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discuss….. Thought for the day:

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discuss…..

Thought for the day:

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 External costs and benefits Appreciate the concepts of social costs and benefitsUnderstand the difference between a social cost  and social benefit and a financial cost  and a financial benefitShow  an understanding of how business activity can create themUse examples to show how business decisions create social costs and benefits Apply such concepts to a given business decision Evaluate  the possible consequences to stakeholders of a given business decision  Exchange rates Understand how importing/exporting decisions might be affected by changes in exchange ratesUnderstand the concept of a rate of exchange of a currencyUnderstand what  is meant by an appreciation and depreciation of a currencyShow  awareness of the importance of exchange rate changes to importing  and exporting businesses  Business cycle The main phases of the cycle Describe the main stages of a business cycle Impact  of boom/recession on businessUnderstand the impact  of the stages on a business in terms of sales, profits and business costs

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How to get an A

Knowledge & Understanding

Anayslis

Evaluation

A

Grade

Application facts, terms, concepts and conventions appropriate to the syllabus; theories and techniques

Apply facts, terms, concepts, theories and techniques to business problems and issues. Link to a business.

Examine, Analyse, Interpret, Formulate, Cause and Affect, advantages & disadvantages.

Evaluate, discuss, justify, advise, recommend. reasoned explanations,

develop arguments, understand implications and draw inferences

A04

A03

A02

A01

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• Soft copies of the four topics… students download and turn into an essay

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External costs and benefits• Appreciate the concepts of social costs and benefits

• Understand the difference between a social cost  and social benefit and a financial cost  and a financial benefit

• Show  an understanding of how business activity can create them

• Use examples to show how business decisions create social costs and benefits

• Apply such concepts to a given business decision

• Evaluate  the possible consequences to stakeholders of a given business decisionPg 238

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Externalities

• External costs (externalities): the social costs & benefits of business activity borne by the wider community

• E.g Lorry delivering goods – creates noise – neighbours suffering don’t get compensation.

• Air pollution – causes illness• Greenhouse gasses – lead to global warming, causing 

storms and flooding• No compensation.

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Externalities

• Costs and benefits which the business doesn’t pay or receive.

• E.g building a beautiful office block• People enjoy looking at it.• An enjoyment the business receives no money for.• Other examples:• Spill over of technology (e.g Velcro)

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Externalities

• Noise pollution, air pollution, global warming – Negative externalities

• The beautiful building – Positive externalities.

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Externalities

• Business are under pressure to pay for the social cost of anything they do.

• Environmental groups – campaign against larger business who pollute.

• Residence protest against local factories that harm their environment

• These protests equal bad publicity and lower sales.

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Pressure Groups

• Non-Profit organisations established by their members to address a special interest of the group.

• - campaigning against environmental neglect• Smoking in public areas• Testing on animals.• E.g Trade Unions, animal rights activist groups, environmental protection.

• Pg 238• Examples

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Pressure Groups

• Aim to win public support from their actions.• Try to influence government legislation (national minimum wage)

• Advantage – they force business and government to take into account the true costs of business activity (pollution & environmental damage) 

Green peace in PolandPg 

238

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Exchange rates

Understand how importing/exporting decisions might be affected by changes in exchange rates

Understand the concept of a rate of exchange of a currency

Understand what  is meant by an appreciation and depreciation of a currency

Show  awareness of the importance of exchange rate changes to importing  and exporting businesses

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• The exchange rate measures the value of one currency in terms of foreign currencies.

• Appreciation of currency means higher exchange rates, means that export prices will be high therefore the exporter will have less price competiveness.

• Depreciation of the currency means lower exchange rate means the domestic firms that import raw materials and components will suffer from having to pay relatively higher prices.

• Large unpredictable changes in the exchange rate can make business planning difficult because a business cannot predict its export earnings or costs of imported materials.

• - explained (6 mins)

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Exchange Rates

Australia dollar strong• AUSD$1 = SING$2

• So if Australia wants to sell for AUD$20 (to make $10 profit) will have to sell for…

• SING$40• If AUD keeps getting more 

expensive then will have to increase selling price (to maintain profit margin)

Australian dollar weak• AUSD$2 = SING$1• So if Australia wants to sell 

for AUD$20 (to make $10 profit) will have to sell for…

• SING$10• If AUD keeps getting 

weaker.. Can be cheaper..

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Business cycle

To learn:The main phases of the cycle Describe the main stages of a business cycle Impact  of boom/recession on business

Understand the impact  of the stages on a business in terms of sales, profits and business costs

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The Business (Economic) Cycle

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The Business Cycle

• Typical business cycle– Peak– Recession– Trough– Recovery

Time

Re

al G

DP

Figure 2Typical Business Cycle

Peak

Recessionor

Downturn Trough

Recovery

Peak

Contraction Expansion

Trend

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Downturn:

• Demand falls• Output falls• Employment falls• Falling in investment• Many business making losses• Some business close down.

Time

Re

al G

DP

Figure 2Typical Business Cycle

Peak

Recessionor

Downturn Trough

Recovery

Peak

Contraction Expansion

Trend

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Recovery:

• Stock levels begin to fall• Output increases• Employment rises.

Time

Re

al G

DP

Figure 2Typical Business Cycle

Peak

Recessionor

Downturn Trough

Recovery

Peak

Contraction Expansion

Trend

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Boom:

• Full capacity in the economy• Prices increase• Investment increases• Business working flat out• Shortage of skilled labour 

(wages rise).

TimeR

ea

l GD

P

Figure 2Typical Business Cycle

Peak

Recessionor

Downturn Trough

Recovery

Peak

Contraction Expansion

Trend

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p

• Pg 240

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1. What did I learn this lesson that I didn’t know before?

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PlenaryLevel achieved_____

What do you now know as a result of today’s lesson?

What are your areas for improvement? What are you going to do about this?