A : I it, ...,1, 1... 11` 11 L4.... II VI If I. '1_

''''-':. 14 _..V. If ft Olt 11 "A:, ad / It.,_,. 1 / 111:4 I I 1 b: 11 I ....M. Its .4$ - A1

. bkp . 1 I11 1144. V. 1 I.It 1 V 't.' fill,' If Ct.. 4 IV . ...IA* "4-11

e u

I II 01,0* !Ili 6I 1 --IA ?.; II I,- I I - 1

. 1 ...1 - ...tot sAft, II II, 6,1,...,7: r 1...1,_ I

If IIi52...- kg I ...., 4 $41, it I 4. ,-:. It t _1,1 " -A lot ..,..11 'A:a...II 1

II 111/.. It 6.1, 44 A. '' III If I -- 1 /1",1 iaL '' 4 ''' _4 j 1 c. ...I , t_tA 1.".

II 4 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 I I I I I i i i -0 n 45 f,,,, f.' Hi i ..-t'Its..S. /..'" 11 4w,!LI .'.. -II 1 ' ',,, I I/ II/ ow 1, 1* .111 --: tt I ti: (4 f t II t s- .

if .., 1 .4 _41, 1 ..I 1 ,' 1 ...4,..._.1ftlf... II 11.41 1 11 1,4 /II V: ' III 1 fl ..,1

1.1._1 1/

V 10

11,11) I 1Is .4 :A1 4*44 I 1 VII I 01 V I I Ilft

-4f Sp .4 I f %II ..11 1 10 f_t_11

Functional Knmeledp ki Problem Solving: Appendix III1. 13. Greeno and D. Stow PalP 46

will move back to the beginning of the track (Le. the far left), if thew is an electricalsignal present at pon "a".

SCREENZU QUESTION

The Vegeta.% scan=

a: automatically tnoves back to the - 4'1" " ci the track what it nachos the far right end.b: can scan dm Energy Bar several thnes recharging.c: imut be in contact with vegetable matter to pass raw energy.

SCREEN26S

DIAGRAM Scanner.Setup

One of the parts of the whole VSTMOO system is the Setup Born When thebake) pressed, an electrical sipal is sent out pon "a".

SCREEN27S

DIAGRAM V.Convener

Mmther one of the Vegeta.% ccestiments that is similar to the Tablograph's is the EnergyConverter. Like the TalAograph% =sinner the Vegeta% converter is activatedwhen electricity is present at pat "d". When solvated with an electrical value of I,the convener takes raw - 4 from port "a", transforms it into an Impulse EnergySignal with the value of 2 ,, passes tbe signal to port "c".

SCREENZIS

DIAGRAM V.Calverter

The reverse happens when dx converter is activated by electrkity with the value of2 . Inthis instance, if an Impulse Energy Signal is present at port V, then the convertertransforms dm signal Into raw energy and passes it to port "a".

SCREEN29S

Like many other constituents, if there is no electricity to activate the Power Convener, thenno energy will be transformed or passed.

SCREEN3OS QUESTION

DIAGRAM V.Convener

When the Vegetor's converter is activated with an electrical value of 1,

a: it transforms an Impulse Signal into rawb: raw energy is taken fmtn port "a"

c: the scanner moves from right to left

51

into an Impulse signal and passed to port

--.1

41.C1_:11:1jC

I, .1-Iyi_ . ik,L4 411.'1111 ...-±i1, It . t/ a 1.11... /.4 1._. ......72,0 I

It. O'f - t_..t.....:t1 41,1rt..,11f .. /111 .1 4 ,4 '1,:i6 ,.2.,, 6 .0.1 .., 0 AI 5,

1114111.14`4.

' 14 ' P.. C41 .. 4.0 1"4 44 VII 4 11. 1 . ' '. 1 bAl_i":1A,'. "' I I t IS

I 4 4 11 5 t .211111_. I

I .*1 It I, 1-...:...4_11 -.5 .Ittt,Itt_421-1 '' It! 1. ,2 1,,.1. -2 1,... ,...c, ,..:. 4 ... C I t .. 'A,

11 111,.... ..11.Ills... 1

t It ' I 7!! ft,

:1 11155,55. 1

I I .111 IC is l"

c.LICA. .12_,.

It It A ft*Air

v- S

I

lo 4

.11 1/1 o

tl 21 215 41.

t1t - V.', SI t

SI r_t_

11.7.A

I " 1,-44t$ SiSs

,

51 211 -6.t. ,1 45 115 6._ 1,..2

411,114,44111 / 515 I 2 to 'I

14 5s I `,1 I I 11., -*A 11 I V 4,

4 1445 45 1_4.111 1,41 .41,,,

15,

A II' 11 11 1

of 11 111 141; III

c 6.11 II to '1 V. OA I. VV`p.1 1,p

421.111Al_r 6 6.11,1114 6,1 ..!11.2 '11 ,16,11_ 11.'1 I 11.111. 11114...1.45 1 I 1- 6,4 I ;21 11...,,5

4.1 12.L.Le.:. II 411 t 11 IItI I ' 6.od ._-_.4 -. ' 61...t.] I to : 1 - A,s

141 41 in, 4 11411 1

- 0 4. 1 I: If 11 61°1 i ' 1 -',._b_i? I ,I ,it 6 II t 0....

111 II St I 14I,. **- 1,1164i.,.. 21 ,r.

ittl It, , tit it .._11!........ it ii ...1 -it.Ity ti: ._

' L ,, .. .A..,, , k, ,, .1 45

t 1 ii.t.L..._ a _ti., I I I t I I , -ii 1 44 !.!_i_ 1 411 i 4 111 1...6.. _t_ 6

,6 ... . 6 .1141 441 t 41, ' I 2.1 it '641 51 Ots 41 5..4....1 lo,t 1

0 ... I I --t.. ' I It' t i ':1.7:--5-'

Functions! ICnowindp in PROW Solving: Amen& WJ. G. Green° aid D. fftrger

saumnasDukatAbt sothrpack

The and the Sok Pack consdurents are ommected as oneunit. If sunlightIrks the , it is focused on dm Saha. Pack and is passed as raw tummyto prm "a". Realize that when dm sun is not shining, no raw energy is passed.

SCREM9S

To make the sun shim, *it press in the *Sunshine" button.

SCREEN4OS QUESTPDN

The Solar Pack

a: passes raw energy Indy when dm sun is shining.b: directly receives sunlight and it as raw energy.c: stores sunlight received from Photo-Receptor.

SCREEN41S

DIAGRAM SP.Converter

Like the first twe =moms the Impulse Pinifier has an Energy Convener. l'he conveneris activated when there is elecrticity at port "c". If activated, the converter willtransform raw energy that is present at port "a" and pass ft as an Impulse Signalwith dm value of 3 m poet "b".

SCREIDI42S

DIAGRAM SP.Converter

If them is no raw army at pon "a" or if there is no ekaty present at pon "c", then theconverter wiZ not transform or pass any energy.

SCREEN43S

DIAGRAM P.Selector.Switch

Another new constituent is the Impulse Putifier's Selector Swftch. The switch's positionsallow an Impulse Sigial to pass frail either the "d" the S positim "a" the Tpositicm, "b" the V . . or "c" the A . ports to post "c", For example,when the Sekctor -4. is in the V . , an Impulse Signal will flow fromport "b" to port "c".

SCREEN44S


However, if there is ixampulse Sigrial at port "b" when the switch is in the V position,then no signal will be passed to port "e".

Functional KnawIece in Prol,lorn Solving: Appal& 111

J. G. Grame and D. .m

SCRUMS QUESTION

DIAGRAM P.Selector.SwItch

When the Impulse Pura= Selector Switch is in the "T" posiiton

a: an Impulse Signal will always flow frcan port "a" to port "e".b: an Impulse will be Fesent at port sa".c: a signal will to port "e" provkled an Impulse Signal is inesent at port "a".

SCREEN46S

Pails 49

DIAGRAM Piniikr

The next madman pan of the Impulse Purifier is its Purifier. Me a converter, the purifieris only mivated when then is electricity pewit at pcat "c". If so, then tin purifierwill launckir the Ingiulse Signal ;resent at port "a" and pass it to port "b".

SCREEN47S

DIAGRAM Purifier

Realize that if there is no electrkity at pcct "c" cs- if there is no signal at port "a", thennothing will be purified or passed.

SCREEN4SSA

DIAGRAM Purifier

There is a safety feature in the Impulse Purifier's purifier which Fevents the system fromover loading. When the purifier receives a signal with a value water than 3 at port"a", it automatically shuts off and does not send a signal out pcet "b".

SCREEN49S

DIAGRAM PLUG

Like the connector pallow the

t 14:

111 i 1

cm the previous components, the 11, VI, AI, VO and MO plugsPurifier to connect to the War components in the system.

SCREEN5OS

When functioning as a complete unit the Impulse Purifer will purify the Impulse Signalselected by the Selector Switch. This Inundated sigpal will be passed to the VO andMO connector plugs. If the Ohm-Receptor is receiving sintlight, the ImpulsePurifier's Solar PW- t will generate an Impulse Energy Signal with the value of 3.

54

Functionid Knowee In Pmhiem Soiving: Appendx IIIGlum* and D. ftw.

SCREEN51S QUESTION

When the Inwulse Pittifier is functioning as a conwlete unit

a: the laundered signal will be Fesent at only an of the VO or MO coanctor phigs.In the Sipa& to be launchned is thitermitwd by the SelectorSwitch.c: the . Pack can always genemte a signal which can be selected by the Selector

Switd.

SCREEN52S

DIAGRAM TLSwitch

There are two diffennit types of VST Switcins in the system. The first is an I-Type switchof which there are three: TI, VI and AL Tine are twoci the other, 0-Type,switches: VO and MO. For I-Type switches, if them is an energy signal at port "b"and tlx switch is in the up Ta0 then the sign& will flow nom port "la" to

"a". Likewise, when in the $ . wn PrO tti.. an enemy signal will flowport "c" to port "a" if there is an - Signal present at port sec".

SCREEN53S

DIAGRAM TI.Switch

When in the OFF pcnition, no signal will flow to port "c".

SCREEN54S

DIAGRAM MO.Switch

The 0-Type Switch works in reverse. Depending upon the t t of the switch, angum sipal will flow firm port "a" to eitkr port up or Rai or port "c" downor Mol . For example, if there is an Impulse Signal present at . "a" and theswiad is in the down Mel positimi, thni the signal will flow . port "a" to port"c". Like the I-Type switch, no signal will flow to port "b" or pcast "c" when in theOFF posidon.

SCREEN55S QUESTION

1-type switches

a: have two Impulse Energy "source" ports1b: have two hnpulse Energy "destbiation" ports.c: have we Inwulse Energy "source" pon.

SCREEN56S

The last component in the VST2000 system is the VST Motor. It is made up of 2constituent pans, I the VST Indicator and 2 the MoI comuctor plug.

SCREEN57S

Like all the other connector plugs, the Mol plug allows the VST Motor to connect to otlxrcomp:scents.

Functional Kn0 In Problem Solving: Appendix III

J. G. Grano and D. Paile 51

SCREEN58S

DIAGRAM Meaux

The last =sumo to be examined is dm VST Indica= Depending upon the vahm of the

signal at pon "an, a differ= letter will appear in the indicator. For example,if the has a value of 3, then an "S" will spear in the indicator.Other vat=arm or no signal - tothing in the indicator, 1 - a "r in the indicator; and 2 - a "V"in the imfkator.

SCREENS% QUESTION

Tim Indicator

a: always slams the sum letter.b: reflects the signal present at the Molc: reflects the state of the Impulse

ufe

C CI _j6 *

"

/4 I t 11 _411 41

-141Art

,...4) '00

"11040 0., 1 I

V ktki 41 4,4 -,44

1,01, kIcl .8.V..10 e 44.-4,4348 I/ 44,04i 44 1 44_,4tor4

111-.41 b.% 14.4 r c ' II 0-4`1111 It" VI .4

$4 t I 11 I it' / I II `I ...I .0

-I/ II 4 41 ,!,`....? III 01:11 41 121.011... 1 ,*.41I ..,41111 11 11 1 1.111..11-

I "I IF, AA./ ' I ALIA II I III t 41,

I k.:1171114 44 10 If 31 I .14 O'

.01 0 , '41) 4....1 t, it il I I k..:1__

II 4.1 I I 4, tAll 4 I II 1.11,..110 I ...t1 II . 011,1_4010_01 1_2_

zr_kic

11 110 I , 1441 L_Ls 114 If' 88 1 002111.1.1 .11 !It %/1l_o.1 0, .8 '

'111148.1 11 ' 4,..7 1 III I 14 :" I 144..1

1 4 14 . 1 1 , 1,-,1 II 4 4,......4 111 4. It. ' 4 01 1,-...,1 111 1 0 .....1 4 ...4 A

44 i 1444141 04-1._ 1, bitt..ei ,18: 'IV ..1.,,t), I l.,4: - ...--1 111 I 4 1 I 4 41A1

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Ork

4 t .40 I ' 4 111f MILL - II I - 4 1 411 1 8..4"..i.:4 I/ 4111 Mil -, -41

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14 it Ii 111_0A_JI 11t0.1 6,1 As_a,

*I !II IV 4 11,t1 4011./0-1111.0...k1 '

V ,`.1141.,....4 ' 1_:._41 6. 4,41,112, 6_7:IL& tL 1 6)6,

Ir. II. ...IPS 11 r1 kt,

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Gi ;

I 14166., 6. /1 1.JI

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6

,

/ b s I_Lt1.1 1 442,_

_.4,21i15.24_,_ 10 k.,t, I 4. .14 It Ilk, 11.:_t11 4:0 7.41 1 0.11 /Al, 411/,2/ .AV I I 01111....,

tt 0.0.12.-211 twit till 61 0.021 11 t 11 1

64 aa

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tt0tt k r 1 a 0. 11 ill . -_111_11, 1 II,11./ t., t ,

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: *A

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1

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I II

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5 T 4*1 l. ' t t 1 0 4 _44 t a t.., 6. ' -412.L.,%t,, 1 ' 04 11111 51

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lit 4. 6 /ft., r

a J .5121 4 4 11

11_,0 11111-11:1A II -.06114%

I ;it *.e*.... -..t.:" ' 5 11/4.....0,lig :4Ais -.6 ...., I 1644e SI, 1 II , it.. t ' 0 '4 15 1 :,( .2,

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0 1 :41. iv Hi 'A... il_,,_ tIt lij 4 1 ... 4 . 6

Funcibno Knowce Wi Probiem Soivitv: Appendix IVJ. G. &sena and D. ww Page 54

SCREENlal

DIAGRAM: 'Mkt

The Tabkkgral:th receives its raw emu film a Permanent Power Tablet. Ibis tablet is

made up of an infmke umber of particles that are constantly giving off benign Raw

Taliet Pmm.

SCREE1117B

DIAGRAM: Energy.Bar

The Vegnor gets its raw energy frau an Energy Bar. It is ma& up of vegetable mauer that

can be scanned kr energy. This vegetable matter can only be scanned mice after

which it must be recharged.

SCREEN111B

To make the sun shine on the Thoto-Recepur, just press in the "Sunshitz" button.

SCREEN19B QUESTION

The Tablograph, tin Veptor and tin Solar Pack

a: are the 3 desthudim components of the system.b: get their raw energy fp= a PowerTablet, an Energy Bar and the sun's rays,

respectively.c: get tie* raw cony funn similar mediums.

SCREEN2OB QUESTION

The Vegetorls Energy Bar

a: can only be scanned once dux which it must be recharged.b: is made up of an infinite number of partkles that ale consantly giving off TM energy.

c: can be scanned many times before being recharged.

SCREEN21B

The three source components have several sknilar ccestituents. Fust, each has a StateSwitch or Power Swift*, which receives electricity from an ekctrical plug.

-44 "11 oupon the position of the switch, this received elactrkity may or may not

be passed the switch.

SCREEN22B

The : s State Switch has 2 positions, "H" and "P" which correspond to the Halt

Produce states.

Ftectional KnowIe In Problem Solving: Appendix IVJ. G. Gmeno and D. Dew Patie 55

SCREEIC3B

DIAGRAM: T.State.Switch

The Tablograph receives its electricity at the ekeuical plug, and this plug connects to theState Selector Switch. If these is electricity pies= at przt am, tka when the switchis in the "P" Produce position, electricity is passed frmn port "a" to pot "b". Whenin the "H" Hak position, dm switch does nm pass any electricity.

SCREEN2413 QUESTMN

The Tabkgraph's State Switch will always pats elecuicity

a: wium in the "P"lx whenever it rw. dectricity fimn the electrkalc: if it receives electricity from the elecutal plug it is in the "P" position.

":11:4

SCREEN25B

Similarly, the Impulse Purifier has a Power Switch with 2 positions: "+" cm and "-" off..

SCREEN20

DIAGRAM: P.Power.Switch

The Impulse Purifier has a Power Switch that is comected to an ekcuical plug. Mum thePower Switch is in the "+" mi position and there is ekctricity at port"a", electricitywill fiow to port "h". However, no electricity will flow when the switch is in the "-" off position, or if there is no electricity present at pmt "a".

SCREEN=

The Vegetor has a State Switch, mimh like the Tablograph's, but the Vegetor's has anadditional positkm, "R", which ccoespouls to the Recharp state.

SCREEN21113

DIAGRAM: Veg.Stam.Switch

Like the Tabbgtaph, the Vegetor receives its ekctricity at its elecuical plug which isconnected to the State Selector. If daze is eketrkky poem at port "a", then whendm selector is set to "p" Produce , ekctricity with a value of l is passed to port "b".

SCREEN29B

DIAGRAM: Veg.State.Switch

Similarly, whim the sekctor is in the "R" Recharge position and tine is electricity at port"a", electricity with a value of 2 is passed to prnt "b". Furthamme, when dmSelector Switch is in the "H" Halt positkin, no ekctricity will be passed.

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Functional KnowIece in Problem Solving: Nnxondix IV

J. G. Greeno and D. ftaw Page 57

SCREEN36B

DIAMAM: Scaimer

When the Vegetor is in the Rechmie R state lomat* slighdy different TheScan= is =Witted by the Veipatw's State Switch wkh electricity value 2 at port"c". In this case, the Scanner will move along the uack, and its head will rechargethe Energy B. ar's vtgaahk matter via part "d" if there is an energy signal at port

SCREEN37B

DIAGRAM: Scanner

If the Scanner receives no ele firm the State Swita at "g then the Scanner willstop moving Eros the W Furthermore, who' the is at dm far right endof the vat*, then the Saumer will move back to the beginningof the uack (i.e. thefar if there is an electrical signal presan at pert "a.

SCREEN38B

DIAGRAM: Scanner.Setup

The Scanner receives its setup signal from ow of the simplest parts of the whole VST2000system, the Sal* Burton. When this button is pressed, an electrical signal is sentout its port "a".

SCREEN39B

DIAGRAM: SolarPack

The third " " constituent in the VST2000 system is the Photo-Recepter/Solar Packunit. If sunlight hits the Photo-Recepter, it is focused on the Solar Pack and ispassed as raw amrgy to port "a". Realize that when the sun is not shining, no rawenergy is passed.

SCREEN4OB QUESTION

DIAGRAM: Scanner

The Vegetor's Scan=

a: will recharge the Energy Bar if there is an aiergy signal at port "b" and the Vegaor is inthe Recharp R state.

b: will always pass raw tummy when in the Produce P state.c: is activated by the Saup Button.

SCREEN41B QUESTION

The Solar Pack

a: sms sunlight received from the Photo-Receptcr.b: directly receives sunlight and passes it as raw energy.c: passes raw energy only when the sun is shining.

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Functional Knowledge M Probken So NMI): Appendix IVJ. G. Greene and D.SWgBT Page 80

SCREEN568

WI= in its final, Halt H state, the Vegeta will neitha recharge the bar tux produce an

energY MgnaL

SCREEN= QUESTION

'The Vege ta. is different from the Tablog* because

a: the Vegetor passes an Impulse Signal to its came=plug.b: the Vegetor can techarge in source of raw enagy (i.e. the Enrgy Bar).c: the Vegeux's capturing constituent and Converter are activated by the State Saha.

SCREEN5813

DIAGRAM: SP.Converter

Like the first two compannts the Impulse Purifia has an Convener. TheConverter is activated what it receives electrkity En= Power Swittit at pat "c".If activated, the Convener will take raw energy received fium the Solar Paok at part"a" and transform it into an Impulse Signal with the value of 3 . The Impulse Signalthen kayo the Convata at port V.

SCREEN59B

DIAGRAM: SP.Converter

If the Convener does not receive electric* frail the Power Switch at port "c", then theConvener will not transform or pass any energy.

SCREEN6OB

Energy from the Tablograph and the Vegeta ate passed to the Impulse Purifier alongexternal lines. The Solar Pack is a part of the Impulse Punfia, so its energy ispissed internally.

SCREEN6IB QUESTION

External lines are needed to pass energy to the Impulse Puffer from

a: tin Solar Pack and the Veb: the Tablograph and the Pack.c: the Vegeta' awl the Tablograph.

SCREEN62B

The

Produce

and the Vegeta =meet to the external lines via output plugs. TheI has a TOD Tablograph Out connector plug while the Vegetcr has a PrO

connector plug.

C5

Functionai Probitan Solving: Appel,: Us IVJ. a Greene and D. Berger Page 61

SCREEN63B

When the Tablograph or the Vegetor ammo to du Purifier via external lion, the cables areattached to tlx Purifies input plugs. The Purifier has 3 input plugs -11Taphln,VIVegetcrinandAIAuXiliarYIfl.

SCREEN64B

Fre end input plug that is a switch that determines which 4' goes to thatthe system has it In and Ai switches that . . . to the

Plugs.

SCREEN6513

DIAGRAM: TLSwkch

The TI, VI and AI switches are all the same kind of switch, an I-Type si.itch. If the switchreceives an Invulse Signal frmn the at pon "b" and the switch is in theup Ta0 position, then the sigmd will flow pat "b" to port "a". Likewise,when in the down PK) , an anew signal will fkm fiom post "c" to prat"a" if an Implse 3a1 is received from the Vegeta at port "c".

SCREEN66B

DIAGRAM: TI.Switch

Furthermore, wiwn the switch is in the OFF position, no signal will &iv/ to port "a".

SCREEN67B QUESTION

The 'II, VI and Al switches

a: correspmd to the Purifier's mnput up.b: can receive a signal from either the t or.the Vegetor.c: will pass a signal what set at any position.

SCREEN6BB

The Selectcy Switch on the Impulse Purifier determines whichThe Selectee Switch has 4 podtims: "S" for Solar Pack,for Veptor and "A" for Auxiliary.

SCREEN69B

DIAGRAM: P.Selector.Switch

v3iiv signal to pr. r.

The Selectee Switch's allow an 1,1110 Signal to pass frau either the "d" the "S"position , "a" "T" position , "b" "V" position or "c" the "A" position posts toport "e". For example, when the Selector Switch is in the V position , an ImpulseSignal will flow from port "b" to port "e".

C6

Functional Knoudedp m Problem Sotvev: Appendix IVJ. G. Green° and D. Betger Page 62

SCREEN=

DIAGRAM: P.Sebactor.Switch

However, if there is nothen no signal will

el:1011 Signal at port "b" what the switch is in the "V" positkm,pissed to get "c".

SCREEN71B

Because the Solar Pack is camected internally to dm Impulse Purifier, when the SelectorSwitch is in the "S" puitim it always selects the signal fima the Solar Pack.

SCREEN72B


The other 3 positions - "T", "V" and "A" - correspond to the inputSetting dm Selector Switch to one of these positionssignal *odd be purified.

SCREEN73B


TI, VI and AI.which input plug's

It is importuat to realize that the . 4 .. or tin Vegetor can be connected to any of the 3input plugs II w ar A/ Thus, - kill ..,. - .. r . - between a -,.:u on the.,

switch and tut input "pair: setdng the Selector - . to either the "T", or "A"posidon only daernunes which input plug's signal az purify. It does not determinea particular source component accept in the case da tiw "S" setting.

SCREEN74B QUESTION

The Tablograph signal will be forwarded when its external line is plugged into

a: the auxiliary input plug and the switch setting is "Tablograph".b: the Talilograph input plug and the switch is set to "Tablograph".c: the Tablograph input plug and the switch is sa anywinre.

SCREEI475B

Once the Signal is received by the !avulse Purifier it must be laundered by thewhich is another candtuent of the Impulse Purifier.

SCREEN76B

DIAGRAM: Purifier

Like a convener, the ratifier is only activated when it receives electricity flout its PowerSwitch at port "c". When activated, the purifier will launder the Impulse Signalreceived from the Selector Switch at port "a* and pass it to the VO and MOconnector plugs via pon "b".

7

Functional knowie al Problem Solving: Appendbt IVJ. G. Chem and D. forger Page 83

SatE21477B

Whet fun" as a complee unit tin Impulse Puzikr will purify the Impulse Signalselected by the Selector Switth. This latmdered tigaul will be passed to the VO andMO mammy If the Photo-Receptr is receiving sunk; I, tin Imingse%rift's War will gamic tut Impulse Energy Signr4 ith the value 41 3 .

SCREEN78B QUESTION

When the Impulse Purifier is functioning as a complete unit

a: the laundeted signal will be present atonly one of the VO or MO anutectcc plup.b: the Signal to be laundered is tktermined by the Selecta. Switch.c: the Pack can always generate a signal which can be selected by tlw Selector

Switch.

SCRFEN79B

The laundered signal is passed from the Impulse Purifier dinxigh external lines. Theseoutput lines connect to the Impulse Purifier via the Purifier's =apt plugs, VOVegetor Out and MO Mow Out.

SCREENIMB

Similar to the Purifier's input pl the output plup have ccaespondingswitchss. s!itcl.tes, MO VO, ate both 0-Type switches, which

the of the latudeted energy signal.

SCREENS lB

DIAGRAM: MOSwitch

The 0-Type switches work in reverse when compared to I-Type switches. Depending uponthe political d the switch, an energy signal will flow fa= port "a" to eitha port"b" up tn. Rel position or port "c" down or Mol .

SCREEN82BA

DIAGRAM: MO.Switch

For example, if the switch receives an Impulse Signal and dm switch is in the down Malpositice, then the signal will flow fiun pcet "a" to port. "c". Like the I-Typeswitcb,no signal will flow to port "b" or port "c" when the swim)* is in the OIT position.

SCREEN83B

There ate two destinations for the laundend Impulse Energy: I the VST Motorand 2 Vegetor. Recall that an attnctive ken= d this system is that h candmultaneously use and stcrre 4 . The storage device in this systan is dmVegetoes Emmy Bar. So in to or instead of passing the signal to themotor, the energy can be sent from the Impulse Puffer alms some external cablesto the Vegetor.

C8

Relational KnwWp h Pp/b kw Solving: Appmdk IV1 G. Owe and D. ft'w Patio 64

SatEEN84B

Tim VST motor receives its Cagily from die Impalse Purifkr via external lines that connect

to the motor's Idol Motor In connectorplug. While dm Motor is nix visible on the

screen, its Indicator is.

SCREENS.%

DIACRAM: bxlicator

The VST Indicuor shows the kind ci sipal being received by the Motor. Depending upimthe vain of the sipal pas= at port "a", a different leiter will appear in theIndicator For exam*, ff the signal has a valueof 3, then an "S" will spear in theIndicator Other values are: 0 or no sign' - nothing in the Indkator 1 - a 'T' in the

Indkator and 2 - a "V" in the Indicator

SCREEN86B

DIAGRAM: Purifier

There are two safety features in dm system which proves" the VST Motor from overloading. The first is in the Impulse Purifier's purifier: when it receives a signal witha value water dun 3 at port wa", the purifier automatically shuts off.

SCREEN87B

The seamd fun= which ts the motor from ovaloading involves the two output

switches, MO and Thew switches cannot both be up ce down at the same time.

For instance, if the VO switch is in the up that when you flip the MOv.vitch up, the MO switch will au t II 1116. y be set to "OFF".

SCREEN88B

Tim VST system am also storeft " " - J1t by =ding it to the Veptor. The Veptorreceives this signal at its plug. If Vegeta' is in the - state (Le. dm

State Selector Switch is set to R), the Impulse Signal recdved at Rd plug willbe passed to the Catverter.

SatEEN89B

The now activated Converter usnsfonsts the Intrilse Signal into raw - .- and passes itto the Scanner. Fmally, the Scanner, which has also been by the Veptor'sState Selecor Switch, passes over awl recharges the Etwrgy Bar's vegetable maner.

SCREEN9OB QUESTION

The indicator

a: confirms the signal being stored.b: shows the signal reaching the engine.c: reflects the state of the Impulse Purifier.

69

Functional Knowledge M Problem Solving: Awry* VJ. G. Greene mid D.Beiger

TASKI

TASKI: FirstNext fl#,Switch to "S".

Appendix V

Day-I Task Intgructions

13000 65

the MO switch to dm Mol position. Qick in the Sunshine button.Purifkul switch to "+", and timn ttun the raffia's Selector

slmuM now be an "S" in the VST hams11,111'

TASK2

TASK2: First toggle the MO switch to the Mol pordticm, =I the TI swis:h to Tiel Nextflip the Purifier's switch to "+", aml dum tan the Sekctor SvAtch to "1".Put the 's switch to "P". There slaguld now be a "T' in the VSTIndicator.

TASK3

TASK3: First toggle the MO switch to the Mol podded), and the VI switch to PiO. Nextdm Impulse Purifier's switch to "+", awl then turn the Selector Switch to "V".

in the Vegetces "P" box. The Scanner should start moving, and there shouldnow be a "V" in the VST Indicator.

TASK4

TASK4: Fats toggle the MO switch to the Mol positkm, the VO toRd and the VI switch toPIO. Then click in the Sunshine bum Next flip the Impulse Purifia's switch to"+", and then turn the Selector Switch to "S". Them should few be an "S" in theindicates. Next click in the Vegetor's "R" box (the Scanner should start moving).After the Scanner gets to the far ri kIneit:gresottoesNF4o.x, press its "S"button, and then turn the Impulse

70

Functional Krmwe in ROI= Solving: Appendix ViJ. G. Greeno and D. Barger

Appendix VI

Augmented Instruction: Malhinctions of Components

SCREEN1M

PaP 66

Now you arc going to be introduced to tlw vatious nulfunctions that have been known toeffect the VSTXXX) system. Unfortunately, almost evety pan of the system issusceptible ea woliens.

SCREF212M

The simplest malfmtions occur what a wire breaks. As you can inning, when thishappens tlx value at ow end of the wire is NOT passed to tin other at of tin win.

SCREEN3M

The 3 state switches all fail in similar ways. Sonzdmes when these switches raziveelectricity and are in a state that oually passes electricity (e.g. "+" and "P"), noelectricity is passed.

SCREEN4M

DIAGRAM P.Power.Switch

Far example, if the Impulse Putifier's Power Switch is receiving electricity at pm "a" andthe switch is in the "+" position, then no electricity will be present at port "b" whendm switch is Woken in this manner.

SCREEN5M

DIAGRAM Vg.State.Switch

While the Vegetnes State Switch can fall lille just explained, it may also break in a differentmanner. When the switch is in tin "R", Recharp, positice, there may be anelecnical signal with the value of 1 instead of 2 at port "b".

SCREEN'S(

Another set of failures effect the Power Cowerters. When these failtues occur, theconverters do not pass any Impulse Power even though they are activated.

SCREEN7M

DIAGRAM 11.Switch

The I-Type VST Switches haw been known to fail also. When theseswitches malfunction,Ow signal from both the "tei am! "c" parts flow to port "a". This causes the valuesof the ports to be "added" and sent out port "a".

71

Fun:Lanai in Probkon Solvinw. Manch( Vi

J. G. tkeeno mid D.

SCREENSM

DIAGRAM TI.Switch

Page 87

a

For otanvle, when the switch is "up", and if there is a signal with value 1 at port "b" and

anal= with a valm of 2 at port ne, then there woukl be a 3 at pon "a".

SCREEN9M

A similar FoNem sometimes to the Purifier's Selector Switch. When dm

switch is in a given . the signals . the other positims usually ck, lux

flow. However, sonntimes after over use, the other sipals do flow.

SCREEN 1GM


For example, the signal from port "a" may always flow. So when the switch is in the "V"

position, the signal flan both port 'V and "a" are sent to port "e". The signal at

port "e" will then be the sum of the values ti the signals from these input ports.

SCREEN11M

There are also some problems that hapen to specific parts. The Solar Paces Photo-Receptor may get dirty and the Solar Par* will be unable to produce a signaL

Furthermore, the Energy Bar's vegetable maim can wear out and then is not able to

be recharged.

Recdonal Knowiodge U Probkm Solving: Amen& VIIJ. G. Greeno end D. Wow.

Appendix VII

Diagnostic Instruction Screens

PiKle 68

SCREENlD

Yesterday you learned several operadng wocedures for the VST2000 syuem. Today whoiyou are asked to petit= tasks, the sysmm is not to wixic conectly. Vim

to try to figure out which part of the I system is11.11, Ilbt

SCREEN2D

Time are two things that will help you figure out what is mons with the system.

SCREEN3D

The first aid in figuring out the system's 4. . 0 Iit is by using the Part Inspector. This is&me by pressing the mouse's el !ninon awl moving it into or war one ofthe system's parts, and then releasing the button.

SCREEN4D

The Part Inspecax "window" which wears contains 4 things: dm name ci the objecua listof the object's ports and the value; at those ports; the object's diagram and a"REPIACE" butm

SCREEN5D

Only oim object will malfunction at a time. So when you think that you have fimnd thebroken pan, yog can teplakm it by cliadng in the "REPLACE" button. You willthen have to denmnstrate that the system has been fixed.

SCREEN6D

It is vesy costly to replace an object, and so you should have a pod mason for replacing apart. Thexefoie, befog you Fess the REPLACE buttce you must explain whyyou want to replace the object. Also, you should state what you think will ham=after the replacement is complete.

SCREEN7D

The seccmd akl in helping you figute out the malfunction is that you will be shown theprocedure one that you leartmd yeuerday) that is not worldng correctly. Youshould set the Mid= for this task. However, it may be helpful to uy othersettings and procedures to locate the malfunction.

73

Function& Know1ee In Problem Solving: Appencthr VatJ.G.GreenDandD.Befger Page es

Task I

Task 2

Appendix VIII

Diagnostic Task Descriptions

Part: Ta* State_ SwitchMalfimaion:Type: Swift*Day 1 Procedure: S - (rask 1)

Opimal Solutkm:By applying Mt Let 2 (V win) dm MP can quickly be reduced to inchaie

itua the constinava parts of dm Fca. whatever part of the Tablographis chosen with t

Part, there . ifs = at all ininn ports. S canthus follow the k 4'"" bid to the TSS =. (when in the "P" position)will have a 1 at hs input pcm and a 0 at its outpit port.

Problems:Yr(NnIftAk Let 2 is not applied, then the MP will not be 'educed as completelyas stated above.

(C nal S ) S may not have encsigh functicsial knowledge to apply theAhemate , and will have to start by using die Part lispector.

(A11) Mb the fits task, and subjects have mit se= dm Part Inspector befomand may law a link noubie getting used to it

(C aml F groups) Subjects without die omnponent information have never seenindividual =, ports or port values before, and it is likely that they will havenoulge the "flenthere they see in the inspector.

(C and F grcaps) As an extention and because of the previous - thesame subjects may have a hard time intapraing what to cki (Le. to adjust theMP) with the informatics' slmwn the Inspector.

Part: Solar PackMalfunctiom NOCAPTUREType: FuncthmalDay 1 Procedure: S - (Task 1)

Optimal Sohnim:By applying Aft Let I (V or T) it becomes apparent (because thealternate

letter wM - ) that the .11. ti MINA be somewhat in the Solar Pack part ofthe Impulse Th '=1 . The can 'hal be reduced to include just the Solar Packby correctly interpreting the Inspect Part operator (following the 0 inputs backto dm SP).

Frequent Problans:(C and S groups) $ may not have enough finicticeal kncswledge to apply the

Altemam Operators and will have to sum by using the Pan Impart.(C and F groups) Subjects withcsn the cmnponent information may have a hard

due interpraing what to do (i.e. how to ackiust the MP) with the informationshown the Inspector.

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DOCUMENT REM= - ERIC · 2014-04-09 · DOCUMENT REM= ED 347 052 SE 052 002 AUTHOR Greeno, James 0.1...

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Transcript of DOCUMENT REM= - ERIC · 2014-04-09 · DOCUMENT REM= ED 347 052 SE 052 002 AUTHOR Greeno, James 0.1...