Dioxin Debacle by Professor Allan Springer Department of Paper Science & Engineering Miami...
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Dioxin Debacle
by
Professor Allan SpringerDepartment of Paper Science & Engineering
Miami University Oxford, Oh 45056
513-529-2208
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International Toxicity Equivalency Factors (I-TEFs) (1988)
NUMBER OF NUMBER OFCONGENER PCDD ISOMERS PCDF ISOMERS
2378-Tetra 1.0 1 0.10 112378-Penta 0.50 1 0.05 223478-Penta --- --- 0.50 ---2378-Hexa 0.10 3 0.10 42378-Hepta 0.01 1 0.01 2 Octa 0.001 1 0.001 1
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TABLE 2One Time Doses of TCDD That Kill Half the
Animals Exposed
Micrograms/kilograms body
Guinea Pig 0.6 - 2.1Rat 22 - 500Rabbit 115Dog 30 - 300Hamster 3,000Monkey <70
The dose shown is the amount that kills about half of the animals exposed to is. This is called the LD 50 (lethal dose 50).
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TABLE 1Sources Releasing Dioxins Into the American
EnvironmentSources are listed in order of the total amounts of dioxins produced by all units.
Municipal solid waste incineratorsSmelters that recycle copperResidences and public utilities burning coal and oilFuel wood burningForest firesProduction of the metal magnesiumMunicipal sewageHospital waste incineratorsPulp & Paper operationsIndustrial & hazardous waste incineratorsPetroleum industry operationsMotor vehicle driving - mostly burning unleaded fuelMiscellaneous sourcesCigarette smoke
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What Are Some Dioxin Levels Found in the Environment?
Soil, Background Levels in American soil Up to 1 ppt
Soil, Highly contaminated (Times Beach, MO) Up to 340 ppm
Wood stove (chimney soot) 7500 ppt
Fish Up to 100 ppt
Whole cow milk Up to 3 ppt
Human fat tissue 1 - 20 pptHuman milk fat 1 - 10 ppt
Sewage Sludge 3 - 327 pptBleached paper mill wastewater sludge 48 - 550 pptBleached paper mill effluent 0 - 3000 ppq rangeBleached Kraft pulps 0 - 100 ppt
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How Do We Describe Levels of Dioxins In the Environment?
ppm = parts per millionppb = parts per billion (one thousand times smaller than ppm)ppt = parts per trillion (one million times smaller than ppm)ppq = parts per quadrillion (one billion times smaller than ppm)ppquintillion (one trillion times smaller than ppm)
These terms refer to parts by weight. For example, one pound would equal 1 ppm in 500 tons. A ton contains 2,000 pounds. One pound in 500,000 tons would equal 1 ppb. One pound in 500,000,000 tons equals 1 ppt.
Another way of looking at these quantities is to compare them to periods of time:
1 ppm is equivalent to 1 sec in 11.6 days1 ppb is equivalent to 1 sec in 32 years1 ppt is equivalent to 1 sec in 32,000 years1 ppq is equivalent to 1 sec in 32,000,000 years
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Paper Daily Use TCDD Required forProduct One in a Million Risk, ppt
Diapers 6 540,000Tissues 7 230,000Towels 10 7,900,000Notepaper 60 4,200Toilet Paper 60 27,000,000
Paper Dust 10mg/M3 670
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One in a Million Risk
400 miles of air travel
60 miles of travel by car
3/4 of a cigarette
1 1/2 minutes of rock climbing
20 minutes of being a man aged 60
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Sources of DBD & DBF In Brownstock
Certain Oil-Based Defoamers
Wood Chips
DBF = 3 to 11 ppb
Mill
Water
BROWNSTOCK
DBF = 3 - 23 ppb
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DBF Concentration Determined for Various Wood Species
Wood Species DBF, ppb
Western Hemlock 3.1Black spruce 11.2Balsam Fir 6.0Jack Pine 6.1Beech 4.4Maple 4.2Poplar 7.9
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SCAN SLIDE # 13
IT GOES HERE
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Options to Reduce Dioxin Levels
Decrease the chlorine multiple
Increase the chlorine dioxide substitution
Decrease the precursor level: Use clean Defoamer and good pulp washing
Have good C-stage mixing and control
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SCAN SLIDE #15
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SCAN SLIDE #16
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SCAN SLIDE #17
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• SCAN SLIDE 18
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Are We at Risk From Dioxin?
U. S. EPA - YES
Most other agencies and countries - NO
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Table 3Standards Set by U.S. Agencies and Other Countries for
Virtually Safe Lifetime Daily Doses of Dioxin
Picograms/kilogram body weight/
day
U.S. AgenciesEnvironmental Protection Agency 0 . 006State of Connecticut 0 . 04Food and Drug Administration 0 . 06Centers for Disease Control 0.03 - 1.4Other CountriesNetherlands 4 . 0Canada 10 . 0West Germany 1 - 10
A picograom is one trillion times smaller than a gram.
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PROBABLE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE
U.S. EPA 1900 RISK ASSESSMENT LIKELY EXPOSURE TO 0.01 PG/KG/DAY
NCAI - 1992 MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS LIKELY EXPOSURE 0/0015 TP 0.05 PG/KG/DAY
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• 1970 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCAITON PROGRAMS
IMPLEMENTED IN U.S.SCHOOL SYSTEM• 1973 MILL DISCHARGES CHECKED FOR DIOXIN
AND NON DETECTED• 1978 ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
CONFERENCE ON “CHLORINATED PHENOXY ACIDS
AND THEIR DOXINS: MODE OF ACTION, HEALTH
RISKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS”
STOCKHOLM
EVENTS WHICH INFLUENCED P&P INDUSTRY RESPONSE TO DIOXIN
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•1985 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AND
CRADBOAK INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES CONFERENCE
ON “DIOXINS IN THE ENVIRONMENT ANARBOR, MI•1985 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE EMPROVED 3
ORDERS O9F MAGNITUDE AND DIOXIN DISCOVERED
IN EFFLUENT AND SLUDGES FORM P&P MILLS - 105
MILL STUDY NCASI - EPA STUDY•1987 PRESENCE OF CHLORINATED DIOXIN
CONFIRMED IN U.S. MILLS - 5 MILL STUDY EPA- NCSI•1987 GREEN PEACE PUBLISHERS “NO MARGIN OF
SAFETY”
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• 1987 SWEDISH GOVERNMENT MARINE ACTION
PLAN•1987 CPPA/PPRIC & NCASI STUDIES CONTINUE•1990 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EVOLVES WAYS
TO MINIMIZE DIOXIN FORMAITON•1997-93 RESEARCH STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED
AND DIOZIN BELOW NONDETECT LEVEL AT MOST
MILLS
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RESOURCES SPENT VRS LIVES LOST
• 3000 + PAPERS IN LITERATURE
• 1.2 BILLION U.S. DOLLARS
• LIVES LOST?
• MORE LOST FORM STRESS OVER
PROBLEM THAN FORM EXPOSURE
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LESSONS LEARNED FORM DIOXIN DEBACLE
1. NONPROBLEMS CAN BECOME ISSUES AS ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IMPROVE
2. SCIENCE ISONLY A PART OF THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS WHEN FEAR OF LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE IS INVOLVED
3. THREEE IS NOT A CONSENSUS IN THE REGULATORY COMMUNITY ON HOW TO DO RISK ASSESSMENT AND SET SAFE LEVELS
4. COMPLEX MULTI VARIABLE MODELS HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF UNCERTAINTY ASOCIATED WITH THEIR RESULTS AND MUST BE INTERPRETED WITH CARE
5. ONCE AN INDUSTRY DEVELOPS AREOND A POLLUTANT IT IS DIFFICUST TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVITY
6. ENVIRONMENTAL DESCISION MAKING MAY BE CHANGING FORM A SCIENCE BASED PROCESS TO A PRECAUTIONARY EMOTIONAL BASED PROCESS