Disaster Risk Reduction: concepts, components and points of entry Disaster risk reduction and risk...
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Transcript of Disaster Risk Reduction: concepts, components and points of entry Disaster risk reduction and risk...
Disaster Risk Reduction: concepts, components and
points of entry
Disaster risk reduction and risk transfer: toward concrete action in South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand, 28-30 April, 2008Margaret ArnoldProVention Consortium
Natural hazards
Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute a damaging event, i.e., cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Hazardous events can vary in magnitude or intensity, frequency, duration, area of extent, speed of onset, spatial dispersion and temporal spacing.
Geological hazards
Internal earth processes or tectonic origin, such as earthquakes, geological fault activity, tsunamis, volcanic activity and emissions as well as external processes such as mass movements: landslides, rockslides, rock falls or avalanches, surfaces collapses, expansive soils and debris or mud flows.
Geological hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects.
Hydrometeorological
Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
E.g.: floods, debris and mud floods; tropical cyclones, storm surges, thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms, blizzards and other severe storms; drought, desertification, wildland fires, temperature extremes, sand or dust storms; permafrost and snow or ice avalanches.
Biological
Processes of organic origin or those conveyed by biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms, toxins and bioactive substances, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Examples of biological hazards: outbreaks of epidemic diseases, plant or animal contagion, insect plagues and extensive infestations.
Disaster Impacts
Economic: direct, indirect and macroeconomic Social and environmental harder to quantify:
•Loss of life•Environmental degradation•Loss of natural habitats and destruction of ecosystems•Disruption of communities and family life•Loss of cultural heritage assets•Unemployment•Migration•Differential gender impact and impacts on vulnerable groups
EMERGENCY RESPONSE----PREPAREDNESS--------DISASTER MGMT------DRM------DRR------------CC ADAPTATION
Terminology Timeline
Defining Disaster Risk Reduction
Not yet a global consensus on the use and definitions of DM and DRR terminology.
UN ISDR has tried to promote harmonization of terms: see: www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng home.htm
But: conflicting use of terms by different organizations continues.
Common-sense principles: Keep definitions and concepts simple. Use concrete examples if definitions are difficult to explain. Be consistent and clear when using a term.
Defining Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster Risk Reduction “The development and application of policies,
strategies and practices to do everything possible before a disaster occurs to protect
lives, limit damage and strengthen the capacity of communities and society to
recover quickly.”
Hazards x Vulnerability=Risk
VULNERABILITY: The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
RISK: The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Components of DRR
Risk identification: understand the problem
Hazard maps; community vulnerability and capacity analysis; risk modeling, understanding direct, indirect, and secondary effects of disasters; quantifying social and env impacts
Risk mitigation: do the needful to reduce potential impacts ex ante (including preparedness and pre-disaster recovery planning)
Structural and non-structural mechanisms: e.g. land use planning; structural design and construction practices; building codes; public education; early warning systems; preparedness and response plans
Risk financing: for the risk you cannot eliminate
Self insurance; safety nets; informal mechanisms; insurance; catastrophe bonds; contingency financing; calamity funds, micro-insurance
WB Entry Points for DRR
Policy dialogue – CAS, PRSP“Building back better” - Improved
response to disaster emergencies and more effective reconstruction and recovery
Stand alone investments for disaster risk management
Integrating DRR into development investments - “pure” mainstreaming
DRR after disaster
Relief, rehabilitation/reconstruction should also aim at contributing to the reduction of vulnerability and should avoid reconstructing risk.
In the response phase, this means: Use relief not only to meet immediate needs but also to restore
livelihood assets and rebuild livelihoods (cash- and food-for-work).
Build on/up survivor’s capacities.
Build on local institutions.
Avoid aid dependency.
Use participatory approaches.
Take the opportunity to create positive change and not merely return to pre-disaster vulnerability levels.
Stand alone investments in DRR
DRR as a new business line Specific investments in DRR capacity Examples: Institutional
arrangements/capacity building for emergency response, disaster preparedness, early warning systems, structural (physical) and non-structural measures undertaken to limit disaster impacts---retrofitting, dike construction, hazard-resistant house construction, planting mangroves, drainage channels, water conservation measures
Inte
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Mainstreaming for safe development
Ensuring that standard investments contribute to vulnerability reduction and meet certain safety standards
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
‘Vicious spirals’ of
disaster risk and
development failure
Source : DFIDDisaster risk reduction: a development concern, http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/drr-scoping-study.pdf
Risk Accumulation
Failed Development
Disaster Losses
‘Virtuous spirals’ of
risk reduction
Source : DFIDDisaster risk reduction: a development concern, http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/drr-scoping-study.pdf
Risk reduction
Development
Appropriate emergency response and reconstruction