Do Now What is the strangest religion you have ever heard of? Why do you think people are attracted...
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Do NowWhat is the strangest religion you have ever heard of? Why do you think people are attracted to these religions?
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Do NowMeet with your groups and review what you need to do for today (today is the last day in the media center)
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Do NowMeet with your groups and get your presentation together and organized
You have 10 minutes
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Do Now•What questions do you have about this picture? (At least 3)
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World Religions
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Religion
Religion is a cultural universal
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Religion
Definition: A set of beliefs and practices pertaining to the supernatural.
Supernatural is term for those things outside of known science.
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Supernatural Mana- impersonal
supernatural forces believed to confer success
Taboo- a prohibition. Violating brings supernatural punishment
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Supernatural Beings
Gods = nonhuman originSpirits= human origin
GhostsAncestor Spirits
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One God or Many?Polytheism -(Greeks, Baka,
Yanomomo)Monotheism -(Judaism,
Christianity, Islam)Monism – (Hinduism)
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Practices pertaining to the Supernatural
Magic- the ability to manipulate the supernaturalSorcery- use of materials Witchcraft – emotion alone
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Why does religion exist?
1. Need for Answers
2. Regression to Childhood Feelings
3. Anxiety and Uncertainty
4. Need for Community
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Social Complexity
The complexity of a society is related to the number of religious or magical practitioners it will have.
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The “Big Five”
ChristianityIslam HinduismBuddhismJudaism
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What is Hinduism? One of the oldest religions of humanity The religion of the Indian people Gave birth to Buddhism, Jainism,
Sikhism Tolerance and diversity: "Truth is one,
paths are many" Many deities but a single, impersonal
Ultimate Reality A philosophy and a way of life – focused
both on this world and beyond
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How did Hinduism begin? No particular founder Indus River Valley Civilization >5000
years ago Aryans enter 4000 - 3500 years ago Vedic Tradition 3500 – 2500 years ago:
rituals and many gods (polytheism) sacred texts (Vedas) social stratification (caste system)
Upanishads (metaphysical philosophy) 2800 – 2400 years ago
Vedic Tradition develops into Hinduism
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What are the Sacred Texts? Shruti (“heard”) – oldest, most authoritative:
Four Vedas (“truth”) – myths, rituals, chants Upanishads - metaphysical speculation Plus other texts
Smriti (“remembered”) – the Great Indian Epics: Ramayana Mahabharata (includes Bhagavad-Gita) Plus others
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What do Hindus believe? One impersonal Ultimate Reality – Brahman Manifest as many personal deities True essence of life – Atman, the soul, is
Brahman trapped in matter (“That art thou”) Reincarnation – atman is continually born into
this world lifetime after lifetime (Samsara) Karma – spiritual impurity due to actions
keeps us bound to this world (good and bad) Ultimate goal of life – to release Atman and
reunite with the divine, becoming as one with Brahman (Moksha)
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How does Hinduism directlife in this world? Respect for all life – vegetarian Human life as supreme:
Four “stations” of life (Caste) - priests & teachers, nobles & warriors, merchant class, servant class
Four stages of life – student, householder, retired, renunciant
Four duties of life – pleasure, success, social responsibilities, religious responsibilities (moksha)
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What are the spiritualpractices of Hinduism? The Four Yogas - seeking union with the
divine: Karma Yoga – the path of action through
selfless service (releases built up karma without building up new karma)
Jnana Yoga – the path of knowledge (understanding the true nature of reality and the self)
Raja Yoga – the path of meditation Bhakti Yoga – the path of devotion
Guru – a spiritual teacher, especially helpful for Jnana and Raja yoga
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Who do Hindus worship? – the major gods of the Hindu Pantheon
Brahma, the creator god
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Who do Hindus worship? – the major gods of the Hindu Pantheon
Vishnu, the preserver god
Incarnates as ten avatars (descents) including:Rama (featured in the Ramayana)Krishna (featured in the Mahabharata)
(Each shown with his consort, Sita and Radha, respectively)
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Who do Hindus worship? – the major gods of the Hindu Pantheon
Shiva, god of constructive destruction(the transformer)
Appears as Shiva Nataraj,lord of the dance of creation…
and with his wife, Parvati, and son Ganesha
(the elephant headed remover of obstacles)
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What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine
Saraswati, goddess of wisdom, consort ofBrahma
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What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine
Lakshmi, goddess of good fortune, consortof Vishnu
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What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine
Parvati, divine mother, wife ofShiva
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What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine
Durga, protectress
Kali, destroyer of demonsPlus about 330 million other deities
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All these deities are but
Manifest forms (attributes
and functions) of theimpersonal Brahman
All these deities are but
Manifest forms (attributes
and functions) of theimpersonal Brahman
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And we too are manifest forms of God!
“We are not human beingshaving spiritual experiences;
We are spiritual beingshaving a human experience!”
“That art Thou”Hinduism is about recognizing the all pervasiveness of the divine
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JainismJainism is a offshoot of HinduismAhimsa – extreme non-violence
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Sikhism Sikhism represents a
blending of culturesWhen Muslim (Islam) Arabs
conquered India their beliefs blended with Hinduism to form Sikhism
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Judaism
Judaism-is an ethical monotheism
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Abraham’s GeneaologyAbraham’s Geneaology
ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR
IsaacIsaac
EsauEsauJacobJacob
12 Tribes of Israel
12 Tribes of Israel
Ishmael
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
12 Arabian Tribes
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Abraham’s Journey from UrAbraham’s Journey from Ur
Canaan The “Promised Land”Canaan The “Promised Land”
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Abraham’s JourneysAbraham’s Journeys
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Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People
Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People
The TorahThe Torah
The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible.
The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition.
The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible.
The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition.
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Ancient PalestineAncient Palestine
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Land of Goshen, EgyptLand of Goshen, Egypt
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MosesMoses
“Prince of Egypt”
“Prince of Egypt”
“Shepherd of His People”
“Shepherd of His People”
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The ExodusThe Exodus
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Route of the ExodusRoute of the Exodus
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Moses and the 10 Commandmets
Moses and the 10 Commandmets
A new “covenant”
with Yahweh
A new “covenant”
with Yahweh
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Mount SinaiMount Sinai
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St. Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
St. Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
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King David’s EmpireKing David’s Empire
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Solomon’s
Kingdom
Solomon’s
Kingdom
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Recreation of Ancient Jerusalem
Recreation of Ancient Jerusalem
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King Solomon’s Temple Floor Plan
King Solomon’s Temple Floor Plan
The First TempleThe First Temple
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Inside the Temple Tabernacle
Inside the Temple Tabernacle
The Arcof the
Covenant
The Arcof the
Covenant
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The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Today
The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Today
Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall
Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall
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Kingdoms of
Judah
&
Israel
Kingdoms of
Judah
&
Israel
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Israelites in CaptivityIsraelites in Captivity
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Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near
East
Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near
East
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The Great Library at Alexandria.
Egypt
The Great Library at Alexandria.
Egypt
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Jerusalem: Reading the Torah
Jerusalem: Reading the Torah
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Herod the Great’s Kingdom
Herod the Great’s Kingdom
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Christianity The world’s largest religion
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Roman PalestineRoman Palestine
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The Beginnings of Christianityin Bethlehem
The Beginnings of Christianityin Bethlehem
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Jesus’ MissionJesus’ Mission
Agony in the Garden
Agony in the Garden
CrucifixionCrucifixion
BaptismBaptism
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The Resurrection:The Church Triumphant
The Resurrection:The Church Triumphant
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St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles
St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles
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The Spread of Christianity
The Spread of Christianity
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The Jewish Revolt (66-70 C. E.)
The Jewish Revolt (66-70 C. E.)
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Dead Sea Scrolls Museum
Israel
Dead Sea Scrolls Museum
Israel
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The Jewish Diaspora
The Jewish Diaspora
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Constantine Council of Nicaea
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Schisms in Christianity As time passed Church leaders began to
disagree on interpretations of the Bible and the role/ teachings of Jesus
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Eastern Orthodox Church Centered around Constantinople as
opposed to Rome Greek Orthodox Russian Orthodox
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German Monk 95 Thesis Protestant
Reformation “Each man his own
priest”
Protestantism
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Predestination Calvinists Pilgrims/ Puritans
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Reformation/ Counter ReformationChristianity Protestants
Evangelicals (US) Baptists Lutherans Calvinists Presbyterians Adventists
Catholics Roman Catholics Greek Orthodox Russian Orthodox Syrian Orthodox
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Bible Old Testament scripture was extremely
fluid until its canonization around A.D. 100. Full dogmatic articulations of the canons
were not made until the Council of Trent of 1546 for Roman Catholicism
Translations ?/ Non-canon
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Religions of South Asia
Religions of South Asia
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Buddhism in the Subcontinent
Buddhism in the Subcontinent
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The essence of Buddhism
The essence of Buddhism
The “middle way of wisdom and compassion.”
2,500 year old tradition. The 3 jewels of
Buddhism: Buddha, the teacher. Dharma, the teachings. Sangha, the
community.
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Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)
Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Born in NE India
(Nepal). Raised in great luxury
to be a king. At 29 he rejected
his luxurious life toseek enlightenmentand the source ofsuffering.
Lived a strict,ascetic life for 6 yrs.
Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation, and found nirvana.
Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35.
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Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths1. There is suffering in
the world. To live is to suffer. (Dukkha)
The Buddha found this out when he was young and experienced suffering and death in others.
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Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths
2. The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and attachments. (Tanha)
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Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths
3. The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments. (Nirvana = “extinction”)
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Four Noble Truths
Four Noble Truths4. To reach nirvana, one
must follow the Eightfold Path.
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Eightfold PathEightfold Path
NirvanaNirvana The union with the The union with the ultimate ultimate spiritual reality. spiritual reality.
Escape from the cycle of Escape from the cycle of rebirth. rebirth.
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Buddha – 19c Thailand
Buddha – 19c Thailand
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Buddha’s
head :
2c Pakist
an
Buddha’s
head :
2c Pakist
an
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Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif
Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif
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Buddhist AltarBuddhist Altar
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Types of BuddhismTypes of
Buddhism Therevada Therevada BuddhismBuddhism
Mahayana Mahayana BuddhismBuddhism
Tibetan BuddhismTibetan Buddhism
Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism
Therevada Therevada BuddhismBuddhism
Mahayana Mahayana BuddhismBuddhism
Tibetan BuddhismTibetan Buddhism
Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism
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Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism The oldest school of Buddhism.
The “Way of the Elders” or the “Small Vehicle.”
Found in southern Asia. The monastic life is the best way
to achieve nirvana. Focus on wisdom and meditation. Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or
“Enlightened One.” Over 100,000,000 followers today.
The oldest school of Buddhism. The “Way of the Elders” or the
“Small Vehicle.” Found in southern Asia. The monastic life is the best way
to achieve nirvana. Focus on wisdom and meditation. Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or
“Enlightened One.” Over 100,000,000 followers today.
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Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism
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Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism The “Great Vehicle.”
Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).
Buddhism “for the masses.” Seek guidance from
Boddhisatvas, wise beings. Goal: Not just individual escape
from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice of those enlightened few.
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Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism
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Seated Boddhisatva – 16c
Bhutan
Seated Boddhisatva – 16c
Bhutan
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boddhisatvaboddhisatva
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Tibetan BuddhismTibetan
Buddhism The “Diamond Vehicle.” [Vajrayana]
Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE.
A mix of Theravada and Mahayana.
Boddhisatvas include Lamas, like the Dalai Lama.
The Tibetan Book of the Dead[Bardo Thodol].
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The Dala
iLam
a
The Dala
iLam
a
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zen Buddhismzen Buddhism The “Meditation School.” Seeks sudden enlightenment
[satori] through meditation, arriving at emptiness [sunyata].
Use of meditation masters [Roshi].
Beauty, art, and aesthetics: Gardens. Archery. Tea ceremony. Calligraphy.
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Distribution of Buddhism Centers
in the US, 2001
Distribution of Buddhism Centers
in the US, 2001
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The World’s fastest growing The World’s fastest growing religionreligion
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IslamAn Abrahamic Religion
IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.
They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.
Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.
Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book
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The Prophetic Tradition
The Prophetic Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
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The Origins of the Qur’an
The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad received his first
revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.
622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)
Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.
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The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
114 suras (chapters).
In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.
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1. The Shahada1. The Shahada
11
The testimony.
The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].
There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].
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2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Wash before praying.
Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.
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2. The Salat2. The Salat
22
The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.
Pray in the mosque on Friday.
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3. The Zakat3. The Zakat
33
Almsgiving (charitable donations).
Muslims believe that all things belong to God.
Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”
About 2.5% of your income.
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4. The Sawm4. The Sawm
44
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
Considered a method of self- purification.
No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
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Eid MubarakEid Mubarak
End of the Ramadan holiday.
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5. The Hajj5. The Hajj
55
The pilgrimage to Mecca.
Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.
2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.
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5. The Hajj5. The Hajj
55
Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.
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The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
The Dome of the Rock Mosque in
Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.
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Other Islamic Religious Practices
Other Islamic Religious Practices
Up to four wives allowed at once.
No alcohol or pork.
No gambling.
Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.
Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.
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The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.
No priesthood.
Teaches equality.
Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.
Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.
Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).
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Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population
Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00
06. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000
7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000
8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh
114,000,000
9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the
world.
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Muslims in AmericaMuslims in America
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