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Ingineria Mediului i Antreprenoriatul Dezvoltrii Durabile Vol. 1, Nr. 1 (2012)

Corresponding author / Coresponden autor:Phone: +40 362/401266; Fax: +40 262/276153

e-mail: [email protected]

ECOTOXICOLOGY INVOLVED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ANDRISK ASSESSMENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ECOTOXICOLOGIA IMPLICAT N ANTREPRENORIATULINGINERIEI MEDIULUI I EVALURII RISCULUI

Vasile OROS

1North University of Baia Mare, Faculty of Mineral Resources and Environment,Dr. Victor Babes street 62A, Baia Mare 430093, Romania

Abstract: this paper represents a general picture of thedomains of interest of an interdisciplinary subject Ecotoxicology, with direct applications in the environmentalengineering and protection, especially in risk assessmentactivities. Ecotoxicology developed specific investigation

methods ecotoxicological tests. This paper classifiesecotoxicological tests according to several criteria. Theresults of the tests are materialised in values ofecotoxicological indicators that have numerous uses inenvironmental engineering and protection, especially inenvironmental impact and risk assessment. The paper also

presents different markers for acute and chronic toxic itytests used by WHO. At the end, it identifies a series ofareas/subjects where the results of ecotoxicology areuseful/compulsory, areas where professionals canimplement entrepreneurship activities supported byscientific research and design activities.

Keywords: ecotoxicological data, ecotoxicological tests,ecotoxicity, ecotoxicology, environmental impact assessment,environmental risk assessment.

Abstract: Lucrarea reprezint o privire general asupradomeniilor de interes ale stiinei interdisciplinare Ecotoxicologiacu aplicaii directe n activitile de ingineria i proteciamediuluii n special pentru evaluarea riscului. Ecotoxicologiaa dezvoltat metode specifice de investigaie, testele

ecotoxicologice. n lucrare se face o clasificare a testelorecotoxicologice dup mai multe criterii. Rezultatele testelorecotoxicologice se materializeaz n stabilirea valorilor unorindicatori care au numeroase utilizri n practica proteciei iingineriei mediului, a proteciei munciii a sntiii mai alesn evaluarea riscului. n lucrare se face o prezentare a diferiilorindicatori de toxicitate acut i cronic, a indicatorilor deecotoxicitate i a altor indicatori precum cei utilizai deOMS/WHO. n final se identific o serie de domenii n carerezultatele ecotoxicologiei sunt utile sau/i obligatorii, domeniin care experii pot realiza activiti de antreprenoriat susinute

prin activitatea tiinific de cercetare i de proiectare.

Cuvinte cheie: date ecotoxicologice, teste ecotoxicologice,ecotoxicitate, ecotoxicologie, evaluarea impactului asupramediului, evaluarea riscurilor de mediu.

1. Introduction

Without the intention of producing a new definition,we can define ecotoxicology as being the borderscience between ecology and toxicology thatstudies the behavior, action and effects of toxinson biological systems at individual level and mostlyon supra-individual levels (population or species,biocenosys or ecosystems). It includes thecharacterization of toxicants, their origin andaccess ways, the transfer and vehiculation ways in

environment, the exposure ways of organisms,both at individual level as well as at the level ofbiocenosys and ecosystems. Ecotoxicology alsoincludes specific ways to determine the effects oftoxicants in environment, keeping in mind thefactors related to the nature of the affectedorganisms, including the exposure duration andthe multitude of toxic compounds existing in

1. Introducere

Fr a considera c elaborm o nou definiie, putemconsidera ecotoxicologia ca fiind tiina de granidintre ecologie i toxicologie care studiazcomportamentul, aciunea i efectele toxicelor asuprasistemelor biologice la nivel individual i mai ales lanivel supraindividual (populaii sau specii, biocenoze,ecosisteme), cuprinznd caracterizarea toxicelor,proveniena i cile de acces n mediu, cile detransferi de vehiculare n mediu, cile de expunere i

mecanismele de afectare a organismelor iconsecinele acestora la nivelul individual dar i lanivelul populaiilor, biocenozelori ecosistemelor. Deasemenea, ecotoxicologia cuprinde metode specificede determinare a efectelor toxicelor n mediu inndcont de factorii de mediu precum i de factorii care inde natura organismelor afectate, inclusiv de durata deexpunere i de multitudinea noxelor existente

environment (in low concentrations)[1].

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In order to carry out such studies,ecotoxicology uses researches and studymethods taken from other related areas(chemistry, physics, biology, geology andespecially ecology and toxicology).

It also produced specific ecotoxicologicalmethods. They are represented byecotoxicological tests (standardized, most ofthem) which measure the toxic effects ofsubstances, materials of wastes and pollutantsof living organisms.

Toxicity is regarded as a manifestation onliving organisms (individuals), meaning that itmanifests itself at the level of organization of theliving matter. However, toxicity can also beregarded as a manifestation at sub-individual orsupra-individual levels.

At sub-individual level, toxic ity can havean effect at the level of body parts(hepatotoxicity, kidney toxicity) or on some

functions of the bodies (neurotoxicity, toxicity onthe respiratory, vascular or excretion systems).It can also act at cellular level, on the cell as awhole or on some components of the cells(hepatocytes, endoplasmic reticulum or on themitochondria from hepatocytes).

As a mechanism, toxicants act onbiomolecules on which they stick and whosefunctioning they block or alter.

Regarded as a manifestation at this level(bio-chemical), the first effects are the so-calledbio-chemical lesions, which cannot be observed

directly, but can be determined by biochemicalmethods and even measured by chemical,physical-chemical and biochemical methods.

At this level, ecotoxicology develops waysof using biomarkers in order to show the sub-acute levels and the contamination levels thatdo not display observable effects, but producephysiological lesions. Such biomarkers can bethe increase or decrease in the content ofenzymes or metabolites or other measurablebio-chemical compounds.

At supraindividual level, toxicity can be

manifested at the level of a population,biocenosys or ecosystems.In each case, the determination of toxicity

is important.Measuring toxicity is necessary, on the

one hand, to ascertain the degree of toxicity orhazard of a substance on human health anddomestic animals (veterinary toxicology) or oncrops and crop productivity (in agriculture).

On the other hand, measuring toxicity isnecessary to differentiate between, certain chemicals

permanent n mediu n concentraii foarte sczute [1].Pentru a putea realiza astfel de studii, n

ecotoxicologie se utilizeaz metode de cercetarei de studiu preluate din celelalte domenii nrudite(chimie, fizic, biologie, geologie i mai ales dinecologie i toxicologie) dar, s-au elaborat i s-aupus la punct metode specifice ecotoxicologice.Aceste metode sunt reprezentate n primul rndprin testele ecotoxicologice (multe fiindstandardizate) prin care se msoar efecteletoxice ale substanelor, ale materialelor sau aledeeurilori poluanilor asupra organismelor vii.

Toxicitatea este privit ca manifestareasupra unor indivizi (organisme vii), adic,toxicitatea se manifest la nivelul individual deorganizare a materiei vii. Dar toxicitatea poate fipriviti ca manifestare la nivel subindividual saula nivel supraindividual. La nivel subindividualtoxicitatea se poate manifesta asupra unor organe(organotoxicitate: hepatotoxicitate, toxicitate

renal) sau asupra unor funcii realizate desisteme de organe, exemplu neurotoxicitate,toxicitate asupra sistemului respirator,cardiovascular, excretor etc. De asemenea,toxicitatea se poate manifesta la nivel celular,asupra celulei n ansamblu sau asupra unororganite sau componente structurale ale celulei(de exemplu asupra hepatocitelor sau asuprareticulului endoplasmatic ori asupra mitocondriilordin hepatocite). Ca mecanism, n fapt, toxiceleacioneaz asupra unor biomolecule de care sefixeaz i le blocheaz sau le modific

funcionarea. Privit ca manifestare la acest nivel(nivelul biochimic), primele efecte sunt aanumitele leziuni biochimice. Ele nu se potobserva direct dar pot fi evideniate prin metodebiochimice i chiar pot fi msurate prin determinrichimice, fizico-chimice sau biochimice. La acestnivel, ecotoxicologia dezvolt metode de utilizare aunor biomarkeri pentru a evidenia efecte subacutei nivele de contaminare care nu manifest efecteobservabile dar produc leziuni fiziologice. Astfel debiomarkeri pot fi creterea sau scdereaconinutului i activitii unor enzime ori a unor

metabolii sau ali compui biochimici msurabili.La nivel supraindividual toxicitatea se poatemanifesta asupra unor populaii, biocenoze sauecosisteme. La oricare nivel de manifestare, sepune problema msurrii toxicitii. Msurareatoxicitii este necesar, pe de o parte, pentru acunoate gradul de toxicitate sau de periculozitatea unei substane asupra sntii oamenilor ianimalelor domestice (n toxicologia uman iveterinar) sau asupra plantelor de cultur i aproductivitii vegetale (n agricultur). Pe de alt

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(synthetic or natural), in terms of toxicity.Some substances or preparations are toxic

and some are less toxic, it is necessary to classifythem on the grounds of toxicity.

In order to realize that, it was necessary todevelop methods for measuring the toxicity andestablish indicators to express the degree oftoxicity.

The test methods are: toxicological testsand the indicators used in toxicology end pointsare called toxicological indicators.

2. Materials and Methods

This paper presents a general picture of differenttypes of ecotoxicological test methods, of the legalrequirements and those of a sustainabledevelopment and especially of the assessments of

the opportunities that these tests can provide forprofessionals and entrepreneurs in theenvironmental protection and environmentalengineering fields.

The determination of toxicity is necessary,on the one hand, in order to know the degree oftoxicity/danger of a substance on the health ofhumans and domestic animals (in human andveterinary toxicology) or on plants andproductivity (in agriculture).

On the other hand, the determination oftoxicity is necessary to differentiate amongst

different chemicals (synthetic or natural), from thetoxicity point of view. Some chemicals orcompounds are more toxic, some are less toxic,and a classification is needed according to thedegree of toxicity. This leads to the necessity ofproducing methods to measure the toxicity andexpress the toxicity degree.

The testing methods are toxicological tests,and the indicators used are called toxicologicalindicators.

The quantitative parameters or indicators oftoxicity allow the quantification and

characterization of the aggressiveness (reactivity)of different chemicals or compounds to live matter,on different levels of organization. The most widelyused quantitative parameter in toxicology (acutetoxicity indicator) is Median Lethal Dose (LD50)determined experimentally on lab animals. TheMedian Lethal Dose (LD50) is a statisticalparameter which represents the dosage that cankill 50% of the individuals from a group ofexperimental lab animals. This parameter isexpressed in units of toxic mass per unit mass of

parte, msurarea toxicitii este necesar pentru adiferenia ntre ele, anumite substane chimice(sintetice sau naturale), din punct de vedere algradului de toxicitate. Unele substane saupreparate sunt mai toxice iar altele sunt mai pu intoxice, este necesar o clasificare a acestora pebaza criteriului gradul de toxicitate. Pentru aceastaa fost necesar elaborarea unor metode demsurare a toxicitii i stabilirea unor indicatoricare s exprime gradul de toxicitate. Metodele detestare sunt testele toxicologice iar indicatoriiutilizai n toxicologie se numesc indicatoritoxicologici.

2. Materiale i metode

Lucrarea de fa este o trecere n revist adiferitelor tipuri i categorii de metode de testareecotoxicologice, a necesitilor impuse delegislaie i de cerinele dezvoltrii durabile i mai

ales o evaluare a oportunitilor pe care acesteactiviti de testare ecotoxicologic le ofer pentruexperi i pentru ntreprinztori n domeniulproteciei i ingineriei mediului.

Msurarea toxicitii este necesar, pe de oparte, pentru a cunoate gradul de toxicitate sau depericulozitate a unei substane asupra sntiioamenilor i animalelor domestice (n toxicologiaumani veterinar) sau asupra plantelor de culturi a productivitii vegetale (n agricultur). Pe de altparte, msurarea toxicitii este necesar pentru adiferenia ntre ele, anumite substane chimice

(sintetice sau naturale), din punct de vedere algradului de toxicitate. Unele substane sau preparatesunt mai toxice iar altele sunt mai puin toxice, estenecesar o clasificare a acestora pe baza criteriuluigradul de toxicitate. Pentru aceasta a fost necesarelaborarea unor metode de msurare a toxicitii istabilirea unor indicatori care s exprime gradul detoxicitate. Metodele de testare sunt testeletoxicologice iar indicatorii utilizai se numescindicatori toxicologici.

Parametrii sau indicatorii cantitativi ai toxicitiipermit cuantificarea i caracterizarea agresivitii

(reactivitii) diferiilor compui chimici sau a unorpreparate, fa de materia vie, la diferite nivele deorganizare a acesteia. n toxicologie, cel mai cunoscuti cel mai folosit parametru cantitativ sau indicator detoxicitate acut este doza medie letal (DL50)determinat experimental pe animale de laborator.Doza medie letal (DL50) este un parametru statistic cereprezint doza dintr-o substan care poate producemoartea a 50% dintr-un lot experimental de animale delaborator. Acest parametru este exprimat n uniti demas de substan toxic raportat la unitatea de mas

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test subjects (i.e. mg/kg of body mass or mM/kg ofbody mass or M/kg of body mass).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Testing ecotoxicity

Ecotoxicity refers to hazards or adverse effectsthat chemicals or compounds can have once theyreach the environment. Any chemical (new or oldcompound) must be tested (mandatory) regardingthe effects of the environment, before actuallybeing used on a wide scale.

Eventually, any chemical used by humansends up in the environment. Its behavior in natureand its toxic effects are the object ofecotoxicological testing.

Starting from toxicological tests andtoxiclogical indicators, ecotoxicological tests wereproduced and ecotoxicological indicators weredeveloped in order to measure ecotoxicity.

Measuring ecotoxicity involves the identificationand quantification of the hazards and adverseeffects that chemicals can have on livingorganisms or on populations, biocenosis andecosystems.

Taking into account the main environmentalfactors, the ecotoxicological tests will address,separately, toxicity on terrestrial animals, onaquatic animals, on terrestrial or aquatic plantsand on microorganisms in the waters and in soil.Ecotoxicological tests will identify the followingtypes of hazards: toxicity, biodegradability and bio-

accumulation/bio-concentration capacity.Acute toxicity can be determined through

tests carried out on simple systems such as:unicellular organisms (bacteria, algae, protozoa),cell cultures and superior organisms pertaining todifferent animal or vegetal species (fishes,crustaceous, algae, worms, insects, plants),including superior mammals.

Ecotoxicology was first developed for theaquatic environments, and the first testingmethods were produced for the aquaticenvironments. The first methods were taken from

toxicology and adjusted and then specific testingmethods were produced. Later, these methodswere modified and adjusted for ecotoxicologicaltests in order to be used for the otherenvironmental factors (terrestrial environment, soil,sediments).

From the point of view of aquatic toxicity,based on acute toxicity, the toxicants are classifiedinto three categories (Tab. 1).

corporal a organismului expus (ex. mg/kg corpsau mM/kg corp sau M/kg corp).

3. Rezultate i discuii

3.1. Testarea ecotoxicitii

Ecotoxicitatea se refer la pericolele sau efecteleadverse pe care substanele chimice sau preparatelele pot produce dup ce ajung n mediul nconjurtor.Orice substan chimic, preparat sau material nouprodus, nainte s fie aprobat pentru aplicare pescar larg, este n mod obligatoriu testat din punctde vedere al efectelor pe care le va produce dup ceva ajunge n mediu. n final, orice substan utilizatde om ajunge n mediu. Comportarea sa n mediu iefectele toxice sau de alt natur fac obiectul testelorecotoxicologice. Pornind de la testele toxicologice iindicatorii toxicologici, n ecotoxicologie s-au pus lapunct metode de testare ecotoxicologice i s-auelaborat indicatori ecotoxicologici pentru msurarea

ecotoxicitii. Msurarea ecotoxicitii implicidentificarea i cuantificarea pericolelor (hazardelor)sau efectelor adverse pe care substanele sauprepartele chimice le produc n mediu asupraorganismelor vii din mediu sau asupra sistemelorecologice (populaii, biocenoze, ecosisteme).

Lund n considerare principalii factori demediu, testele ecotoxicologice se vor adresa, n modseparat, pentru toxicitatea asupra animalelor terestre,asupra animalelor acvatice, precum i asupraplantelor terestre sau acvatice ori asupramicroorganismelor din ape i din soluri. Pe de alt

parte, testele ecotoxicologice vor trebui s aib nvedere urmtoarele trei tipuri de hazarde potenialecare vor trebui determinate: toxicitatea,biodegradabilitatea i respectiv capacitatea debioacumulare/bioconcentrare. Toxicitatea acutpoate fi evaluat prin teste realizate pe sistemesimple cum ar fi: organisme unicelulare (bacterii, alge,protozoare), culturi de celule, precum i peorganisme superioare aparinnd diferitor speciianimale sau vegetale (peti, crustacee, alge, viermi,insecte, plante), inclusiv pe mamifere superioare.

Ecotoxicologia s-a dezvoltat la nceput pentru

mediile acvatice, n consecini primele metode detestare s-au elaborat pentru mediile acvatice.Primele metode au fost preluate i adaptate dintoxicologie, apoi s-au elaborat medode noi de testarespecifice. Mai trziu, aceste metode au fostmodificate i adaptate pentru teste ecotoxicologice nvederea utilizrii pentru ceilali factori de mediu(medii tereste, sol, sedimente etc.). Din punct devedere al toxicitii acvatice, pe baza toxicitii acute,substanele toxice pentru mediul acvatic se clasificn trei categorii (Tab. 1).

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Table 1.Classification of aquatic toxicants suggested by GHS [2].

Toxicity class Acute toxicity (CL50)

Class I < 1 ppmClass II 1 and < 10 ppmClass III 10 and < 100 ppm

Classification of ecotoxicological testsToxicity tests can be classified according toseveral criteria.Cause-effect relation. Generally, the toxicity testsare based on exposure (presence of the toxicant indirect relation to the subject) and response (theorganism responds to the presence of the toxicant).The response is visible (a measurable and visibleeffect). Therefore, the following relations are thebasis of the toxicity tests:

Exposure ResponseExposure Effect

Exposure can be different and expressed as

dosage, concentration or duration, and theresponse can be different too, according to theexposure route. In these cases, the relationbecomes:

Dosage effect (response)Concentration effect (response))Exposure route response

Toxicity type.According to this criterion, testscan be acute toxicity tests or chronic toxicitytests. Sometimes, derived tests can also becarried out, such as subacute or subchronictoxicity tests.

Acute toxicity tests are short term tests thathave as effect the death of the individuals. Theyare usually carried put in five tests variants (withfive different concentrations of toxicant) and onewitness variant, with no toxicant. Each variant ismade in double or triple replicates. Each test usesa sample from the experimental species, whichmust be representative and homogenous. Thenumber of individuals from the sample must behigh enough so that the tests can be statisticallyprocessed. The tests are carried out in standardconditions, set by methodological guides. The

results regarding the death rate are recorded intables and then the dosage-effect (concentration-effect) diagram is made and the LD50 or LC50values are calculated.

Due to the fact that acute toxicity has lethaleffects following injectable, oral or respiratoryadministration as well as by skin contact exposure,toxicants can be divided into 5 categories,according to the exposure needed to producelethal effects (Tab. 2).

Clasificarea testelor ecotoxicologiceTestele de toxicitate se pot clasifica n diferitefeluri n funcie de mai multe criterii.Dup relaia cauz efect. n general, testele detoxicitate se bazeaz pe relaia dintre expunere(prezena toxicului n relaie direct cu subiectul) irspuns (organismul viu rspunde la prezenatoxicului). Rspunsul este vizualizat printr-un efectobservabil sau msurabil. Aadar, la baza testelorde toxicitate avem relaia:

Expunere RspunsExpunere Efect

Expunerea poate fi diferit i exprimat ca

doz, concentraie sau durat de expunere, deasemenea rspunsul poate fi diferit i funcie decalea de expunere. n aceste cazuri relaia cauz efect devine:

Doz efect (rspuns)Concentraie efect (rspuns)Modalitate de expunere rspuns

Dup tipul de toxicitate. Din acest punct de vederetestele de toxicitate se mpart n teste de toxicitateacutsau teste de toxicitate cronic. Uneori se potreliza i teste derivate din acestea ca teste detoxicitate subacut sau teste de toxicitate subcronic.

Testele de toxicitate acut sunt teste descurt durat care nregistreaz ca efectmortalitatea indivizilor. De obicei se realizeaz prinefectuarea a cinci variante test cu administrarea dedoze (sau concentraii) diferite de toxic i o variantmartor fr toxic. Fiecare variant se efectueaz ndublu sau triplu exemplar. La fiecare test seutilizeaz un eantion de indivizi din speciaexperimental care trebuie s fie omogen ireprezentativ. Numrul de indivizi din eantionultestat trebuie s fie suficient de mare pentru carezultatele s poat fi prelucrate statistic. Testele se

realizeaz n condiii standard stabilite de ghidurilemetodologice. Rezultatele privind mortalitatea senregistreaz n tabele i apoi se traseaz diagramadoz efect (sau concentraie efect) i secalculeaz valorile DL50 sau CL50. ntructtoxicitatea acut produce efecte letale ca urmare aadministrrii pe cale injectabil, oral, inhalatoriesau prin expunere tegumentar, toxicele se potmpri n 5 categorii dac se ia n considerareexpunerea necesar pentru a produce efecte letale(Tab. 2).

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Table 2.Categories of toxicants according to the dosage needed to produce lethal effects.

AdministrationCategory of toxicity

I II III IV V

Oral: LD50 (mg/kg body mass) 5 50 300 2000 5000Skin contact: LD50 (mg/kg body mass) 50 200 1000 2000 5000

Gas inhala-tion: LC50 (ppm Vol) 100 500 2500 20 000 Unde-finedVapor inhalation: LC50 (mg/L) 0.5 2.0 10 20 Unde-finedParticles and powders inhalation: LC50 (mg/L) 0.05 0.5 1.0 5.0 Unde-fined

Chronic toxicity tests are carried out duringone or more life cycles. They are a long-termexposure to small and repeated dosage oftoxicants (or to low, sub-acute concentrations) andother effects are monitored, not mortality. Thereproduction rate is often monitored (production ofpoultry, production of eggs, production of seeds,vegetative multiplication) as well as the viability ofthe offsprings. Sometimes, partially chronic tests

are carried out during a sensitive period from thelifecycle of the individuals (reproduction, growth,migration periods etc). Chronic toxicity can beshown by determining biomarkers (biologicallyactive substances, biochemical indicators) such asthe production of enzymes and specific enzymaticactivity.

In the case of aquatic tests, the chronictoxicity tests (and sometimes the acute ones) areorganized in three different ways: Static tests water and toxicant areintroduced at the very beginning and not changes

(renewed); Static or semi-static tests water and toxicantare periodically changed (renewed), usually oncea day; Continuous flow tests water and toxicant arecontinuously renewed, these tests are the mostappropriate as they avoid the loss of a part of thetoxicant by evaporation, metabolisation orprecipitation.The testing environment. We can discriminatebetween tests of aquatic toxicity, tests with soil,with sediments, with litter or with integratedecologic systems. (producers consumers predators).The organisms used for testing. A large number oforganisms are used in ecotoxicological tests. Themost frequent of them are: Terrestrial mammals: mice, rats, guinea pigs,

rabbits, dogs, monkeys etc.; Terrestrial or aquatic birds: pigeons, chickens,

ducks, geese; Freshwater fishes: trouts, (Salmo sp),

goldfishes, (Carassius auratus), common

Testele de toxicitate cronic se fac pedurata unui ciclu ntreg de via sau chiar pedurata mai multor cicluri de via. Este o expunerepe termen lung la doze mici i repetate de toxic(sau la concentraii sczute, subacute) i seurmresc alte efecte dect mortalitatea. Adesease evalueaz reproducerea (producie de pui,producia de ou, producia de semine,multiplicarea vegetativ) i viabilitatea urmailor.

Uneori se fac teste parial cronice urmrindu-seefectele pe durata unei perioade sensibile dinciclul de via al speciei, de exemplu perioada dereproducere, perioada de cretere, perioada demigraie etc. Toxicitatea cronic se poate evideniai prin determinarea unor biomarkeri (substanebiologic active, indicatori biochimici) cum ar fiproducerea unor enzime i activitatea enzimaticspecific. n cazul testelor acvatice, testele detoxicitate cronic (uneori i cele acute) seorganizeaz n trei moduri diferite: teste statice n care apa i toxicul se introduc de

la nceput i nu se mai schimb (fr rennoire); teste statice sau semistatice cu rennoire ncare apa i toxicul se schimb (se rennoiesc)periodic, de regul o dat pe zi; teste n flux continuu n care apa i toxicul serennoiesc continuu sau cu intermitee. Acesteasunt cele mai adecvate ntruct se evit pierdereaunei pri din toxic prin evaporare, prin fixare saumetabolizare ori prin precipitare.Mediul n care se efectueaz testele se potdiferenia teste de toxicitate acvatic, teste cu sol,teste cu sedimente, teste cu litier sau teste cusisteme ecologice integrate (productori consumatori rpitori).Categoriile de organisme utilizate. n testeleecotoxicologice se utilizeaz un numr mare despecii de organisme vii. Cele mai frecvente sunt: Mamifere terestre: oareci, obolani, cobai,

iepuri, cini, maimue etc.; Psri terestre sau acvatice; porumbel, pui de

gin, rae, gte; Peti de ap dulce: pstrvi (Salmo sp),

carasul auriu (Carassius auratus), boiteanul

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minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus), brook trouts(Salvelinus fontinalis), carp (Cyprinus carpio),fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas),zebra fish (Brachidanio rerio ), guppy (Poeciliareticulata) etc.;

Saltwater fishes: Cyprinodon variegatus; Crustaceous: daphnia (Daphnia sp.),

Gammarus sp., sea shrimps (Mysidopsis bahiaorAmericamysis bahia);

Insects and larvae: Chironomus sp.; Worms: earthworms (Eisenia foetida,

Lumbriculus, Nereis); Shells: Mytillus, Macona, Ostrea; Algae: Freshwater algae: (Selenastrum,

Scenedesmus, Spirulina, Chlorella, Anabena,Navicula), sea algae: (Skeletonema,Asterionella);

Aquatic macrophytes: duckweed (Lemna minor,Lemna gibba);

Terrestrial superior plants: lettuce (Lactuca),

mustard plants, perennial ryegrass, cereals(wheat, rye, oats), clover, lucerne, lupinus ortrees;

Bacteria: luminescent bacteria in Ecotox test orthe total number of bacteria in soil.

Special ecotoxicological testsare considered to bethe biodegradation and bioaccumulation/bioconcentration tests.Tests for assessing ecotoxicity in naturalenvironments. In many situations, especially forthe risk assessment studies, the toxicity of anatural environment (such as the water coming

from a wastewater treatment plant, water from ariver receiving the wastewater treatment plantwater or the mixture of the 2 waters for example)must be assessed.

The same situation can be discussed for apolluted site after reclaiming. The main issue is towhat extent does the environment (aquatic, soil,sediments) raise toxicity issues for the livingorganisms that populate it or that can provideindications regarding toxic effects due to pollutingagents in low concentrations.

In order to quantify the contribution of these

contaminants to the total toxic effects, toxicity unitsor fractions of these units are used in ecotoxicitytests. Toxicity units (TU) is obtained by convertingthe concentration of a contaminant keeping inmind its toxicity expressed by toxicity indicators(LC50) for reference organisms (daphnia foraquatic environments LC50-48h).

(Phoxinus phoxinus), fntnelul (Salvelinusfontinalis), crapul (Cyprinus carpio), plevuca(Pimephales promelas), petele zebr(Brachidanio rerio), guppy (Poecilia reticulata)etc.;

Peti de ap srat: Cyprinodon variegatus; Crustacei: dafniile (Daphnia sp.), ltuul

(Gammarus sp.), crevei marini i de ap salmastr(Mysidopsis bahia sauAmericamysis bahia);

Insecte i larve de insecte: Chironomus sp.; Viermi: rme (Eisenia foetida, Lumbriculus,

Nereis); Scoici: Mytillus, Macona, Ostrea; Alge: alge de ape dulci: (Selenastrum,

Scenedesmus, Spirulina, Chlorella, Anabena,Navicula) i alge marine: (Skeletonema,Asterionella);

Macrofite acvatice: lintia (Lemna minor,Lemna gibba);

Plante superioare terestre: salata (Lactuca),

mutarul, raigras, cereale (gru, secar, ovz),trifoi, lucerna, lupin sau arbori;

Bacterii: de exemplu bacterii luminescente ntestul Ecotoxsau numrul total de bacterii dinsol.

Categorii speciale de teste ecotoxicologice suntconsiderate i testele de biodegradare i testelede bioacumulare i bioconcentrare.Teste pentru evaluarea ecotoxicitii unor mediinaturale. n multe situaii, n special pentru studiilede evaluare a riscului, este necesar s seevalueze toxicitatea unui mediu natural (de

exemplu apa efluent de la o staie de epurare sauapa rului receptor al efluentului de la staia deepurare, sau amestecul celor dou ape). Aceeaisituaie poate fi discutat pentru un sit poluat saupentru acelai sit dup efectuarea remedierii.Problema care se pune este n ce msur mediulrespectiv (acvatic, sol, sediment etc.) ridicprobleme de toxicitate pentru vieuitoarele care lpopuleaz sau care pot da indicaii privind efecteletoxice datorate unor poluani n amestec dar caresunt n concentraii sczute.

Pentru cuantificarea contribuiei acestor

contaminani la efectul toxic total, n testele deecotoxicitate se folosesc unitile de toxicitate saufraciile acestora. Unitatea de toxicitate (TU) esteobinut prin convertirea concentraiei unuicontaminant innd cont de toxicitatea acestuiaexprimat prin indicatori de toxicitate (ex CL50)pentru organisme de referin (ex. Dafniile pentrumedii acvatice, CL50-48h).

TU = C / EC50 (1)

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Therefore, the toxicity of a water sample willbe quantified as the sum of all TU for thecontaminants determined through the chemicalanalysis of the sample.

3.2. Acute toxicity indicators

For acute toxicity, the main indicator is the quantity oftoxicant that produces the effect on 50%.

The main acute toxicity indicators are: LD50 Median lethal dosage expresses the

toxicant quantity that produces the death of 50%of the exposed individuals (mg/kg);

LC50 Median lethal concentration expressesthe toxicant concentration that produces thedeath of 50% of the exposed individuals (mg/L org/L);

LT50 Median lethal time expresses theexposure duration that leads to the death of 50%of the individuals exposed to a certainconcentration or dosage (in hours or minutes).

Due to the fact that the effect can be differentthan death (immobilization for daphnia, for exampleor multiplication reduction for algae), the followingindicators are used: EC50 efficient concentration expresses the

concentration of toxicant that produces thedesired effect in a proportion of 50% or

IC50 inhibitory concentration - expresses theconcentration of toxicant that produces an inhibitionof the desired effect in a proportion of 50%.

A series of other derived indicators weresuggested, such as:

LD10; LD 90; LD 01; LD 99 toxicant dosages thatkill 10%, 90%, 1% or 99% of the exposedindividuals;

LC10; LC90; LC01; LC99 toxicants concentrationsthat kill 10%, 90%, 1% or 99% of the exposedindividuals;

LT10; LT90; LT01; LT99 exposure duration whichkill 10%, 90%, 1% or 99% of the individualsexposed to a dosage or concentration of toxicant;

EC10; EC90; EC01; EC99 the concentrations oftoxicants that produce the desired effects inproportions of 10%, 90%, 1% or 99% of the

exposed individuals; IC10; IC90; IC01; IC99 the quantities or

concentrations of toxicants that produce aninhibition of 10%, 90%, 1% or 99% of the desiredeffect.

3.3. Chronic toxicity indicators

The EC50 indicator is a generic one and can beused in chronic toxicity tests with the specificationof the desired effect. EC50 represents the quantity

Astfel, toxicitatea unei probe de ap vaputea fi cuantificat ca suma unitilor de toxicitatepentru toi contaminanii determinai prin analizachimic a acelei probe.

3.2. Indicatori de toxicitate acut

Pentru toxicitatea acut indicatorul de baz estecantitatea de toxic care produce efectul n proporiede 50%.

Aadar, indicatorii de baz pentru toxicitateaacut sunt: DL50 doza medie letal exprim cantitatea de

toxic care produce moartea la 50% dintre indiviziiexpui (mg/kg);

CL50 concentraia medie letal exprimconcentraia de toxic care produce moartea la50% dintre indivizii expui (mg/L sau g/L);

TL50 durata medie letal exprim durata deexpunere la care mor 50% dintre indivizii expuila o anumit concentraie sau doz de toxic (n

ore sau minute).ntruct efectul poate fi i altul dect

mortalitatea, de exemplu imobilizarea (la dafnii), saureducerea multiplicrii (la alge), se utilizeazindicatorul denumit: EC50 concentraia eficient medie exprim

cantitatea de toxic care produce efectul urmrit nproporir de 50%, sau

IC50 concentraia medie de inhibare exprimcantitatea de substan toxic care produce oinhibare de 50% a efectului urmrit.

S-au mai propus i se utilizeaz o serie de

indicatori derivai de la cei de sus, cum ar fi: DL10; DL90; DL01; DL99 respectiv, dozele de toxic

care omoar 10%, 90%, 1% sau 99% dintreindivizii expui;

CL10; CL90; CL01; CL99 - respectiv, concentraiilede toxic care omoar 10%, 90%, 1% sau 99%dintre indivizii expui;

TL10; TL90; TL01; TL99 - respectiv, duratele deexpunere la care mor 10%, 90%, 1% sau 99%dintre indivizii expui la o anumit doz sauconcentraie de toxic;

EC10; EC90; EC01; EC99 - respectiv, cantitile de

toxic care produc efectul urmrit n prporie de10%, 90%, 1% sau 99% dintre indivizii expui; IC10; IC90; IC01; IC99 - respectiv, cantitile sau

concentraiile de toxic care produc o inhibare de10%, 90%, 1% sau 99% a efectului urmrit.

3.3. Indicatori de toxicitate cronic

Indicatorul EC50 este un indicator generic, careeste utilizat i n testele de toxicitate cronic cuspecificaia efectului cercetat. EC50 reprezint

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of toxicant that produces a 50% effect. It is used,for example, to measure the toxicantconcentrations that inhibit the multiplication ofalgae with 50%, which diminishes the number ofdaphnia offsprings with 50%, the growth inbiomass for duckweed with 50% or the decreaseof the peroxydase activity with 50%.

In the regulation activity, the followingindicators are used in order to establish toxicitythresholds:

NOEC the highest concentration thatproduces no visible effect. It is also known asNOAEC (No Observed Adverse EffectConcentration) in order to indicate that negativeeffects are considered.

LOEC Lowest concentrations that producesobservable effect (the Lowest Observed EffectConcentration), also known as LOAEC (theLowest Observed Adverse EffectConcentration).

NOEL or NOAEL the highest dosage whenno negative/adverse effects are noticed (NoObserved (Adverse) Effect Level).

LOEL or LOAEL the highest level of toxicant(or dosage) when a negative /adverse effect isobservable (the Lowest Observed (Adverse)Effect Level).

The abovementioned indicators are used inorder to establish a regulation marker inenvironmental protection called MaximumAllowable Concentration (MAC). The MAC iscalculated as the geometrical mean of the NOEC

and LOEC values, and a certainty factor is alsoadded. The factor is 10; 100; 1000 and expressesthe differences between the organism on whichtests were carried out and superior organisms(humans, animals, plants) to which extrapolation ismade. Also, the certainty factor must express thedifferent sensitivity of different species in theenvironment, the heterogeneity of the populationof the same species and the interactions with otherpollutants in the environment (synergy effects) aswell as alterations in the characteristics of theenvironment with subsequent bioavailability

alterations.

cantitatea de toxic care produce efect de 50%. Sefolosete de exemplu pentru a msuraconcentraia de toxic care inhib cu 50%multiplicarea algelor, care diminueaz cu 50%numrul de pui la dafnii, care reduce cu 50%creterea rdcinii la plante, care reduce cu 50%creterea de biomas la linti sau diminueaz cu50% activitatea peroxidazic. n activitatea dereglementare, pentru a stabili limitele de toxicitatese folosesc urmtorii indicatori.

NOEC concentraia cea mai mare de toxic lacare nu se produce nici un efect observabil. Maieste folosit i sub denumirea NOAEC pentru a sepreciza c este vorba despre efecte negative (NoObserved Adverse Effect Concentration).

LOEC concentraia cea mai mic de toxic lacare se produce un efect observabil (theLowest Observed Effect Concentration), folositi sub denumirea LOAEC (the LowestObserved Adverse Effect Concentration).

NOEL sau NOAEL nivelul sau doza cea maimare de toxic la care nu se observ nici unefect negativ, advers (No Observed (Adverse)Effect Level).

LOEL sau LOAEL nivelul sau doza cea maimare de toxic la care se observ un efectnegativ, advers (tle Lowest Observed(Adverse) Effect Level).

Indicatorii de mai sus se utilizeaz pentrustabilirea unui indicator de reglementare nprotecia mediului numit CMA concentraiamaxim admis. CMA se calculeaz ca medie

geometric a valorilor NOEC i LOEC la care semai introduce un factor de siguran. Factorul desiguran este de 10; 100; 1000 i exprimdiferenele ntre organismele la care s-au efectuattestele i organismele superioare (om, animale,plante) la care se face extrapolarea. Deasemenea, factorul de siguran trebuie saexprime sensibilitatea diferit a diferitelor specii deorganisme existente n mediu, heterogenitateapopulaiilor din aceeai specie, interaciunile cu alipoluani existeni n mediu (efecte de sinergism) imodificri ale caracteristicilor mediului cu

modificri de biodisponibilitate.

CMA NOEC LOEC f (2)Indicators used by WHO: MLD Minimum lethal dose (can also be a

marker for chronic toxicity). MTD maximum tolerated dose. Is the

maximum quantity of a substance about whichwe can anticipate that will not affect the lifeduration of the tested subjects.

Indicatori folosii (OMS/WHO): DML doza minim letal care poate fi i un

indicator de toxicitate cronic DMT doza maxim tolerat. Este cantitatea

cea mai mare de substan despre care sepoate anticipa c, administrarea ei nu va afectadurata de via a animalelor testate.

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Accepted daily intake (ADI) used for foodsand represents the quantity of substance thatenters in the body daily, by food, and does notproduce long-term effects.

MRL the dose of a substance estimated notto have any hazardous effects on health (basedon a daily exposure and non-specifiedduration). This is established based on NOAECor LOAEC with correction factors applied. Thecorrection factors will help extrapolate theresults from animals to humans and they aredependent on human variability, on thecontinuity to exposure or other corrections. It isestablished for acute, chronic and intermediateexposures or for exposures on oral way or byinhalation.

Threshold limit valuesInstead of maximum allowable values, in someinstances (health protection, risk prevention)

threshold limit values are determined. Thus, forsoils we have threshold limit values for the metals(alert values). The threshold limit and alert limitvalues are different according to the use of theland.

The Romanian legal frame set such valuesby the 756/1997 Order issued by the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests [3].

Thus, we have threshold limit values forsoils, as follows: alert and intervention thresholdlimit values for land with sensitive use and theindicators at different values for land with less

sensitive use.

4. Conclusions

Instead of conclusions we shall identify the mainapplications of ecotoxicology where experts will beable to carry out entrepreneurial activities.Therefore, we can identify the followingapplications: The study of the evolution of substances inenvironment (natural or man-made substances),

the potentially negative effects of the newcompounds made by humans (keeping in mind thefact that these compounds will end up in nature).Thousands of chemicals and compounds areinvented and marketed each year. A reportproduced in 1973 showed that each year,approximately 25000 new compounds areinvented, out of which 500 are marketed, adding tothe already existing 2 million existing compounds[4]. More recent estimates [5] consider that 64,000chemicals are marketed, in a 5 million tons quantity

Doza zilnic admis (ADI) se folosete pentrualimente i reprezint cantitatea de substancare introdus zilnic prin dieta alimentar norganism nu produce efecte pe termen lung.

MRL doza sau concentraia dintr-o substanla care expunerea zilnic (pe o cale specificati o durat specificat) este estimat c nu vaproduce nici un risc pentru sntate (efectenecancerigene). Aceasta se stabilete pe bazaNOAEC sau LOAEC la care se aplic factori decorecie care in de extrapolarea rezultatelor dela teste pe animale la oameni, de variabilitateauman, de asigurare a continuitii expunerii ieventual, alte corecii. Se stabilete pentruexpuneri acute, cronice i intermediare, pe caleoral sau prin inhalare.

Valorile pragPentru unele componente ale mediului sau pentruanumite scopuri de protecie a sntii ori pentru

prevenirea riscurilor se stabilesc, n loc de valorimaxime admise, valori considerate prag. Astfel,avem pentru soluri stabilite valori ale coninuturilorde metale considerate nivele prag pentru alertsau pentru intervenie. Nivelele pragurilor de alerti de intervenie sunt diferite i n funcie deutilizarea terenului. n legislaia romneasc s-auinstituit prin Ordinul MAPPM nr. 756/1997 valoriale concentraiilor unor poluani n soluri, carereprezint valori prag [3]. Astfel, avem patru valoriprag pentru soluri, dup cum urmeaz (prag dealert i prag de intervenie pentru terenurile de

folosin sensibil i aceleai praguri pentruterenurile cu folosin mai puin sensibil.

4. Concluzii

n loc de concluzii vom identifica principaleleaplicaii ale ecotoxicologiei n care experii vorputea realiza activiti antreprenoriale. n acestsens se pot lua n considerare urmtoareledomenii majore: Studiul evoluiei n mediu a substanelornaturale sau artificiale, precum i studiul privind

eventualele efecte nocive ale noilor produifabricai de om avnd n vedre c, pn la urm,acetia vor ajunge inevitabil n mediul nconjurtor.Se inventeaz i se pun n fabricaie mii decompui chimici noi n fiecare an. Un raport din1973 arta c n fiecare an se inventeaz circa25000 de compui chimici noi, din care 500 secomercializeaz i se adaug la cei circa doumilioane de compui chimici existeni [4]. Estimrimai recente [5] consider c exist 64000substane chimice utilizate comercial, produse n

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each year. Approximately 700 new compounds areproduced each year. Eventually, they will end up inthe environment and how will they behave there?It is only the ecotoxicological research, throughspecial tests, that can provide an answer. This iswhy ecotoxicological tests are mandatory for thenew products before being used on a wide scale [6,7]. Based on these tests, some substances areprohibited. Another major area where ecotoxicologicaltests are used is in the regulatory activity. Inproducing specific regulations for environmentalprotection and for other areas, threshold limitvalues are established for different substances inenvironment (water, air, and soil), food, drinks etc.these values are not random, they are based onthe results of the toxicity and ecotoxicity testsregarding the dose that do not have adverseeffects of living organisms. In the area of environmental protection and

engineering, ecotoxicology provides data todetermine the risk levels for the environmentalimpact assessment documentation (for neweconomic and industrial projects). It also providesdata for the reclaiming projects (contaminatedsites) and to establish risk levels for further use ofthe land and to determine the levels wheredecontamination is necessary and useful. A moreadvanced decontamination than the necessaryone (based on risk studies and ecotoxicologicaldata) is too costly or even technically impossibleand the reclaiming project will not be fesable.

Biomonitoring of the quality of environment isbased on the capacity of living organsims in theenvironment to accumulate certain chemicals orcompounds that are contaminants. Some of themare toxic and the organisms develop protectionmechanisms. The living organisms from thecontaminated environment provide informationregarding the current levels of contamination orpast events (pollution incidents) that had not beenidentified through the classic monitoring process.They also provide indications regarding the longtime contamination effects, when interferences

with other contaminants in the environment appear[8]. Ecotoxicological tests are useful tools (andnecessary, currently imposed by law) to assessand monitor the quality and the status of waterbodies. Biodegradation tests are special tests, useful indifferent areas. The behavior of certain substancesin environment (construction materials, plastic,packaging materials) is determined through suchtests. Biodegradation is a very important

cantitate de 5 miliarde tone anual. Circa 700 decompui chimici noi se produc n fiecare an. nfinal, acetia vor ajunge n mediu. Cum se vorcomporta aceste substane n mediu? Numaicercetrile ecotoxicologice, prin teste speciale detoxicitate, vor putea aduce rspunsuri la acestentrebri. De aceea sunt impuse testeleecotoxicologice pentru noile produse nainte deobinerea dreptului de a fi puse n fabricaie i de afi utilizate pe scar larg [6, 7]. Tot pe aceastbaz tiinific se iau decizii de interzicere afabricaiei i utilizrii unor substane. Un alt domeniu important de aplicaii aledeterminrilor ecotoxicologice n etapa actualeste acela al activitii de reglementare. nelaborarea actelor normative specifice pentruprotecia mediului, pentru protecia sntii ipentru alte domenii se stabilesc concentraii limitadmisibile pentru diferite substane n factorii demediu (ap, aer, sol), n alimente, n apa potabil,

n furaje etc. Stabilirea acestor valori nu se face lantmplare, este necesar o baz tiinific iaraceasta este furnizat de rezultatele testelor detoxicitate i de ecotoxicitate privind acele doze sauconcentraii care nu produc efecte adverseorganismelor vii. n domeniul ingineriei i proteciei mediuluiecotoxicologia ofer date pentru stabilirea nivelelorde risc necesare documentaiilor de evaluare aimpactului asupra mediului, n documentaiile deevaluare a riscului pentru proiectele noi deactiviti economice i industriale. De asemenea,

n proiectele de reabilitare a siturilor contaminate,pentru stabilirea nivelelor de risc legate deviitoarele utilizri i stabilirea nivelelor pn la careeste necesar i util decontaminarea. Odecontaminare mai avansat dect cea necesar(bazat pe date ecotoxicologice i studii de risc)devine prea costisitoare sau imposibil din punctde vedere tehnic i proiectul de reabilitare nu vaavea fezabilitate. Biomonitoringul pentru calitatea mediului sebazeaz de asemenea pe capacitatea unororganisme vii de a acumula din mediu anumii

compui sau elemente chimice care suntcontaminani. Unii dintre acetia sunt toxici iarorganismele dezvolt mecanisme de rezisten.Organismele vii din mediul contaminat furnizeazinformaii despre nivelele actuale de contaminaresau despre unele evenimente de poluare trecute,care nu au fost identificate prin monitoringul clasic.De asemenea ele dau indicaii cu privire laefectele contaminrii pe termen lung i n condiiilede interferen cu ali contaminani existeni nmediu [8].

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important process in processing wastewaters, andsome toxicants from the wastewater treatmentplants can have dramatic effects on themicroorganisms that produce biodegradation. Ecotoxicological tests are carried out duringenvironmental risk assessment projects, in orderto determine the allowable emissions and toprevent or decrease the negative impacts onenvironment. For example, the permits forevacuating wastewaters that could end up in waterbodies can be issues based on the total toxicity ofthe effluent on the living organisms in the emissaryand not based on the individual contents ofcontaminated substances. In the field of labor security and protection, thetests are used to determine the maximumallowable limits of exposure for the workers inenvironments where chemicals or toxicants appear.They are also used to set handling, packaging,labeling and storing rules for hazardous

compounds [9-11]. WHO (but also the general public) areextremely interested in determining the transferways of the toxicants in food chains and thepossibility of the toxicants to end up in the humanbody by food. Ecotoxicology provides usefulinformation in order to know these ways and tofind ways to prevent the negative effects onpopulation.

ecotoxicologice sunt instrumente utile i necesare(n prezent sunt impuse de legislaie) pentruevaluarea i monitorizarea strii de calitate i striiecologice a corpurilor de ap. Testele de biodegradare sunt teste specialecare sunt utile n diverse domenii.Comportamentul n mediu al unor materiale noi (ex.materiale de construcii, mase plastice, ambalajeetc.) se determin prin astfel de teste. Darbiodegradarea este un proces de baz ninstalaiile de epurare a apelor reziduale, iar unelesubstane toxice ajunse n aceste instalaii potproduce dereglri grave prin efecte toxice asupramicroorganismelor care realizeaz biodegradarea. n toate studiile de evaluare a riscului serealizeaz teste ecotoxicologice pentru stabilireanivelelor permisibile de emisii i pentru stabilirea demsuri de prevenire sau de diminuare a impactelornegative asupra mediului. De exemplu, permiselede evacuare a unor ape reziduale, eflueni din

staiile de epurare n emisari se pot stabili pe bazatoxicitii totale a efluentului asupra vieuitoarelordin emisar i nu pe baza coninuturilor individualede substane contaminante. n domeniul securitii i proteciei muncii pentrustabilirea limitelor maxime admise de expunere alucrtorilor n condiiile ambientale n care suntprezente substane sau elemente chimice nocive.De asemenea pentru stabilirea regulilor demanipulare, de ambalare, etichetare, depozitare itransport al substanelor periculoase [9-11]. Stabilirea i studierea cilor de transfer al

toxicelor prin lanurile trofice i posibilitatea de aajunge la om prin alimente reprezint un domeniude interes pentru autoriti, pentru OrganizaiaMondial a Sntii (OMS) dari pentru populaie.Ecotoxicologia ofer informaii utile pentrucunoaterea acestor ci de transfer i pentrustabilirea msurilor de prevenire a efectelor nociveasupra populaiei umane.

References

[1] Oros V., Elements of Ecotoxicology and Ecotoxicological Tests (In Romanian), RISOPRINT Cluj Napoca, 2011.[2] EPA, Global Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, 2006

www.epa.gov/oppfead1/international/ghs/2006/october06/ghs-agenda.htm[3] ***, Ord. MAPPM 756/1997 Ordinance of The Romanian Ministry of Environment on Regulation of

Environmental Pollution Assessment. Published in Romanian Official Monitor no. 33 bis from 06 Nov, 1997.[4] Truhaut R., Ecotoxicology: Objectives, Principles and Perspectives. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,

1977; 1:151-173[5] Philip R.B., Ecosystems and Human Healt. Toxicology and Environmental Hazards. CRC Press, New York,

2001.[6] ***, HG 92/2003 Romanian Government Decision for Methodological Norms on Classification, Labeling and

Packing of products. Published in Romanian Official Monitor, Part I, no. 118 from 24 Feb. 2003.

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[7] ***, HG 1408/2008 Romanian Government Decision on Classification, Labeling and Packaging of HazardousChemicals Published in Romanian Official Monitor, no. 813 from 04 Dec. 2008.

[8] ***, Ord. MMGA nr. 245/2005 Ordinance of The Romanian Ministry of Environment on Risk Assessment ofHazardous Substances from the Lists I and II of Prioritar and Prioritar Dangerous Substances for AquaticEnvironment, by Using Mathematical Modelling and on the Methodology for Assessment of Impact of theDangerous Substances from the Lists I and II and of the Prioritar/Prioritar Dangerous Substances on AquaticEnvironment by Using Ecotoxicological Tests Green Algae, Daphnids, Fishes. Published in Romanian OfficialMonitor Part I, from 01 July 2005.

[9] ***, HG 2427/2004 Romanian Government Decision on Risk Control of the existing compounds. Published inRomanian Official Monitor Part I no 64 from 19.01.2005.

[10] ***, OECD, Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards ofChemical Substances and Mixtures. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment, 2001; No. 33.

Vasile OROS, professorBirthplace:Vama, Satu Mare CountyEducation (High School):Negreti OaHigh School,graduated in 1969.

Education (University):Faculty of Biology -Geography, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-

Napoca. Licensed in Biology, class of 1974.Post-Graduate Studies:

Post-graduate studies (1 year 1995/1996)in Centre For Advanced Studies For Mine SafetyAnd Environment (CESSEM) at Ecole des MinesdAles, France.

Exchange and documentation periods atdifferent universities: Oxford Brooks University,

Ecole des Mines dAles, Technical University Delft,Bochum University, Essex University in Colchester,Perpignan University.Doctoral studies:

1991-1995 at the University of Baia Mare,with the dissertation paper on: Arsenium Removalby Bacterial Leaching of Mineral Concentrates ofPrecious and Nonferrous Metals.

The dissertation was presented on October20, 1995 and the Ph.D. title was awarded (Ph.D.engineer in mineral processing).Positions and accomplishments in the researchactivity:

1974-1975: research in the area ofbiosynthesis technologies at the Institute forChemical and Pharmacy Research, Bucharest.

1975-1991: research and technologicalengineering activities for bacterial leaching ofmineral sulphides and for metal recovery andbiotechnologies applied in mining environment.

Positions and accomplishments in the teachingactivity:

Profesor Vasile OROSLoculi data naterii:Vama, Jud. Satu Mare, 16 decembrie 1950.Studii liceale:Liceul de Cultur General din Negreti-Oa,absolvit n 1969.

Studii universitare:Facultatea de Biologie-Geografie la UniversitateaBabe-Bolyai din Cluj Napoca. Diploma de licenn biologie, promoia 1974.Studii postuniversitare:

Specializare postuniversitar un an(1995/1996) la Centrul de Studii Superioare pentruSecuritate i Mediu Minier (CESSEM) de la Ecoledes Mines dAles, Frana.

Stagii de documentare i schimb deexperien la universitile: Oxford BrooksUniversity, Ecole des Mines dAles, Universitatea

Tehnic din Delft, Universitatea din Bochum,Universitatea Essex din Colchester, Universitateadin Perpignan.Studii doctorale:

1991-1995 la Universitatea din Baia Mare cutema: Dezarsenierea bacterian a concentratelorarsenioase de metale preioase i neferoase.

Susinerea tezei la 20 octombrie 1995 iobinerea Diplomei de Doctor Inginer nspecializarea prepararea substanelor minerale utile.Poziiile i realizrile n activitatea profesional-tiinific (activitate de cercetare). 1974-1975: la Institutul de Cercetri Chimico-

Farmaceutice din Bucureti cercetare ndomeniul tehnologii de biosinteze.

1975-1991: la Institutul de Cercetri iProiectri pentru Minereuri i MetalurgieNeferoas din Baia Mare, - activitate decercetare si inginerie tehnologic pentrubiotehnologii de leiere bacterian a sulfurilorminerale si de recuperare a metalelor.

Poziiile i realizrile profesionale n activitateadidactic:

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1991-1995: Associate Professor at the Facultyof Mines, University of Baia Mare.

1995 - present: assistant professor, seniorlecturer, and from 2002 professor at the NorthUniversity of Baia Mare; Faculty of MineralResources and Environment, Department ofProcessing, Geology and EnvironmentalEngineering.

Competencies:

Biotechnologies in the processing of usefulmineral substances and in environmentalengineering;

Risk and environmental impact assessment; Ecological reclaiming of the degraded sites

(specialisation in mining and metallurgicalbranches);

Ecotoxicology (ecotoxicology of metals); Environmental microbiology (specialisation in

geo-microbiology).Publications:Books, manuals and courses:

4 author books and 1 course published, 5books published as coordinating editor, 25contributions as author of chapters or sub-chapters in 8 collective books.

Scientific articles: 9 papers published in scientific magazines

indexed ISI and ISI Proceedings 42 papers published in prestigious specialised

magazines (9 papers in B+ magazines) 43 papers presented in national and

international conferences and published in thevolumes of the conferences;

5 patents.Project manager and technological developmentdirector (over 60 projects) and national andinternational grants (one grant in the FP5European Project).

1991-1995: Cadru didactic asociat laFacultatea de Mine din Universitatea Baia Mare.

1995 - prezent cadru didactic: ef lucrri,confereniar, din 2002 profesor universitar laUniversitatea de Nord din Baia Mare,Facultatea de Resurse Minerale i Mediu,catedra de preparare, geologie i ingineriamediului.

Domeniile de competen: Biotehnologii n prepararea substanelor

minerale utile i n protecia mediului; Evaluarea riscului i impactului asupra mediului; Reabilitarea ecologic a siturilor degradate (cu

specializare pentru industria extractiv minieri metalurgic);

Ecotoxicologie (ecotoxiclogia metalelor); Microbiologia mediului (cu specializare n

geomicrobiologie).Publicaii:Cri, manuale i ndrumtoare de lucrri

publicate: 4 cri de autor i un ndrumtor de lucrri

publicate, 5 cri publicate n calitate de editorcoordonator, 25 contribuii n calitate de autorde capitole sau subcapitole n 8 cri decolective de autori.

Articole tiinifice: 9 lucrri n reviste tiinifice indexate ISI si ISI

Proceedings 42 lucrri publicate n reviste de specialitatede

prestigiu (9 lucrri n reviste de categoria B+) 43 lucrri prezentate la conferine naionale i

internaionale i publicate n volumele de lucrrial acestora;

5 brevete de invenie.Director de proiecte de cercetare i dezvoltaretehnologic (peste 60 proiecte) i granturinaionale i internaionale (un grant n ProgramulEuropean FP5).

DL MINIMA

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