Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)
-
Upload
elvin-barnett -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)
![Page 1: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Discovering the Plant Cell
Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)
![Page 2: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives
• The student will be able to:– Identify the parts of a plant cell– Describe the functions of each organelle– Compare plant cells to other cells
![Page 3: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Intro to Plant Cells• Plants cells have some unique structures– In particular, chloroplasts allow the plant to
capture energy from the Sun• Eukaryotic cells– Means membrane-bound nucleus
• Some organelles are similar between other types of cells.
![Page 4: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of Specialized Plant Cells• Parenchyma Cells– Synthesize and store organic products, “filler”
tissue; e.g., the soft part of the plant.• Collenchyma Cells– Extra structural support, esp. in areas of new
growth• Sclerenchyma Cells– Provide main structural support
![Page 5: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Plant Cell Characteristics
• Plant cells generally larger than animal• Plant cells more consistent in size and shape• Unique structures:– Cell wall– Large vacuole– Plastids• chloroplasts
![Page 6: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
Animal Cell• Various sizes and shapes• Smaller than plant cells• Organelles typically not
found in plant cells:– Centrioles– Lysosomes– Cilia/flagella
Plant Cell• Consistent shape and size
– Typically “cube-ish”
• Organelles typically not found in animal cells:– Cell wall– Large vacuole– Plastids
• Chloroplasts
![Page 7: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Organelles• Cell (Plasma)
Membrane• Cell Wall• Chloroplast• Cytoplasm• Cytoskeleton• Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)• Golgi Complex
• Microtubules• Mitochondria• Nucleus
• Nucleolus• Nucleopore
• Peroxisomes• Plasmodesmata• Ribosomes• Vacuole
![Page 8: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
• Plasma Membrane:– Similar to other cell type plasma membranes– Phospholipid bilayer acts as a permeability barrier.– Location for transport of molecules into the cell.
![Page 10: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cell Wall
Plant Cell
• Mostly composed of cellulose
Animal Cell
• No cell wall
Bacteria Cell
• Prokaryotic cells made up of murein aka peptidoglycan.
The cell wall is a rigid layer on the outside of the plasma membrane. The cell wall offers structural support, filtration, and protection.
![Page 11: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chloroplasts• Only found in plants• Contain chlorophyll– Green pigment that makes plants
green• Main function is photosynthesis• Chloroplasts contain their own
DNA• Chloroplasts can host transgenes –
better isolated than nuclear transformation
![Page 12: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
• Supports cell shape and function.• Composed of proteins which can assemble or
disassemble as the needs of the cell change.• Found in cells of all domains of life.
![Page 14: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Two types:– Rough (RER)
• System of sacks found in cell’s cytoplasm• Rough is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough
appearance.• Functions as transport through the cell, produces proteins• Transport vesicles take proteins from RER to Golgi apparatus
– Smooth• System of tubes located in cytoplasm.• Function as transport through the cell. • Contains enzymes to assist in digestion of lipids proteins• Smooth ER buds off of rough ER.
![Page 15: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Golgi Complex
• Also known as Golgi body or apparatus.• Flattened and layered organelle. Resembles a
stack of pancakes.• Receives the vesicles from RER and converts
proteins and lipids to various useable products• Transports out vesicles
![Page 16: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Microtubules
• Component of the cytoskeleton
• Helps maintain structure of a cell
• Involved in cellular processes and
intracelluar transporthttp://images.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=3611
![Page 17: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mitochondria• Found in most eukaryotic cells.• The “powerhouse of the cell”.– Generate most of the cell’s adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) chemical energy– Maintains control over the cell cycle/growth.
• Mitochondria has it’s own DNA (mtDNA).
![Page 18: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nucleus
• Contains most of the cell’s genetic material
Cell is undergoing
mitosis
Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762.
![Page 19: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nucleus continued• Contains chromosomes which house the DNA• Nuclear pores around the nuclear membrane
allow molecules to move across the membrane.
• Movement is needed for gene expression and chromosome maintenance
![Page 20: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Nucleolus• Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus• Ribosomes are made inside the nucleolus
![Page 21: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Peroxisome• Produces enzymes for the breakdown of fatty
acids• Assist in photorespiration of leaves and
germination of seeds.
![Page 22: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plasmodesmata
• Microscopic channels traversing cell walls of plant cells
• Transport proteins, mRNA, viral genomes from cell to cell– Viral movement example: tobacco mosaic virus
MP-30
![Page 23: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are technically NOT an organelle as they are non-membrane bound.
• Free-floating and attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• Site of protein synthesis.– RNA translated into protein
![Page 24: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vacuole• Present in all plant and fungal cells– Some protist, animal, and bacterial cells
• Enclosed compartments filled with water
• Functions:– Containing waste products– Containing water– Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure– Support structures such as leaves and
flowers
![Page 25: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Vacuoles
![Page 26: Discovering the Plant Cell Advanced Biotechnology c 5 (C)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649e565503460f94b4e0ab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Identification Game
• http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/health/anatomy/cell/plant_cell_game.htm