DNA to PROTEIN CHAPTER 12
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Transcript of DNA to PROTEIN CHAPTER 12
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DNA to PROTEINCHAPTER 12
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
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DNA: replication and protein synthesis
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Where have we seen DNA being replicated?
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
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Building blocks of DNA: Nucleotides
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The sugar
The phosphate The phosphate
Deoxyribose
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The nitrogenous bases
The Purines
Why are these called nitrogenous bases?
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The nitrogenous bases
The Pyrimidines
How are the pyrimidines different from the purines?
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Four different Nucleotides
BASIC STRUCTURE
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DNA is a polymer formed by base pairing: Base pairing rule
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The Double Helix
A.The overall shape of DNA is described as a double helix (a twisted ladder).
B.What force holds the two strands together?
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How are DNA and RNA similar?
DNA is composed of nucleotides and RNA is composed of nucleotides
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How are DNA and RNA different?
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How are DNA and RNA different?
DNA… Nucleotides = deoxyribose sugar Double helix structure Stays inside nucleus
RNA… Nuleotides = ribose sugar Single-strand structure Located both inside and outside of nucleus Uracil instead of thymine
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DNA Replication
Set up your DNA by applying the base pair rules
Strand 1 Complementary Strand 2ATCGG
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Enzymes involved in DNA replication
Helicase – opens the double helix to allow for replication
DNA polymerase – reads the original DNA strand and lays down complementary bases
Ligase – glues the newly formed DNA together
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DNA replication practice
You are DNA polymerase. Helicase has opened the DNA strand – read each side and produce the complementary copies.
__________________________________A G G T A A C C G G T T A C G A T T A TT C C A T T G G C C A A T G C T A A T A
A G G T A A C C G G T T A C G A T T A TT C C A T T G G C C A A T G C T A A T A
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PARTNER PRACTICE
Person one uses their nucleotides as free nucleotides
Person two works with partner to replicate their original strand
Discuss the enzymes as you model the process
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Do # 9 IN YOUR NOTES TO PRACTICE BASE PAIRING RULES AGAIN__________________________________
A G T C C G T T A G T
T C A G G C A A T C A
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Hydrogen bonds
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Figure 12–7 Structure of DNASection 12-1
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Use your text to complete the diagram and provide written details for the process shown
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Homework
Complete labeling of notes cover Complete DNA replication labeling and details Complete Section 10-1 Review – accuracy!
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Protein Synthesis= transcription and translation DNA contains all the information for your
traits – the genes These genes are blueprints and need to
remain safe – kept inside the nucleus Copies can be made though – a messenger
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Genotype Phenotype
DNA mRNA tRNA PROTEIN
Transcription Translation
(DNA to mRNA) (mRNA – tRNA to protein)
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from to to make up
Concept MapSection 12-3
also called which functions to also called also called which functions towhich functions to
can be
RNA
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
mRNA Carry instructions rRNACombine
with proteins tRNABring
amino acids toribosome
DNA Ribosome Ribosomes
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Transcription
#8 RNA polymerase reads one of the DNA strands and makes a complementary mRNA
#10 transcription details Occurs in the nucleus The gene sequence on DNA gets transcribed Promoter region on DNA marks where
transription should start and terminator region marks where it should stop
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mRNA
RNA polymerase – key enzyme mRNA is a “copy” of the gene sequence and
can leave the nucleus mRNA finds its way to a ribosme and the next
step in making a protein can occur - TRANSLATION
CLICK ON PICTURE FOR ANIMATION ON TRANSCRIPTION
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mRNA
No T (thymine) so when it reads the nucleotide A on DNA it matches it with ____?
Do #11 in notes
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#12 – TRANSLATION and tRNA
Once mRNA is made it attaches to a ribosome
tRNA = transfer RNA and they carry amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins (remember?)
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Translation
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis Click here to see mRNA and tRNA
work together at that ribosome to build a protein
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Codon = mRNAAnti-codon = tRNA
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Copy down this DNA sequence
This is the template strand of DNA, complete the complementary strand sequence below the template.
TRANSCRIPTION: read the template DNA strand and write the complementary mRNA
TRANSLATION: based on your mRNA, determine the proper amino acid sequence
CAG GTG AAT TGG GGC CAC CAC TTT
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Copy this DNA sequence down
CAG GTG AAT TGG GGC CTC CAC TTT
REPEAT ALL THE STEPS AND DETERMINE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR THIS GENE!
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COMPARE: what is the mistake?
CAG GTG AAT TGG GGC CAC CAC TTT
CAG GTG AAT TGG GGC CTC CAC TTT
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One incorrect amino acid
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GENOTYPE to PHENOTYPE
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Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Figure 12–20 Chromosomal Mutations
Section 12-4
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Let’s Review
DNA Structure is a _____ ______ DNA is composed of __________
What are four that make up DNA? A T C G
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Purines Pyrimidines
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
Phosphate group Deoxyribose
Figure 12–5 DNA NucleotidesSection 12-1
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Hydrogen bonds
Nucleotide
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Figure 12–7 Structure of DNASection 12-1
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Use your text to complete the diagram and provide written details for the process shown
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from to to make up
Concept MapSection 12-3
also called which functions to also called also called which functions towhich functions to
can be
RNA
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
mRNA Carry instructions rRNACombine
with proteins tRNABring
amino acids toribosome
DNA Ribosome Ribosomes
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RNADNA
RNApolymerase
Figure 12–14 TranscriptionSection 12-3
Adenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)
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1 C
2 AB
3 E
4 B
5 AD
6 AC
7 D
Quest Answers
8 A9 C10 A11C12 B13B
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