Chapter 13 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Chapter 13 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes s
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Transcript of Eukaryotes s
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Ch 12
The Eukaryotes:
Fungi, Algae,
Protozoa, andHelminths
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Student Learning ut!omes
List the defining characteristics of fungi.
Identify two beneficial and two harful effects of fungi.
List the defining characteristics of proto!oa.
"ifferentiate an interediate host fro a definiti#e host.
List the distinguishing characteristics of the two classes ofparasitic helinths, and gi#e an e$aple of each.
Pro#ide a rationale for the elaborate life cycles of parasitic
wors. "efine arthropod #ector.
"ifferentiate between a tic% and a os&uito, and nae adisease transitted by each.
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F"#$% Cheoheterotroph, aerobic
'olds( or facultati#ely
anaerobic 'yeasts( &y!ology) *tudy of fungi
+ost fungi decoposers, few
are parasites of plants andanials.
of serious fungal infectionsincreasing
Review Table 12.2
Fig. 12.1
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-yphae) ilaents of cells,
ostly septate +yceliu) +ass of hyphae.
&olds) ostly filaentous.
'easts) nonfilaentous, unicellular fungi.
/udding yeasts di#ide asyetrically.
(imor)hi! *ungi) yeasts li%e C, olds 2C.
ungal spores differ fro bacterial spores. or froaerial hyphae.
3rowth in acidic, low4oisture, high osotic pressureen#ironents.
+etaboli!e cople$ carbohydrates 'e.g.: lignin(.
Chara!teristi!s o* Fungi
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E!onomi! E**e!ts o* Fungi
Saccharomyces cerevisiae) /read, wine, -/5#accine
Trichoderma) Cellulase
Taxomyces) 6a$ol
Entomophaga) /iocontrol
Paecilomyces) 7ills terites
+old spoilage
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Fungal (iseases + &y!oses
1 Systemi! my!osis) infection deep within body,
affects any tissues and organs. -istoplasosis andcoccidioycosis.
2 Su-!utaneous my!osis) *aprophytic fungi, e.g.:*porotrichosis.
. Cutaneous my!osis / (ermatomy!osis) affects%eratin4containing tissues 'hair, nails, s%in(.
0 Su)er*i!ial my!osis) locali!ed on hair shafts andsuperficial s%in cells.
))ortunisti! my!oses:))ortunisti! my!oses: caused by noral icrobiota or fungi that are not
usually pathogenic 'E.g.: Candidiasis andPnemocystis pnemonia!
usually systeic.
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Human eyelash
with un%nownfungus infection.
+inial daage to
s%in or underlyingtissues.
-owe#er, ipaired
I* can encouragethe infecting fungus
to proliferate.
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AL$AE+ostly photoautotrophs,
ostly in ocean(iatoms
8nicellular, store
energy in for of oil
(omoi! a!id 9eurological disease
Ingestion of ussels that fed on diatoes 'also
affects birds and sealions(
(ino*lagellates )lankton
*oe produce neuroto$ins) red tide
7ills fish, arine aals, and huans, e.g.:
parasitic shellfish poisoning 'P*P(
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P3T4A
8nicellular,
eu%aryoticcheoheterotrophs. Large and di#erse group. eware pathogenic.
ound in soil and water and as noral icrobiota inanials.
Tro)hozoite) 5egetati#e for 'feeding and growing(.
:se$ual reproduction #ia fission, budding, ors!hizogony'ultiple fission(.
*e$ual reproduction #ia con;ugation.
*oe proto!oa can produce a !ystthat pro#idesprotection during ad#erse en#ironental conditions.
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Medically Important Protozoa
1 Ar!aezoa "lac% itochondria(
Trichomonas and #iardia
1. Microspora'no itochondria and no icrotubules(< diarrhea and %eratocon;uncti#itis in :I"* patients
2 Amoe-ozoa 'o#e #ia pseudopodia( Entamoeba 'dysentery( and $canthamoeba
1 A)i!om)le5a: not obile, intracellular Plasmodim% &abesia% Toxoplasma% 'ryptosporidim
1 Euglenozoa) -eoflagellates Trypanosoma
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Amoe-ozoa
+o#e by)seudo)ods
Entamoeba
$canthamoeba
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Fig 2)..22
Euglenozoa
+o#e by flagella
-eoflagellates
Trypanosomaspp.
*leeping
sic%nessChagas=
disease
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HEL&%#THS Parasiti! 9orm
7ingdo) :nialia
Phylu) Platyhelminthes'flatwors(
Class) Trematodes'flu%es(
Class) Cestodes'tapewors( Phylu) #ematoda'roundwors(
few are huan parasites
:natoy and life cycle odified forparasitis
:dult stage in de*initie host.
Each lar#al stage in specificintermediate host.
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Li*e Cy!le o* Helminths
&onoe!ious herma)hroditi! +ale and feale reproducti#e systes in one anial
(ioe!ious
*eparate ale and feale
Egg larae adult
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Platyhelminths
"orso#entrally flattened
Trematode, or *luke) >ral and #entral suc%er attachesto host tissue
Cestode, or ta)e;orm) *cole$ 'head(, proglottids
? suc%ers and
rostellu with hoo%s
3ra#id proglottid withuterine branches
Fig 12.2*
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Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
-uan definiti#e host@
pig or cattle interediate host.
E hi l
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Echinococcus granulosus
Fig. 12. 2+
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Human as
(e*initie Host Taenia saginataCysticerci in beefuscle
%ntermediate HostEchinococcsgranloss
:dult in dog
Human is
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Nematodes
Aoundwors ha#e a coplete digesti#e syste
.
Eggs in*e!tie *or humans:
Ascaris lumbricoides::scariasis. 2ndostcoon wor infection in 8*. '+ost coonworldwide@ B 1 bio infected(
Enterobius vermicularis "pinorm!. +ostcoon wor infection in 8* '0 of
children, 1D of adults infected(
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Pin;orm! Enterobius vermicularis
(i i Pi (i
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(iagnosing Pin;orm (isease
"o test iediately
after wa%ing up.
*e#eral saplesight need to be
e$ained.
*ince scratching of
the anal area is
coon, saples
ta%en fro under the
fingernails ay also
contain eggs.
pinwor paddle
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Larae %n*e!tie *or HumansFig 2,.2)
Hook;orms
Ancylostoma duodenale and
Necator americanus
T i hi ll i
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Tri!hinellosis:
The Li*e Cy!le o* Trichinella spiralis
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Priarily in dogs and cats huan heart failure,
also in huan lungs*pread #ia os&uitoes
Fig 12.2-
The Heart;orm "iro#ilaria immitis
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A3TH3P(S AS =ECT3S
7ingdo) :nialia
Phylu) Arthro)oda'e$os%eleton, ;ointed legs, segented body(Class) %nse!ta'D legs(
Li!e, *leas, mos>uitoes
Class) Ara!hnida' legs(
&ites and ti!ks
:rthropods that carry diseases are called #ectors.
Eliination of #ectorborne
diseases best #ia control oreradication of #ectors.
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Arthro)od =e!tors +echanical transission
/iological transission +icrobe ultiplies in #ector
"efiniti#e host
+icrobe=s se$ual reproduction in #ectorFig 12.)2