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1 4.3 Shi’a Islam and the martyrdom of Hussain What happened? The Mourning of Muharram, Remembrance of Muharram, or Muharram Observances, is a set of rituals associated with Shia Muslims which takes place in Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. Many of the events associated with the ritual take place in congregation halls known as Hussainia. The event marks the anniversary of the tragic battle of Karbala when Imam Hussain, the grandson of Muhammad, was killed by the forces of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid (who was appointed by his father his son to be his successor in 680CE) at Karbala. Muslims from Kufa wrote letters to Hussain pledging his support he sent his cousin, Muslim to Kufa to investigate the situation there. He reported that conditions were favourable but later Muslim was executed. Hussain had already left Makkah making his way to Iraq. Kufans declined their faithfulness ignoring that they sent any letters of supporting Hussain. On the 2 nd of Muharram Hussain camped at Karbala with about 72 people including his family. Yazid’s commander Ibn Sa’d blocked their access to the river forcing them to do without water for three days. Hussain refused to pay tribute to the caliph Yazid. After having futile negotiations on the 10 th of Muharram the al’ Hussain’s camp had been stormed, Hussain and almost all the men had been slaughtered including in Karbala, women were made captives, the casualties were buried at the site of the massacre known as the shrines of Karbala. Reports say that 1

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4.3 Shi’a Islam and the martyrdom of HussainWhat happened?

The Mourning of Muharram, Remembrance of Muharram, or Muharram Observances, is a set of rituals associated with Shia Muslims  which takes place in Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. Many of the events associated with the ritual take place in congregation halls known as Hussainia.

The event marks the anniversary of the tragic battle of Karbala when Imam Hussain, the grandson of Muhammad, was killed by the forces of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid (who was appointed by his father his son to be his successor in 680CE)  at Karbala. 

Muslims from Kufa wrote letters to Hussain pledging his support he sent his cousin, Muslim to Kufa to investigate the situation there. He reported that conditions were favourable but later Muslim was executed. Hussain had already left Makkah making his way to Iraq. Kufans declined their faithfulness ignoring that they sent any letters of supporting Hussain. On the 2nd of Muharram Hussain camped at Karbala with about 72 people including his family.  Yazid’s commander Ibn Sa’d blocked their access to the river forcing them to do without water for three days. Hussain refused to pay tribute to the caliph Yazid. After having futile negotiations on the 10th of Muharram the al’ Hussain’s camp had been stormed, Hussain and almost all the men had been slaughtered including in Karbala, women were made captives, the casualties were buried at the site of the massacre known as the shrines of Karbala. Reports say that Hussain’s head was buried in Damascus or Ascalon in Palestine and was later brought to Cairo.

For Shi’ite Karbala represents the central point in their belief, the climax of a divine plan of salvation, the promises of which are offered to all who take the side of the martyred Imam. The willingness for sacrifice is the most outstanding feature which has remained unchanged till the present day. (Heinz Halm)

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Task What is the significance of the martyrdom of Hussain to Shi’a history and practices?

  

  

   

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Shia

According to the Shia belief taking part in the mourning ritual will be an help to salvation on the day of Judgement, as Elias Canetti (winner of Nobel Prize) said, “became the very core of the Shiite faith ... of all the traditional religions of lament which could be adduced for closer consideration that of the Islamic is the most illuminating... The lament itself, as an impassioned pack opening out, to a true e crowd, manifests itself with unforgettable power at the Muharram Festival Shiites”.  

The rituals The ritual is normally a substitute action: the ritual actions- the shedding of one’s own by flagellation or beating one’s brow with sword- is a surrogate for that which is actually implied-expiatory death.

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Research on further detailed scenes of the battle of Karbala and record here. 

Homework

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Azadari - means mourning and lamentation; and Majalis-e Aza have been exclusively used in connection with the remembrance ceremonies for the martyrdom of Hussain. These include mourning congregations, lamentations, matam and all such actions which express the emotions of grief and above all, repulsion against what Yazid stood for. 

Expression of grief with chest beating by Shi’a Muslims is known as Latmya matam. The observers shout "Hasan! Hossain” in congregations. 

AshuraIn 684CE the ‘penitents’  committed to perform the collective act of self-sacrifice, by marching through the plains of Karbala, spending a day and night at the grave of Hussain, wailing and lamenting with blackened faces as in response to their feeling of guilt. 10th of Muharram or ‘tenth’ (Ashura) the anniversary of Hussain’s death. The mourning rituals were vary from place to place until the Safavid dynasty (1501-1722) established a centralized Shia state in the 16th century: the annual mourning ceremonies and ritual cursing of Husayn's enemies, acquired the status of a national institution. The day of Ashura represents Hussain’s sacrifice and acceptance of martyrdom, is an opportunity to repent and atone for sins. 

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“On the 10th of Muharram, the markets of Baghdad were closed and all business was suspended. The butchers ceased their slaughtering and the cooks did not cook. Unremittingly people asked for a sip of water. Tents were pitched in the suqs and draped with felt covers; the women wandered through the market allays with their hair hanging loose, slapping their faces; lamentations for the martyred al Hussain could be heard”. (Ibn al Jawzi- The Shi’ites, Heinz Halm p43)

Task

There is a blank box underneath each ritual of Muharram. Think of the significance of the ritual for Shia practices and record in the box. .

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Pilgrimage to the shrine of Hussain

The Shrine is located at the mosque and burial sites of Hussain, in the city of Karbala, Iraq. Many Shia go on a pilgrimage to the Shrine in Karbala, one of the holiest places for Shi’as apart from Makkah and Medina. Up to one million pilgrims visit the city annually to observe the anniversary of Hussain’s death. Shi’a Muslims believe that pilgrimage to Hussain’s shrine like weeping saves them from condemned to hell at the Day of Judgment and all their guilt is removed. 

Matam

The Arabic term matam refers in general to an act or gesture of mourning; in Shia Islam the term designates acts of lamentation for the martyrs of Karbala. Male and female participants congregate in public for ceremonial chest beating (matam) as a display of their devotion to Imam Hussain and in remembrance of his suffering. In some Shi'a societies, male participants may incorporate knives or razors swung upon chains into their matam. There are two basic forms of matam:

matam using one's hands only, that is, sineh-zani or chest-beating matam with implements like chains, knives, swords and blades, that 

is, zanjeer-zani, qama-zani, etc.

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Ashura

Matam

Pilgrimage

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Taziya

One form of mourning is the theatrical re-enactment of the Battle of Karbala. In Iran this is called Taziya . Theatrical groups that specialize in taziya are called taziya groups. Taziyas were popular through the Qajar dynasty until the early 20th century, but the re-enactments slowly declined until they were mostly abandoned in the large cities by the early 1940s. 

Noha (The Elegy)

By increasing the number of Shia Muslim in cities and states, mourning of Muharram’s ritual changed to a more elaborate form. In the 9th century, lamentation and wailing became promoted as a mourning tradition. Noha is the poem and story that be inspired from Maqtal al-Hussain (various books which narrate the story of the battle of Karbala and the death of Hussain ibn Ali) . The poet or another one read the noha with plaintive rhythm. The main subject of noha is the pain from the killing of Hussain. Noha consists of poems in different languages such as Arabic. 

Weeping

The reaction of the audience in the re-enactment of the battle of karbala’ episode is significant for strengthening of distinct Shia identity and the weeping over the killing of Hussain ibn Ali and his follower is one of these reactions. There is close relation between the lamentation and weeping. According to the narration, Shia Imams had emphasized to weep for them, so it had transmitted to future generation. Due to the tradition of Shia the weeping and the flow of tears save mourner, when they condemned to hell. 

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Taziya

Noha

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Processions

Depending on the condition of society, the Muharram processions changes from one city to another. The common form is the starting of mourning processions from Hussainiya and the participants would parade through the streets of their town or village, finally they come back to Hussainiya for performing other mourning of Muharram’s ritual. “A white horse leads the procession, covered with artificial wounds, with arrows stuck all about him and caparisoned in black, representing the horse upon which Hussain was mounted when he was killed”. (Heinz Halm, The Shi’ite A Short Story p68)

Flagellation

The acts of flagellation is the way for re-enacting blood shedding of Hussain. There were various types of flagellation including striking by chests with palms, striking backs with chains, beating foreheads with knives and swords. 

Rawda

Rawda means garden in Arabic language and this name is acquired from the title of Rawdat al-Shuhada, literary masterpiece book authored by Hussain Waiz Kashifi in Persian. The word of Rawda-khawani means "recitation from Rawdat alshuhada" and generally is named Rawda. Rawda is either the story of Rawdat of al-Shahada or stories that Rawḍa-k̲h̲ w ān (person who does the 

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Weeping

Processions

Flagellation

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recitation) creates by his skills and knowledge to release the original text of book. 

Alam

The flag that Muhammad gave to Ali then it was handed over to Abbas ibn Ali in Karbala. One of the most important and symbolic object used at mourning ritual is Alam. It is the ensign of Hussain in the battle of Karbala and sign of the truth, bravery. The length of Alam is about 15 feet. Alam consists of flexible steel blades placed at upper part of it. Also Alam is decorated by plumes and fine embroidered silks and brocades. 

Nakhles

The symbol of Hussain ibn Ali's bier (platform). The Nakhle through special ritual is decorated one night before the procession by mirrors, brocades, rugs, sword and other military equipment. This symbol is commonly used at the city of Yazd in Central part of Iran and its surrounding villages. People move the symbolic coffin of Hussain Ali by crying loud “Ya Hussain”.

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Rawda

Alam

Nakhles

What type of poetry do Shi’a recite in Muharram?

(According to Shi’a narrations Hussain’s wife Rabab said):

He who was a light, shining, is murdered; Murdered in Karbala', and unburied.

Descendant of the Prophet, may God reward you well;

May you be spared judgement on the day when deeds are weighed:

For you were to me as a mountain, solid, in which I could take refuge;

And you treated us always with kindness, and according to religion.

O who shall speak now for the orphans, for the petitioners;

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Homework Task

Assess the significance of the rituals of Muharram in Shi’a Islam. [12]