Diversity of Eukaryotes
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Transcript of Diversity of Eukaryotes
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Diversity of Eukaryotes
CHAPTERS 3 and 4
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The Mind-Boggling Diversity of Life
• The Eukarya domain contains four kingdoms– Protista– Plantae– Fungi– Animalia
• Eukaryotes evolved sometime after prokaryotes populated the Earth
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The Dawn of Eukarya
• Key evolutionary features of eukaryotes:
– Presence of a nucleus – Membrane-bound internal compartments– Larger cell size– Sexual reproduction– Multicellular (not all are though)
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Eukaryotes Have Subcellular Compartmentalization and Larger Cells• Eukaryotic DNA
is in a nucleus• Increased
complexity allows eukaryotes to function with greater efficiency
• Eukaryotes are thousands of times larger in volume than prokaryotes
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Sexual Reproduction Increases Genetic Diversity
• Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity by producing offspring that are different from each other and from both parents.
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Protista: The First Eukaryotes
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Protista: The First Eukaryotes• The protists include any
organism that do not fit into the other kingdom classifications– simple organization – No specialized tissues– Single cellular– Mobile- flagella, cilia, or
pseudopodia
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Protista: The First Eukaryotes
• Live in almost any environment that contains liquid water
• Many protists, such as the algae, are photosynthetic
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• What is an autotroph? What is a producer?
• What is an heterotroph? What is a consumer?
• What is an mixotrophs?
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• Algae are autotrophic producers that use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis and release oxygen gas as a by-product
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• Heterotrophic protists rely on other organisms for energy
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• Mixotrophs obtain energy from a variety of sources, depending on environmental conditions– Photosynthesize in light– Hunt in dark
Euglena viridis
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Some Protists Are Pathogens
• Some of the best-known protists are disease-causing pathogens– Malaria ---
Giardia
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Fungi: A World of Decomposers
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Fungi• Fungal cells have a
protective cell wall that can produce chitin to help protect the cell
• Fungi can be multicellular or single-celled species
• DNA comparisons show that fungi are more closely related to humans than to plants!
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Fungi• Fungi can be
multicellular or single-celled species
• The body of a multicellular fungus is called the mycelium and is made up of many mycelial strands of hyphae
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Fungi Play a Key Role as Decomposers
• Fungi are heterotrophs that decompose organic materials
• Fungi are the most important decomposers on land
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Fungi Can be Dangerous Parasites• Parasitic fungi grow on the
tissue of living organisms
Athlete's Foot
Yeast
Ring “worm”
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Lichens and Mycorrhizae: Collaborations between Kingdoms
• Symbiosis is the process of two organisms working together in close association
• Fungi have formed beneficial relationships with members of almost every kingdom
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Lichens Contain a Fungus and a Photosynthetic Microbe
• A lichen is a positive association between:– a photosynthetic
microbe (algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus
• Lichens are pioneers of barren environments, helping to facilitate soil formation
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Mycorrhizae are Beneficial Associations between a Fungus and the Plant Root
• Mycorrhizae are beneficial associations between a fungus and the plant root
• Plant gets more water with Mycorrhizae
• Mycorrhizae gets sugars from plant
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Plantae
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Plantae• Plants are multicellular autotrophs that use
specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
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Plantae
• Bryophytes – earliest land
plants– mosses, liverwort,
and hornwort• Gymnosperms– conifers
• Angiosperms– flowering plants
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Plants Had to Adapt to Life on Land
• In order to evolve on land, plants developed a waxy cuticle that prevents them from drying out
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Plants Had to Adapt to Life on Land
• Stomata are pores that open and close to allow the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis to enter the leaves
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Plants: Vascular System
• Vascular tissue:– Phloem• Transports food
molecules like sugar• Flows down
– Xylem • transports water and
dissolved nutrients• Flows up
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Gymnosperms• Gymnosperms were the first plants to
evolve pollen and seeds– The evolution of seeds contributed
to their success• Pollen – contains sperm cells– dry and powdery– produced in great quantities
• Seed – plant embryo and a short
supply of food encased in a protective seed coat
Male Cone
Female Cone
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Angiosperms
• Angiosperms produce flowers and fruit
• Most abundant and diverse group of plants
• Contain both male and female structures
• Bright petals, odors, and sugary nectar are used to attract pollinators
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Plants Are the Basis of Land Ecosystems and Provide Many Valuable Products
• Nearly all organisms on land depend on plants for food
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Plants• Plants have value when left in nature as well– Preventing runoff and erosion– Recycle carbon dioxide from the atmosphere– Produce oxygen to breath