Distribution
-
Upload
narendra-kumar-jangid -
Category
Economy & Finance
-
view
123 -
download
0
Transcript of Distribution
![Page 1: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Channel Management
![Page 2: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Outline
The Nature of Marketing ChannelsTypes of Marketing ChannelsIntensity of Market CoverageLegal Issues in Channel Management
![Page 3: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Nature of Marketing Channels
DistributionThe activities that make products available
to customers when and where they want to purchase them
Marketing ChannelA group of individuals and
organizations directing products from producers to customers
![Page 4: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Nature of Marketing Channels (cont’d)
Marketing IntermediaryA middleman linking producers to other middlemen or
to ultimate consumers through contractual arrangements or through the purchase and resale of products
ProducerProducerProducer
ProducerProducerProducer
CustomerCustomerCustomer
CustomerCustomerCustomerIntermediaryIntermediaryIntermediary
Direct ChannelDirect Channel
Indirect ChannelIndirect Channel
ProducerProducerProducer
ProducerProducerProducer
CustomerCustomerCustomer
CustomerCustomerCustomerIntermediaryIntermediaryIntermediary
ProducerProducerProducer
ProducerProducerProducer
CustomerCustomerCustomer
CustomerCustomerCustomerIntermediaryIntermediaryIntermediary
Direct ChannelDirect Channel
Indirect ChannelIndirect Channel
![Page 5: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Nature of Marketing Channels (cont’d)
Marketing Channels Create UtilityTime utility:
Place utility:
Possession utility:
![Page 6: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Nature of Marketing Channels (cont’d)
Marketing Channels Facilitate Exchange EfficienciesReduce the overall costs of market
exchangesReduce search costs for customersMaintain order in the marketplace
![Page 7: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Marketing Channels Form a Supply Chain
Supply Chain ManagementLong-term partnerships among marketing channel
members that reduce inefficiencies, costs, and redundancies and develop innovative approaches to satisfy customers
Optimizes costs throughout the whole channel for efficiency and service
Includes all entities that facilitate product distribution and benefit from cooperative efforts
Arises from the need to achieve a more competitive position
![Page 8: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Typical Marketing Channels forConsumer Products
![Page 9: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Typical Marketing Channels forBusiness Products
![Page 10: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Distribution Intermediaries
Industrial DistributorAn independent business that takes title to
business products and carries inventories
Advantages of using a distributor
Disadvantages of using a distributor
![Page 11: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Distribution Intermediaries (cont’d)
Manufacturers’ AgentAn independent businessperson who sells, on
commission, the complementary products of several producers; does not takes title to or hold inventories.
Advantages of using an agent
Disadvantages of using an agent
![Page 12: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Multiple Marketing Channels and Channel Alliances
Dual DistributionThe use of two or more channels to
distribute same product to the same target market
Strategic Channel Alliance
![Page 13: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Intensity of Market Coverage
Intensive DistributionUsing all available outlets to distribute a
product.Convenience products with high replacement
rates
![Page 14: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Intensity of Market Coverage (cont’d)
Selective DistributionUsing only some available outlets to
distribute a productShopping products and durable goods with low
replacement rates
![Page 15: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Intensity of Market Coverage (cont’d)
Exclusive DistributionUsing a single outlet in a fairly large
geographic area to distribute a productExpensive, high-quality products purchased
infrequently
.
![Page 16: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Example: Amazon.com
![Page 18: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Channel Leadership
Channel CaptainThe dominant member (producer, wholesaler, or
retailer) of a marketing channel or supply chain
Channel PowerThe ability of one channel member
to influence another member’s goal achievement
![Page 19: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Channel Cooperation
Benefits of CooperationSpeeds up inventory replacementImproves customer serviceReduces distribution costs
Improving Channel CooperationUnifying channel to maintain market orderAgreeing to direct efforts toward common objectivesPrecisely defining each channel member’s tasks
![Page 20: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Channel Conflict
Sources of Channel ConflictDisagreements arising among channel membersCommunication difficulties jeopardizing coordinationIncreased use of multiple distribution channels by
manufacturers creating conflicts with distributors and retailers
Intermediaries diversifying into and offering competing products
Producers attempting to circumvent intermediaries and dealing directly with retailers
![Page 21: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Channel Integration
Vertical Channel IntegrationTwo or more stages of the marketing channel are under one
management.Channel members coordinate their efforts to reach a target
market.Vertical Marketing System (VMS)
A marketing channel managed by a single channel member to achieve efficient, low-cost distributionCorporate VMSAdministered VMSContractual VMS
![Page 22: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Corporate VMS:
Corporate vertical marketing system can be involved with the ownership that of the levels of distribution or production chain that is associated with a single company.
Administered VMS
This is a kind of VMS that has one member from the production as well as the distribution chain has more dominance and they organize the whole nature that is associated with the vertical marketing system in an informal manner.
Contractual VMS
This is a kind of vertical marketing system that has formal agreement involved in it that exists between various levels that of the production or it can be between the levels of distribution channel.
![Page 23: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Strategic Channel Alliance
ICICI Bank, India’s largest private sector bank and Vodafone India, one of India’s largest telecom service providers, announced a strategic alliance to launch a unique mobile money transfer and payment service called ‘m-pesa’. ‘m-pesa’ is the trademark of Vodafone. The announcement was made by Chanda Kochhar, MD & CEO, ICICI Bank and Marten Pieters, MD & CEO, Vodafone India Ltd.
ICICI Bank and Vodafone India through its 100% subsidiary, Mobile Commerce
Solutions Ltd. (“MCSL”) have finalized plans to launch mobile payment services this year, under the brand name ‘m-pesa’. This offering will comprise: a mobile money account with ICICI Bank and a Mobile Wallet - issued by MCSL.
The partnership between ICICI Bank and Vodafone effectively leverages the strengths of Vodafone’s significant distribution reach and the security of financial transactions provided to customers by ICICI Bank. These services are made convenient using a vast network of authorized agents who will enable the customer to deposit and withdraw cash in and from their account. By facilitating banking transactions at such agent locations, this alliance effectively delivers the last mile access in remote areas.
![Page 24: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Legal Issues in Channel Management
Dual DistributionA producer can have two different channels into the
same market unless it is using one channel to compete with independent distributors of its products.
Restricted Sales TerritoriesGranting exclusive sales territory rights to distributors
is permissible if the rights do not restrain trade.Tying Arrangements
Requiring a channel member to buy additional products from the supplier in order to purchase a particular product from the supplier
![Page 25: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Legal Issues in Channel Management (cont’d)
Full-Line ForcingRequiring a channel member to carry a
supplier’s entire product line to obtain any of the supplier’s products
Exclusive DealingForbidding an intermediary to carry
products of a competing manufacturer
![Page 26: Distribution](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030118/589f50ec1a28abec418b5e7d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Legal Issues in Channel Management (cont’d)
Refusal to DealSuppliers can choose their distributors and
refuse to deal with others so long as their decisions are not based on anticompetitive motives or part of an organized refusal-to-deal with certain channel members.