Distance Relays New
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Transcript of Distance Relays New
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Distance Protection Function
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DISTANCE RELAYS
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Z(radius vector) lies on +R if I sa!e "#ase$ on %Rif &' dierence
+* co!"onent if I las and vice versa,
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.#o or ad!ittance rela/ is reactance rela/ 0it# aDirectional unit
an overcurrent ele!ent develo"in "ositive tor1ue$and a currentvoltae directional ele!ent t#at eit#er
o""oses or aids t#e overcurrent ele!ent$ de"endinon t#e "#ase anle 3et0een t#e current and t#evoltae,
T#e directional ele!ent is arraned to develo"!a4i!u! neative tor1ue 0#en its current las itsvoltae 3/ 56
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T = K1VI cos ( - ) - K2V2 K3
Or
Z=K1(cos ( - ) ) / K2
The diameter of the circle
practically idepedet of !olta
or c#rret$
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i!"edance rela/ #avin o"eratin tor1ue "roduced3/ t#e current$ restrainin tor1ue "roduced 3/ t#evoltae,
In t#e reactance rela/ o"eratin tor1ue is "roduced3/ t#e current$ restrainin tor1ue is "roduced 3/ t#ecurrent and voltae,
In t#e !#o rela/ o"eratin tor1ue 3/ t#e voltae andcurrent$ restrainin tor1ue is "roduced 3/ t#evoltae,
I!"edance rela/ used in t#e !ediu! trans!issionline,
Reactance rela/ used for t#e s!all trans!ission line,!#o rela/ used in t#e lon trans!ission line,
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Relay Characteristics
MHO Quadrilateral
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Three Zone Distance
Protection Line impedance to fault determined by measuringvoltage and current at the relay point
Phase angle of protected line must be considered
Discrimination between relay points requiresdirectional and time delayed operation
Z3
A B C
X
R
Zone 1
Zone 3
tZ3
Z2
Timing Diagram
Single Line Diagram
Zone 2
Z1
%elayi"
&oit
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CR!!"PL#R$!#T$% Close up faults are a &'%D#R( Condition
Relay peration is !low " Fault currents are high) *oltage is added from a healthy phase)
+"Phase Faults " %o healthy"phase so cross"polarising has noeffect)
VR
VB
VY
VRB
VBY
VYR
Fault Type Polariin! "olta!e #"P$
%-' - (*+,)
-' %- (*+,)
-' -% (*+,)
%- -' (*+,)
- %-' (*+,)
-% -' (*+,)
PO%AR&'&()
Q*A(T&T&+'
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:o0er S0in 0#ic# is 3asicall/ caused 3/ t#e lare distur3ances in t#e "o0ers/ste! 0#ic# if not 3loc;ed could cause 0ron o"eration of t#e distance rela/and can enerates 0ron or undesired tri""in of t#e trans!ission line circuit
3rea;er, :o0er s0ins can cause t#e c#ane in load i!"edance 0#ic# under stead/
state conditions$ 0#ereas 0it#in t#e rela/
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&o.er .i" 0#ter
o#dary
&o.er .i" Ier
o#dary
Trasit
time
&o.er s.iloc#s
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
If the ystem
Impedace
%emais i the
&o.er .i"
etectio Zoe for
lo"er tha the &reset Trasit Time
(omially 4, ms)
&05'% 5I6
787%9
.ill 0perate
POWER SWING DETECTION & BLOCKING
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Practically Zero $mpedance in fault path) Fault Point is at the rigin " &oundary condition for Zones , - .
For a +"Phase fault/ cross"polarising will have no effect
5he rea:er is closed
7llo. Zoe 3 to trip istataeo#sly
7llo. a trip o 0!erc#rret oly
0T; ;a#lt &oit
SWITCH ON TO FAULT ( SOTF)
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SWITCH ON TO FAULT ALGORITHMS
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Protection !chemes
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T$01 !T1PP1D D$!T#%C1 PRT1CT$% !C2101
/t 1 /t 2 /t 3
Time
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 2Zone 3
Zone 2
%elay7
%elay
%elay
%elay
Zone 3
Zone 2Zone 3
No Signalling u!" #!$%!!n !n" C!a' an" i'l! R!la O'!*a$ion i lo% in 'la+!
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 1
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PRT1CT$% !C2101!
REAC> E*TENSI?N
:ER.ISSIE @NDERREAC> (:@TT)
:ER.ISSIE ?ERREAC> (:?TT)
=L?CINB ?ERREAC>
peration of the Time !tepped Distance Protection may be improved by the uof additional !cheme Logic
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Z%1 , R1#C2 13T1%!$% !C2101
%elay
7
%elay
%elay
/t 1 /t 2
%elay
/t
Ti.e
6i!es impro!ed fa#lt clearace
time for fa#lt @ this positio
5ill trip @ A7A forfa#lt @ this positio
No Signalling u!" #!$%!!n !n"
Zone 2 Zone 3/itan0e
/itan0e
Trip
Reclose
Zone 1 +t
Zone 1
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Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
P1R0$!!$*1 '%D1RR1#C2 !C2101 4P'TT5
/t 1 /t 2
Ti.e
Zone 1 #(o Operation$
/itan0e
/itan0e
Zone 1
%elay
%elay
%elay
7 'i!nallin! Cannel
Zone 2
Ti.e /elayed Trip
O'!*a$ion o, -on! . !n" ignal $o *!o$! !n" &ntantaneou trip i
Zone 1 Operation
Zone 2 4 'i!nal ro. Re.ote end
A%%O5' &('TA(TA(+O*' TR&PP&() O"+R 16 OF TH+ %&(+ %+()TH
Zone 2
'&)(A%%&() CHA((+%
R+Q*&R+/ B+T5++(
+(/'
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Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
/t 1 /t 2
Ti.e
Zone 1 #(o Operation$
/itan0e
/itan0e
%elay
%elay
%elay
7 'i!nallin! Cannel
Zone 2
Ti.e /elayed Trip
&ntantaneou Operation o Zone 2 end i!nal to re.ote end
&ntantaneou trip i
Zone 1 Operation
Zone 2 4 'i!nal ro. Re.ote end
Zone 2
Zone 2 &ntantaneou
Zone 1
'&)(A%%&() CHA((+%
R+Q*&R+/ B+T5++(
+(/'
:ER.ISSIE ?ERREAC> SC>E.E (:?TT)
A%%O5' &('TA(TA(+O*' TR&PP&() O"+R 16 OF TH+ %&(+ %+()TH
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Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
/t 1 /t 2
Ti.e
Zone 1 #(o Operation$
/itan0e
/itan0e
Zone 1
%elay
%elay
%elay
7 'i!nallin! Cannel
Zone , - Blo07in!
Operation o Zone , end 8lo07in! i!nal to re.ote end &ntantaneou trip i
Zone 1 Operation
Zone 2 4 (o 8lo07in! 'i!nal ro. Re.ote end
5&TH&( te Permissive Trip Time
Zone 2
'&)(A%%&() CHA((+%
R+Q*&R+/ B+T5++(
+(/'
BLOCKING SCHEME
A%%O5' &('TA(TA(+O*' TR&PP&() O"+R 16 OF TH+ %&(+ %+()TH
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=L?CINB
Increased de"enda3ilit/ 3ecause if t#e carrier fails$t#e "rotection 0ill tri" an/0a/,
Decreased securit/ 3ecause if t#e carrier fails$ t#e"rotection 0ill tri" for an out of section fault,
:ER.ISSIE
Increased securit/ 3ecause if t#e co!!unicationfails$ t#e "rotection 0ill not tri" #i# s"eed,
Decreased de"enda3ilit/ 3ecause if t#e co!! fails$t#e "rotection 0ill not tri" #i# s"eed for an in
section fault,
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#'TR1CL!$%6
'5 ? :?ER SYSTE. A@LTS ARE TRANSIENT IN NAT@RE
T>EY CAN =E CLEARED =Y
IS?LATINB T>E A@LT
ALL?INB T>E A@LT :AT> T? DEI?NISE
RECL?SINB T>E =REAER
Benerall/ t0o t/"es of Autoreclosure are usedF
>i# S"eed Autoreclose Sinle :ole Auto ReClose
?"en =rea;er G reclose after s#ort ti!e dela/
ault "at# !a/ not #ave ti!e to deenerise,
S/nc#ronisin is not re1uired,
Dela/ed Autoreclose T#ree :ole Auto ReClose
?"en =rea;er Reclose after loner ti!e dela/ S/nc#ronis! !ust 3e c#ec;ed 3efore reclosure is allo0ed
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#'TR1CL!1 !17'1%C1
&ue Cloe
Pule
Ce07'yn0
Ti.er
Cloe
Pule
5idt
'tart
Re0lai.
Ti.e
AR
'e9uen0e
'tart
'e9uen0e Fail Ti.er
'tart/ead Ti.e
ot losed
;a#lt %e-
tri:es
Autore0loe
'u00eul
A*TOR+C%O'+R
&/%+
Autore0loe
%o07out
losed
Ce07 Cloe
Condition
irc#it rea:er 0pe
Trip iitiatio %emo!ed8ie Volta"e ead
Zoe 1 ;a#ltarrier 7ided Trip
AR 'tart
8i!e ar/ead 8i
hec: yc
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Than8 you