Diseases in dogs.ppt

7/27/2019 Diseases in dogs.ppt

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Diseases in

Dogs

VSU Veterinary Board Exam Review

SMALL ANIMAL MEDICINE

L. M. BALALA, DVM, MSc.


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CANINE PARVOVIRUS One of the most common

and deadly viral illnessesof dogs

Affects all ages

Puppies are mostsusceptible

80% of dogs that areinfected will show nosymptoms

Severe disease, dogs candie within 48 to 72 hours

with no treatment Breeds (black and tan):

Rottweilers, DobermanPinschers, LabradorRetrievers, and Pit bull

terriers are moresusceptible

Risk factors: Stressful environment

Concurrent infections withbacteria, parasites, and

canine coronavirus


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1. Intestinal form

Oral contact with CPV in feces, infected soil,

or fomites carrying the virus

Virus replicates in the lymphoid tissue in the throat and

spreads to the bloodstream Virus attacks rapidly dividing cells, notably those in the

lymph nodes, intestinal crypts, and the bone marrow

Depletion oflymphocytes in lymph nodes and necrosisand destruction of the intestinal crypts

Bacteria intestines cross into the bloodstream and causesepsis

3 to 4 post-infection: virus is shed in the feces for up tothree weeks, the dog may remain an asymptomaticcarrier and shed the virus periodically

Two forms:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intestinal_crypts&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intestinal_crypts&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_node


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2. Cardiac form

Less common, affects puppies infected in utero orshortly after birth until about 8 weeks of age

Virus attacks the heart muscle and the puppy often dies

suddenly or after a brief period of breathing difficulty At microscopic level, points of necrosis of the heart

muscle are visible alongside with mononuclear cellularinfiltrate

Formation of excess fibrous tissue (fibrosis) is often

evident in surviving dogs Myofibers are the site of viral replication within cells

May or may not be accompanied with the signs andsymptoms of the intestinal form
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrosis


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Signs and Symptoms

Dogs that develop the disease show symptoms of theillness within 3 to 10 days

Lethargy, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea (usually bloody)

dehydration and anemia Distinct odor of the feces in the later stages of the

infestation

White blood cell level drops further weakening the dog

Any or all of these factors can lead to shock and death
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_%28medical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_%28medical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog


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Diagnosis

Detection of CPV in the feces: ELISA

Hemagglutination test

Electron microscopy

Differential diagnoses: Coronavirus

Enteritis

Parvovirus is more serious and the presence of bloody

diarrhea, a low white blood cell count, and necrosis ofthe intestinal lining are indicative of parvovirus,especially in an unvaccinated dog
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteritishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutination


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Treatment Early diagnosis is important for successful treatment

Extensive hospitalization due to the severe dehydrationand damage to the intestines and bone marrow

IV fluids and colloids with appropriate B-complexvitamins, dextrose and potassium chloride

antinausea injections (antiemetics) such as

metoclopramide, dolasteron, ondansetron andprochlorpromazine

antibiotic injections such as cefoxitin, metronidazole,timentin, orenrofloxacin

Analgesics such as buprenorphine are also used to

counteract intestinal discomfort Once the dog can keep fluids down, the IV fluids are

gradually discontinued, and very bland food slowlyintroduced

Oral antibiotics are administered for a number of days

depending on the white blood cell count and the patient'sability to fight off secondary infection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitaminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitaminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolasteron&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prochlorpromazine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefoxitinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timentinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrofloxacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timentinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefoxitinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prochlorpromazine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolasteron&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitaminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitaminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitaminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitaminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy


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Prevention and Decontamination

Prevention is the only wayto ensure that a puppy ordog remains healthy sincethe disease is extremelyvirulent and contagious

Household bleach kills thevirus is bleach

Vaccinate puppies andadult dogs against CPV]

Recovered dog is stillcontagious for up to 2months
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulent


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Dog is recovering from some

extensive damage of intestinal tract

stool may be a little loose at first

or for no stool is passed for a few days as the tractrecovers

The dog may be ravenously hungry after going so longwithout food

Do not allow the dog to gorge as this can result in

vomiting or diarrhea Feed smaller meals separated by at least an hour or

two

Do not feed table scraps; a home cooked diet may berecommended (such as boiled chicken and white rice,

or fat free cottage cheese and pasta)

Diet


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CANINE DISTEMPER

Greatest single disease threat to the worlds dogpopulation

Fatal to 80% of the puppies and 50% of the adult

dogs Through the air, by direct contact

with urine, feces, or secretions from

infected dogs, and by contact withkennels, bedding, toys, or other objects that may

hold the virus Most distemper cases appear in dogs less than six

months of age and in old dogs that have not beenroutinely vaccinated


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The virus is attacking

interfaces of the body

with the environment

(mucous membranes)


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Mucosal phase

Virus is attacking interfaces of the body withthe environment (the mucous membranes inGI and respiratory tracts)

Congested lungs, nasal discharge, gunkyeyes, coughing, weight loss, vomiting, anddiarrhea

Callusing of the nose and foot pads (hence

one of the old names for distemperhardpad disease


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Neurologic phase

Seizures

Snapping or tremoring of the jaws -chewing gum fit

Tremors, imbalance, and limb

weakness


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Treatment

Once the dog is infected, there is no cure

Supportive treatment: fluids

Recovered Dogs: hardened foot pads and nose leathers

vision and nervous system problems

throughout their lives

Puppies may have mottled teeth from

damage to developing enamel


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Vaccination

Prevention


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Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Virus enters the bloodstream and targets the liver, kidneys,

eyes, and the cells lining the inner surface of the bloodvessels. IP: 4-7 days

Some cases barely show symptoms; puppies may have aslight fever or be slightly lethargic and recover quickly

Some cases are quick and deadly; puppies show fever,tonsillitis, reddened mouth and eye membranes, colic, thenshock and death, sometimes within 24 hours.

loss of appetite, weakness, eye and nasal discharges and acough. Later gums and other mucus membranes may turn

yellow and death can occur Corneal edema edema of all bladder wall

Canine adenovirus type 1 or CAV-1

Inhalation or ingestion of virus

Signs and symptoms

Feces, urine, saliva, nasal discharge


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Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

DIAGNOSIS Clinical signs, hematology

TREATMENT: Intense IV fluid therapy, intensive nutritional support,

antibiotics and other medications to sustain liverhealing

PREVENTION: Vaccination

Vaccine combination with modified CAV-2 (respiratoryinfections, immunity to CAV-1 and CAV-2, less sideeffects)

Disinfection Steam cleaning and quaternary ammonium compounds


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Rabies

Lyssavirus, rhabdoviridae

Bite of another infected animal

Other routes are possible


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Signs and Symptoms1. Prodromal phase

Characterized by behavioral changes and usually lastsfor 2-3 days in dogs

Apprehension, nervousness, anxiety, solitude, and afever

Friendly animals may become shy or irritable and maysnap

Aggressive animals may become affectionate and docile

Constantly lick the site of the bite

In cats, the prodromal phase lasts for only 1-2 days and

they usually develop more fever spikes and erraticbehavior than dogs


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2. Furious phase

Prodromal phase furious stage

Cats are particularly prone todeveloping this phase

Lasts for 1 to 7 days

Restless and irritable and are

hyperresponsive to auditory andvisual stimuli

As they become more restless,they begin to roam and becomemore irritable and vicious

Caged dogs may bite and attacktheir enclosures

Disoriented and then haveseizures and eventually die
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Rabid_dog.jpg


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3. Paralytic (dumb) phase

Develop either after the

prodromal or furious stage andwithin 2 to 4 days after the firstsigns are noted

Nerves affecting the head andthroat are the first to be

involved and animals maybegin to salivate as a result oftheir inability to swallow

Deep labored breathing

Dropped jaw due to paralysis

in the diaphragm and facemuscles

Animals may make a chokingsound

Death is due to respiratory

failure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dog_with_rabies.jpg


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rabies_patient.jpghttp://www.heartwormsociety.org/article.asp?id=27


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DIAGNOSIS

Submit the brain for

microscopic exam

FAT

Treatment

There is no treatment Vaccination
http://www.heartwormsociety.org/article.asp?id=27


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CORONAVIRUS INFECTION

A common and contagious viral illness to

dogs that can cause disease by itself oralong with canine parvovirus

Symptoms include vomiting,

smelly diarrhea, inappetence and weight

loss

Canine coronavirus

Direct contact with an infected animal

or its feces


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Treatment and Prevention

IV fluids, antibiotics and general supportive care

Vaccine is available but not considered tooimportant

INFECTIOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS


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INFECTIOUS TRACHEOBRONCHITIS

Kennel cough

Respiratory disease in dogs covers the actions ofseveral infectious agents:

Bordatella bronchiseptica

canine adenovirus-2

canine parainfluenza virus

Kennel cough agents are highly contagious, especially inkennels or shelters where canine immune systems arestressed


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Symptoms includebronchitis, eye andnasal discharges anda loud, harsh, hacking

cough


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Diagnosis and Treatment

Labs: elevated liver enzymes, jaundice,pneumonia, and intestinal inflammation

Serology, dark field microscopy

Antibiotic therapy is effective in fighting thebacterial invasion and supportive nursing

Replenishment of fluids

Administration of diuretics to flush the kidneysand prevent kidney failure

Blood transfusions if necessary


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Lyme Disease

Caused by a bacteria

that is transmitted to

dogs by ticks

Borrelia burgdorferi

Deer tick: Ixodes scapularis


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Signs and Symptoms

Lethargy, joint pain,

lameness, lack of

appetite, lymph node

enlargement, and fever More serious for humans

than for dogs

Erythema migrans:

The characteristic skin rash shown

by humans shortly after Borrelia

burgdorferi infection


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Sarcoptic Mites and Mange

SARCOPTIC MITES and DEMODEX MITESare often referred to as MANGE

Demodex mites are less troublesome thanSarcoptic mites, cause less itching and self-

mutilation, and are not seen in adult dogs asoften as Sarcoptic mites
http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/dem.htmlhttp://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/dem.html


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Demodex in the Dog Mange

Common infestation of the dogs skin withtiny, cigar-shaped, eight-legged mites.

Mites reside and feed in the hair follicleand oil glands of the skin

Most cases are self-limiting, the animal isable to arrest the reproduction and growthof the mites and eventually repair thedamage they do


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Once eliminated, most dogs do notacquire another infestation Immune defenses are primed to eliminate any

new Demodex mites

Small numbers of Demodex mites residingin the skin

Skin lesions due to infestations appear

when immune related, or nutritional orenvironmental stresses impact the dog


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Demodex canis
http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/dem_skin1.jpghttp://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/demodex_019.jpg


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Diagnosis

Demodex mitesusually createirregularly shaped,mildly irritated areas

of hair loss Skin is usually not

inflamed and lesionsare not highly pruritic

Microscopic exam ofskin scraping


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Sarcoptic Mange or scabies

Highly communicable littlebugs that dig tiny tunnelsinto the skin and causeintense itching,

inflammation and hair loss Intense itching results in

self trauma, hair loss, anddry crusty skin lesions

Often misdiagnosed asAllergic dermatitis Sarcoptes scabieivar. canis


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Misdiagnosis: Allergic Dermatitis

Common treatment: cortisone (Prednisone) Antipruritis

Immunosuppressive Enhance reproduction of Sarcoptes

They are elusive to find with skin scrapings
http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/mites4.jpg


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Treatment Ivermectin!

IN THE CORRECT DOSE, can successfully treatdogs for sarcoptic mites

Disadvantage: Some dogs are sensitive toIvermectin

MDR1 gene Abnormal neurologic signs

Collies, Australian Shepherds, Old English Sheepdogs,German Shepherds, Long-haired Whippets, SilkenWindhounds, and a variety of mixed breed dogs

Options: Insecticide dips and sprays

Revolution


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NORMAL RANGES FOR HEMOSTATIC VALUES... for dogs and cats

DOGS CATSBleeding Time in

minutes 2- 5 minutes

Bleeding Time in

minutes 2 - 5 minutes

Whole Blood Coag.

Time in Glass 6 - 8 minutes

Whole Blood Coag.

Time in Glass 8 minutes

Prothrombin Time 6 - 10 seconds Prothrombin Time 8.6 seconds

Partial

thromboplastin time 15 - 25 seconds


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CANINE

Vaccinati

onProtocol

Neonates* Puppy Series

Last

PuppyBooster

First

AdultBooster

Adult

Boosters

Vaccines2-6

weeks

6-8

weeks

10-12

weeks

13-16

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Every 3

years

Distem

per/Measles

Killed

Parvo

virus

Distem

per

#

Canine

Adeno

virus

Type 2

#

VACCINATION GUIDE

CANINE


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CANINE

Vaccinati

on

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Neonates* Puppy Series

Last

Puppy

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First

Adult

Booster

Adult

Boosters

Vaccines 2-6weeks 6-8weeks 10-12weeks 13-16weeks 16 weeks 15 mts. Annually Every 3years

Canine

Para

influenza

#

Canine

Parvo

virus

Leptosp

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four sero

vars

#

Rabies

Virus

Bordetell

a

(optional)

Lyme

(optional)

#: Optional; usually present in combination vaccines together with canine Parvovirus.

I diLarge

H k T Whi H t N d

Safe

D iMin.


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Age/

Weight
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