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WORLD WAR II BEGINS

Essential Question: What steps led to War in Europe during the 1930’s?

The beginning

In 1935 Hitler began to defy the Treaty of Versailles

He declared that Germany would build up its Army and create an Air Force

Other European countries knew that they had to do something but where scared of another war.

In 1937 Hitler calls for the unification of all German speaking people.

Hitler was focusing on Austria and Czechoslovakia and declared that he would use force if necessary.

Despite the Austrian government trying to stall the Germans, Hitler sent troops and announced the Anschluss or Unification of the two countries

Hitler then claimed that Germany had a right to the Sudetenland which was part of Czechoslovakia

France threatened to fight Germany if it tried to gain the Sudetenland by force

So the Munich Conference was called by Britain, France, and Italy along with Germany

The Munich Conference

The Munich Conference

At the Conference it was decided that to prevent war they would give in to Hitler’s demands

This was a policy of appeasement

Czechoslovakia was told that they should give up the Sudetenland or face Germany alone.

Hitler demands more

Right after the Munich Conference Hitler began to demand land from Poland

This convinced France and Britain that a war was coming and appeasement had failed

On March 31st, 1939 Britain and France declared that if Poland was attacked they would help protect Poland.

The Nonaggression pact

Hitler began to prepare his military for war, while at the same time trying to form a treaty with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union agreed to a nonaggression pact with Germany and secretly divide Poland between the two countries

The Soviet Union felt that by having the other capitalist countries fighting they would remain safe.

Poland falls

In September of 1939 Germany invaded Poland

Britain and France then declared war on Germany, starting WWII

The Polish military was not strong and was defeated by the German’s Blitzkrieg or Lighting Warfare

The war expands

Britain sent troops into France and waited for Germany to attack

After WWI France had built the Maginot line along the German border, a line of concrete bunkers

This however would prove to be a disaster for France

The invasion of France

These Maginot lines only protected the German-French border, so Hitler simply went around

To get to France Hitler invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

France sent troops to defend the Belgium open border, but Hitler was one step ahead.

He sent his tanks through the mountains, catching the French and British off guard

The miracle of Dunkirk

The French and British stuck out of position and were being forced north

They were cornered in the last French port of Dunkirk

It appeared as though Germany would wipe out the remaining British and French troops with his tanks

Miracle at Dunkrik

Despite having the French and British at his will, Hitler for still unknown reasons ordered the troops to stop.

For three days Hitler held up his own troops.

This allowed 338,000 French and British ships to escape on civilian and military ships back to Britain.

The Fall of France

This left France without any protection and they were forced to surrender 3 weeks later.

Germany now control most of France and set up a Puppet Government to rule over the rest of France.

With France gone in a matter of weeks Hitler expected Britain to give up without a fight.

Winston Churchill

Germany underestimated the bravery of the British people and their new leader.

Winston Churchill was the new Prime Minister and he gave a defiant and strong speech to the British people.

This made Hitler convinced he had to attack Britain

The Battle of Britain

Hitler wanted to invade Britain but crossing the English channel proved difficult.

The British Royal Air force could easily sink any German transport ships

Hitler therefore focused on destroying the British Royal Air force in what became known as the Battle of Britain.

The Battle of Britain

The Luftwaffe began to bomb British military post which held the Royal Air Force

The British were able stop some of the attacks with a new invention

Radar stations were placed across Britain and were able to detect incoming attacks

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The Battle of Britain

In August of 1940 the German Luftwaffe accentually bombed London

This attack on civilians enraged the British and the next night they bombed Berlin

Hitler became furious and ordered non-stop bombing of London

Battle of Britain

Hitler’s goal was to terrorize the British people.

He thought that constant bombings would cause the British people to give up.

With the leadership of Winston Churchill and their own Bravery they outlasted the bombings.

Battle of Britain

Even though the British Air Force was greatly out numbered they fought back

Germany lost 1,733 airplanes during the battle

Britain lost 915

The Holocaust

While Britain and France were busy defending themselves, Hitler waged a new war.

Hitler ordered the removal of Jews

The Hebrew word for Holocaust is “Shoah” meaning Catastrophe

The Holocaust

The Nazi party disliked anyone who did not agree with them but reserved most of their hate for the Jews

The Nazis began to pass laws that defined what a Jew was and banned them from public office

In September 1935, the Nuremberg Laws took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriages between Jews and other Germans

The Holocaust

Many Jewish people lost their jobs as they were no longer allowed to work as civil servants

They grew poor and had trouble providing for their families.

However most Jewish people choose to stay in Germany thinking that things would get better

The Holocaust

In November of 1938 things would get worse

A Jewish refugee shot and killed a German diplomat in Paris

This infuriated Hitler and he order storm troopers to attack Jews

but make it look as if regular Germans had attacked

Night of Broken Glass

These attacks on Jews became know as Kristallnacht

The Nazis had forbidden the police to get involved while thugs destroyed 7,500 Jewish businesses and synagogues

The Gestapo or Secret police then arrested 30,000 wealthy Jewish men

The Holocaust

After the Night of Broken Glass Jewish people all across Germany tried to flee

Between 1933 and 1939 over 350,000 left and went to other European countries

This included doctors and prominent scientists including Albert Einstein

The Holocaust

Many Jews came to America where they felt they were safe from Hitler

However the Nazis in 1938 made it illegal to leave the country with more than four dollars

The United States did not allow immigrants into the country that were considered to be a “Public Charge.”

The SS St.Louis

In 1939 a ship called the SS St. Louis filled with 930 Jewish refugees headed towards North America

However once they got there they had a problem. First Cuba turned them away and they The United States

They were forced to go back to Europe with most settling in France

The Final Solution

In 1942 the Nazi leaders met to talk about the “final solution of the Jewish Question”

For years the Nazis had been moving Jewish people into ‘Ghettos”

These ghettos were guarded areas of a city were all undesirables had to live

The Final Solution

What the Nazis decided to do was move the Jewish people from the ghettos and into concentration camps

In these camps healthy people would be worked in slave labor until they dropped dead

All others including children, the sick, and elderly were sent to extermination camps

Concentration camps

One of these camps was called Auschwitz

In Auschwitz over 1,600,000 Jewish people were killed.

Families were separated and sent to different camps, but if they were sent to Auschwitz it was a death sentence

The Holocaust

The Holocaust was able to happen without other countries finding out.

It is still unknown how or why this horrifying event to take place

Historians have argued that it was the Germans anger about WWI that made so many people either agree with or ignore the Holocaust

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust is considered one of the worst human-made disasters of all time.

Hitler was able to kill over 6 million people within his German Empire.

Most of this mass murder happened without the world finding out.

The Holocaust

The effects of the holocaust would change the culture in Germany and Europe forever.

Even some of the German soldiers did not know the extent of the concentration camps

Anyone in a concentration camp that was left alive at the end of the war, still had to deal with years of depression and angry over what had occurred.

America the game changer

Roosevelt wanted to help Britain in its fight against Hitler.

However Roosevelt had to find a way to get around the Neutrality Act

The act stated that the United States could not sell guns, ammunition, ships, or boats to a country that is at war.

Ways around the Neutrality Act

The Neutrality Act was extremely popular with the American people when it was passed in 1937.

They did not want to repeat the actions that caused them to get involved with WWI

Roosevelt supported the act because he knew that it was what the American people wanted.

Roosevelt finds a way

In 1940 Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked Roosevelt for America’s old war ships that were not in use anymore

The British had lost over half of their battleships and were desperate for help

Roosevelt was determined to help but needed to figured out a way around the neutrality act.

Roosevelt sends ships Roosevelt saw that there

was a loop hole in the Neutrality act.

It stated that America could not sell weapons for cash, but said nothing about other types of deals.

Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on a deal to send old U.S. warships to Britain in exchange for the ability to build military bases on British territory around the world.

The Isolationist debate

Many Americans were in favor of sending Britain warships

This was the change in view for most Americans.

In just three years Americans went from supporting neutrality to favoring help to Britain.

Isolationism

Even though many people now supported helping out, half of all Americans did not yet agree to go to war.

There were two extremes in the country, one group was the Fight for Freedom Committee which favored U.S. involvement.

The other group was the America First Committee, which was around since WWI.

Election of 1940

This isolation debate carried over to the presidential election of 1940.

Many people were sure that Roosevelt would follow George Washington and not run for a third term

However many Americans thought a change in leadership would hurt the country

Election of 1940

FDR felt that he still could help America and ran for a unprecedented third term in office.

No other President had ever before ran for a third term.

Republicans were upset over this, knowing that it would be very difficult to beat FDR

Election of 1940

Roosevelt tried to stay in the middle of the isolationist debate.

He said that we could support Britain without being dragged into a war.

Privately FDR did want to use military force to stop Hitler but he knew it was not the popular decision.

Election of 1940

Roosevelt was challenged by Republican Wendell Willkie.

Willkie was a weak presidential candidate, as he was a businessman.

He said that FDR had forgotten about the Great Depression and was more focused on Europe.

Election of 1940

Roosevelt was still extremely popular with the American people.

Americans felt that the Great Depression was lifting and that Roosevelt was a strong leader.

He won the election 449 electoral votes to 82.

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