Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer...
Transcript of Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer...
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Display technology
![Page 2: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Display technology
Graphical displays are generally of two types: vector displays
and raster displays.
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Display technology
Graphical displays are generally of two types: vector displays
and raster displays.
Vector displays
![Page 4: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Display technology
Graphical displays are generally of two types: vector displays
and raster displays.
Vector displays
Vector displays generally display lines, specified by their endpoints.
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Display technology
Graphical displays are generally of two types: vector displays
and raster displays.
Vector displays
Vector displays generally display lines, specified by their endpoints.
Vector display systems operate by direct control of the electron
beam of a cathode ray tube (CRT—discussed below).
![Page 6: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Display technology
Graphical displays are generally of two types: vector displays
and raster displays.
Vector displays
Vector displays generally display lines, specified by their endpoints.
Vector display systems operate by direct control of the electron
beam of a cathode ray tube (CRT—discussed below).
Tektronics was a company that dominated the market for vector
displays. Below are images from one of their terminals and a
close-up of the display:
![Page 7: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Display technology
Graphical displays are generally of two types: vector displays
and raster displays.
Vector displays
Vector displays generally display lines, specified by their endpoints.
Vector display systems operate by direct control of the electron
beam of a cathode ray tube (CRT—discussed below).
Tektronics was a company that dominated the market for vector
displays. Below are images from one of their terminals and a
close-up of the display:
[From http://www.cca.org/vector/.]
1
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Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology.
![Page 9: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
![Page 10: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays.
![Page 11: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays. However, vector displays have certain advan-
tages, such as the absence of aliasing.
![Page 12: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays. However, vector displays have certain advan-
tages, such as the absence of aliasing.
Aliasing is the jagged appearance of primitives as displayed on a
raster device.
![Page 13: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays. However, vector displays have certain advan-
tages, such as the absence of aliasing.
Aliasing is the jagged appearance of primitives as displayed on a
raster device. This phenomenon is also known as “the jaggies”,
or sometimes “the staircase effect”.
![Page 14: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays. However, vector displays have certain advan-
tages, such as the absence of aliasing.
Aliasing is the jagged appearance of primitives as displayed on a
raster device. This phenomenon is also known as “the jaggies”,
or sometimes “the staircase effect”. This problem is resolved
by varioius anti-aliasing techniaues (to be discussed later in the
term).
![Page 15: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays. However, vector displays have certain advan-
tages, such as the absence of aliasing.
Aliasing is the jagged appearance of primitives as displayed on a
raster device. This phenomenon is also known as “the jaggies”,
or sometimes “the staircase effect”. This problem is resolved
by varioius anti-aliasing techniaues (to be discussed later in the
term).
Below is an example of aliasing:
![Page 16: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vector displays are becoming increasingly rare due to the advent
of low-cost raster display technology. Vector displays must be
periodically refreshed (at least the older models required this).
The time required to refresh was propotional to the complexity
of the scene, therefore complex scenes can be impractical for
vector displays. However, vector displays have certain advan-
tages, such as the absence of aliasing.
Aliasing is the jagged appearance of primitives as displayed on a
raster device. This phenomenon is also known as “the jaggies”,
or sometimes “the staircase effect”. This problem is resolved
by varioius anti-aliasing techniaues (to be discussed later in the
term).
Below is an example of aliasing:
2
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Raster displays
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Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
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Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
![Page 20: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
![Page 21: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
![Page 22: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT).
![Page 23: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube.
![Page 24: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor
which emits light when electrons strike it.
![Page 25: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor
which emits light when electrons strike it. The intensity of
the emitted light from a point on the phosphor depends on the
number of electrons striking the phosphor.
![Page 26: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor
which emits light when electrons strike it. The intensity of
the emitted light from a point on the phosphor depends on the
number of electrons striking the phosphor.
The electron beam is scanned repeatedly over the phosphor
surface, with the intensity of the beam modulated to produce
the required dark and light spots.
![Page 27: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor
which emits light when electrons strike it. The intensity of
the emitted light from a point on the phosphor depends on the
number of electrons striking the phosphor.
The electron beam is scanned repeatedly over the phosphor
surface, with the intensity of the beam modulated to produce
the required dark and light spots. If the scanning rate is fast
enough, the screen produces a steady image.
![Page 28: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor
which emits light when electrons strike it. The intensity of
the emitted light from a point on the phosphor depends on the
number of electrons striking the phosphor.
The electron beam is scanned repeatedly over the phosphor
surface, with the intensity of the beam modulated to produce
the required dark and light spots. If the scanning rate is fast
enough, the screen produces a steady image.
(Television images are redrawn 30 times per second;
![Page 29: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Raster displays
Raster displays typically have an array of addressable dots,
which can be individually set to a particular color or intensity.
Raster displays can be implemented by several technologies.
Currently the most popular is the cathode ray tube, which can
implement both raster and vector displays...
Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology
The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on
the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam of electrons
is generated, and scanned across the inner surface of a glass
tube. The inner surface of the tube is coated with a phosphor
which emits light when electrons strike it. The intensity of
the emitted light from a point on the phosphor depends on the
number of electrons striking the phosphor.
The electron beam is scanned repeatedly over the phosphor
surface, with the intensity of the beam modulated to produce
the required dark and light spots. If the scanning rate is fast
enough, the screen produces a steady image.
(Television images are redrawn 30 times per second; high qual-
ity monitors are refreshed 60 times per second, or more.)
3
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Heatingfilament
(cathode)
Acceleratinganode
coils
Magneticdeflection
Focussingelectrode
Phosphorcoating
Electronbeam
Different phosphor materials emit different colors, so it is pos-
sible to construct a color display.
![Page 31: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Heatingfilament
(cathode)
Acceleratinganode
coils
Magneticdeflection
Focussingelectrode
Phosphorcoating
Electronbeam
Different phosphor materials emit different colors, so it is pos-
sible to construct a color display. Modern CRT devices use a
triad of colored phosphors — red, green, and blue — to produce
quite acceptable color output.
![Page 32: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Heatingfilament
(cathode)
Acceleratinganode
coils
Magneticdeflection
Focussingelectrode
Phosphorcoating
Electronbeam
Different phosphor materials emit different colors, so it is pos-
sible to construct a color display. Modern CRT devices use a
triad of colored phosphors — red, green, and blue — to produce
quite acceptable color output.
Usually, an electron gun is used for each of the primary colors,
and a perforated grid called a shadow mask is used to isolate
the electron beam to a single phosphor “dot”.
![Page 33: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Heatingfilament
(cathode)
Acceleratinganode
coils
Magneticdeflection
Focussingelectrode
Phosphorcoating
Electronbeam
Different phosphor materials emit different colors, so it is pos-
sible to construct a color display. Modern CRT devices use a
triad of colored phosphors — red, green, and blue — to produce
quite acceptable color output.
Usually, an electron gun is used for each of the primary colors,
and a perforated grid called a shadow mask is used to isolate
the electron beam to a single phosphor “dot”.
colortriad (phosphor)
shadow mask
"guns"Electron
4
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The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
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The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line.
![Page 36: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
![Page 37: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
![Page 38: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
A “standard” 17 inch monitor (16 inches viewable) can have
specifications as follows:
![Page 39: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
A “standard” 17 inch monitor (16 inches viewable) can have
specifications as follows:
0.25 mm dot pitch
![Page 40: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
A “standard” 17 inch monitor (16 inches viewable) can have
specifications as follows:
0.25 mm dot pitch
refresh rate 48–120 Hz
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The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
A “standard” 17 inch monitor (16 inches viewable) can have
specifications as follows:
0.25 mm dot pitch
refresh rate 48–120 Hz
1024 x 768 resolution at 65 Hz
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The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
A “standard” 17 inch monitor (16 inches viewable) can have
specifications as follows:
0.25 mm dot pitch
refresh rate 48–120 Hz
1024 x 768 resolution at 65 Hz
1600 x 1200 resolution at 65 Hz
![Page 43: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The quality of a color CRT display depends on the number of
triads on the screen. There are a number of measures of this
“quality” — the number of lines (rows of dots) and the “dot
pitch” (distance between dots) being commonly quoted.
Presently, good monitors can exceed 1200 lines, and can have
more than 1600 triads per line. The dot pitch can be less than
0.25 mm.
(Regular television has 480 lines x 640 triads per line, and is
“interlaced” — every second line is redrawn each 1/60th of a
second, for a full refresh rate of 1/30th of a second.)
A “standard” 17 inch monitor (16 inches viewable) can have
specifications as follows:
0.25 mm dot pitch
refresh rate 48–120 Hz
1024 x 768 resolution at 65 Hz
1600 x 1200 resolution at 65 Hz
A high end monitor (24 inch) can have a dot pitch of 0.22 mm,
and a resolution of 2048 x 1536 at > 60Hz.
5
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
![Page 47: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
The refective layer is simply a mirror.
![Page 48: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
The refective layer is simply a mirror. The two polarizing lay-
ers allows only light that is polarized in the appropriate direction
to pass through.
![Page 49: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
The refective layer is simply a mirror. The two polarizing lay-
ers allows only light that is polarized in the appropriate direction
to pass through. The two layers of grid wires allow a specific
voltage to be applied to a particular part of the liquid crystal
layer.
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
The refective layer is simply a mirror. The two polarizing lay-
ers allows only light that is polarized in the appropriate direction
to pass through. The two layers of grid wires allow a specific
voltage to be applied to a particular part of the liquid crystal
layer.
When no electric field is applied, the liquid crystals change the
polarity of incident light by 90◦.
![Page 51: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
The refective layer is simply a mirror. The two polarizing lay-
ers allows only light that is polarized in the appropriate direction
to pass through. The two layers of grid wires allow a specific
voltage to be applied to a particular part of the liquid crystal
layer.
When no electric field is applied, the liquid crystals change the
polarity of incident light by 90◦. (The physics of this are be-
yond the scope of this course.)
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology
Liquid crystals are liquids with long organic molecules that can
polarize light. When an electric field is applied, the molecu-
lar alignment (and consequently the direction of polarization)
changes.
An LCD is a “sandwich” of different layers:
The refective layer is simply a mirror. The two polarizing lay-
ers allows only light that is polarized in the appropriate direction
to pass through. The two layers of grid wires allow a specific
voltage to be applied to a particular part of the liquid crystal
layer.
When no electric field is applied, the liquid crystals change the
polarity of incident light by 90◦. (The physics of this are be-
yond the scope of this course.) Therefore, light will get ap-
6
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propriately twisted to pass in through the vertical polarizer,
through the liquid crystal layer, through the horizontal polar-
izer, reflect, and then back out again.
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propriately twisted to pass in through the vertical polarizer,
through the liquid crystal layer, through the horizontal polar-
izer, reflect, and then back out again.
When an electirc field is applied, the liquid crystals do not
change the polarity of incident light.
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propriately twisted to pass in through the vertical polarizer,
through the liquid crystal layer, through the horizontal polar-
izer, reflect, and then back out again.
When an electirc field is applied, the liquid crystals do not
change the polarity of incident light. Hence, no light will be
reflected out of the LCD at the point of applied voltage and a
dark spot will appear in the display.
7
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• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
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• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
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• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
![Page 59: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state.
![Page 60: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
![Page 61: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors).
![Page 62: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
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• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
– Faster response time (25ms)
![Page 64: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
– Faster response time (25ms)
– More shades of grey
![Page 65: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
– Faster response time (25ms)
– More shades of grey
– Higher contrast ratio
![Page 66: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
– Faster response time (25ms)
– More shades of grey
– Higher contrast ratio
– Displays smaller and lighter
![Page 67: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
– Faster response time (25ms)
– More shades of grey
– Higher contrast ratio
– Displays smaller and lighter
• Both types of LCD consume far less power than a CRT
(about 75% less), and are therefore almost exclusively used
in battery operated devices.
![Page 68: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• Different “shades of grey” can be obtained by varying the
voltage across the electrodes.
• Liquid crystals can be colored to produce a color display
by adding color filters.
• LCD’s for computer displays are usually backlit.
• One problem with some LCD’s is that it takes about 1/4 of
a second (250 ms.) to change state. This leaves “ghosts”
on the display for a fraction of a second.
• This problem can be eliminated by adding a transistor
amplifier to each pixel, so the voltage can be switched
more rapidly (TFT — thin film transistors). TFT displays
are more expensive to manufacture but have the following
advantages:
– Faster response time (25ms)
– More shades of grey
– Higher contrast ratio
– Displays smaller and lighter
• Both types of LCD consume far less power than a CRT
(about 75% less), and are therefore almost exclusively used
in battery operated devices.
8
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Plasma technology
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Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
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Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
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Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
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Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
As a voltage is applied to each bulb, the mixture of noble gases
within the bulb becomes ionized and releases ultraviolet light.
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Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
As a voltage is applied to each bulb, the mixture of noble gases
within the bulb becomes ionized and releases ultraviolet light.
The UV photons strike a phosphor coating on the bulb that
causes visible light to be released.
![Page 75: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
As a voltage is applied to each bulb, the mixture of noble gases
within the bulb becomes ionized and releases ultraviolet light.
The UV photons strike a phosphor coating on the bulb that
causes visible light to be released. Different coloured phos-
phors allow different colored pixels to be produced.
![Page 76: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
As a voltage is applied to each bulb, the mixture of noble gases
within the bulb becomes ionized and releases ultraviolet light.
The UV photons strike a phosphor coating on the bulb that
causes visible light to be released. Different coloured phos-
phors allow different colored pixels to be produced.
In comparison to CRT’s plasma displays are quite thin.
![Page 77: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
As a voltage is applied to each bulb, the mixture of noble gases
within the bulb becomes ionized and releases ultraviolet light.
The UV photons strike a phosphor coating on the bulb that
causes visible light to be released. Different coloured phos-
phors allow different colored pixels to be produced.
In comparison to CRT’s plasma displays are quite thin. Also,
plasma displays provide a light source at each pixel and are
therefore brighter and exhibit higher contrast than LCD displays.
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Plasma technology
Plasma displays provide an alternative to CRT’s and LCD’s.
Plasma displays consist of a matrix of fluorescent bulbs.
As a voltage is applied to each bulb, the mixture of noble gases
within the bulb becomes ionized and releases ultraviolet light.
The UV photons strike a phosphor coating on the bulb that
causes visible light to be released. Different coloured phos-
phors allow different colored pixels to be produced.
In comparison to CRT’s plasma displays are quite thin. Also,
plasma displays provide a light source at each pixel and are
therefore brighter and exhibit higher contrast than LCD displays.
They also have larger viewing angles than LCDs — the image
9
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looks good from a wide variety of angles.
![Page 80: Display technology - Computer Science · Cathode ray tube (CRT) technology The standard computer monitor (or TV screen) is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT). Essentially, a beam](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050308/5f7059088635770f062f1075/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
looks good from a wide variety of angles.
However, both LCD’s and CRT’s are actually able to achieve a
higher resolution then plasma displays.
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looks good from a wide variety of angles.
However, both LCD’s and CRT’s are actually able to achieve a
higher resolution then plasma displays. LCD’s also consume
less power and are thought to last longer.
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looks good from a wide variety of angles.
However, both LCD’s and CRT’s are actually able to achieve a
higher resolution then plasma displays. LCD’s also consume
less power and are thought to last longer. Plasma displays
have historically had a “burn-in” problem, but this has been
alleviated recently.
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looks good from a wide variety of angles.
However, both LCD’s and CRT’s are actually able to achieve a
higher resolution then plasma displays. LCD’s also consume
less power and are thought to last longer. Plasma displays
have historically had a “burn-in” problem, but this has been
alleviated recently.
All the raster technologies have one thing in common — they
have a finite number of regularly spaced points which can be
set to some color.
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Graphics cards
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Graphics cards
Graphics cards have taken on much of the responsibility for
video output from the CPU.
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Graphics cards
Graphics cards have taken on much of the responsibility for
video output from the CPU. The most basic graphics card
contains a frame buffer and circuitry to convert the color values
into the voltages or currents used by the display.
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Graphics cards
Graphics cards have taken on much of the responsibility for
video output from the CPU. The most basic graphics card
contains a frame buffer and circuitry to convert the color values
into the voltages or currents used by the display.
Modern graphics cards have powerful graphics processors which
handle many of the rendering functions and image transforma-
tions directly in their circuitry.
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Graphics cards
Graphics cards have taken on much of the responsibility for
video output from the CPU. The most basic graphics card
contains a frame buffer and circuitry to convert the color values
into the voltages or currents used by the display.
Modern graphics cards have powerful graphics processors which
handle many of the rendering functions and image transforma-
tions directly in their circuitry. (We will describe many of these
functions later.)
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Graphics cards
Graphics cards have taken on much of the responsibility for
video output from the CPU. The most basic graphics card
contains a frame buffer and circuitry to convert the color values
into the voltages or currents used by the display.
Modern graphics cards have powerful graphics processors which
handle many of the rendering functions and image transforma-
tions directly in their circuitry. (We will describe many of these
functions later.)
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A typical graphics card might look as follows:
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A typical graphics card might look as follows:
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A typical graphics card might look as follows:
Modern graphics cards contain much more memory than is re-
quired for the frame buffer.
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A typical graphics card might look as follows:
Modern graphics cards contain much more memory than is re-
quired for the frame buffer.
Typically, some of this memory is used to store a description of
the scene, (information about primitives, vertices, colors, etc.)
which is interpreted by the graphics processor.
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A typical graphics card might look as follows:
Modern graphics cards contain much more memory than is re-
quired for the frame buffer.
Typically, some of this memory is used to store a description of
the scene, (information about primitives, vertices, colors, etc.)
which is interpreted by the graphics processor.
Other memory is used to store textures and other bitmaps.
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A typical graphics card might look as follows:
Modern graphics cards contain much more memory than is re-
quired for the frame buffer.
Typically, some of this memory is used to store a description of
the scene, (information about primitives, vertices, colors, etc.)
which is interpreted by the graphics processor.
Other memory is used to store textures and other bitmaps.
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The graphics processor
Modern graphics processors are very powerful computational
devices, rivaling the power of the CPU.
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The graphics processor
Modern graphics processors are very powerful computational
devices, rivaling the power of the CPU. In fact, most have
multiple, pipelined processors. (Many graphics functions can
readily be parallelized.)
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The graphics processor
Modern graphics processors are very powerful computational
devices, rivaling the power of the CPU. In fact, most have
multiple, pipelined processors. (Many graphics functions can
readily be parallelized.)
The following shows the architecture of the Raedon processor
by one of Canada’s largest graphics companies, ATI:
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The graphics processor
Modern graphics processors are very powerful computational
devices, rivaling the power of the CPU. In fact, most have
multiple, pipelined processors. (Many graphics functions can
readily be parallelized.)
The following shows the architecture of the Raedon processor
by one of Canada’s largest graphics companies, ATI:
13