BUMI DALAM TATASURYA

• Matahari dan planet-planetnya• Anatomi bumi• Dinamika bumi

Orbital change

WobbleAxial tilt change

Distributian of day and night; and climate along year

Energy budget

mW m-2

Heat Flow

0 40 60 85 120 180 240 350

The hottest andthe coldest places

Winds circulation

Winds circulation

Siklon dan antisiklonrendahan dan tinggian

RENDAHAN (dekat permukaan)

TINGGIAN

Isobar dan arah angin

Pembentukan siklon danantisiklon

Spiral awan

How does water move among reservoirs?

Ocean Currents• Redistribute heat across planet

Sirkulasi air di samudera

Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate

What is weather? What is weather? What is climate? What is climate?

How do they differ?How do they differ?

•• WeatherWeather is the shortis the short--term state of the atmosphere term state of the atmosphere at a particular place at any given timeat a particular place at any given time

•• ClimateClimate is a longis a long--term composite of weather term composite of weather conditions at a particular placeconditions at a particular place

•• Short term versus long termShort term versus long term------that is how they that is how they differdiffer

Iklim dunia

5. Landforms and Surface Processes

• Glaciers• Mass Wasting

• Streams

• Shorelines

• Deserts

• Groundwaterhttp://www.berann.com

H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987

What drives plate motions• Forces that drive plate

motion – Slab-pull

• Cold, dense slabs of subducted oceanic lithosphere pull the plate towards the subduction zone

– Ridge-push• The higher elevation of

spreading centers result in oceanic lithosphere wanting to move “downhill”, away from the ridge

• Far less important than slab-pull

– Mantle drag and plate resistance

• Can act to increase or decrease plate motion

Mantle convection providesthe primary drive forplate tectonics

What drives plate motions• Models of plate-mantle

convection • Any model must be consistent

with observed physical and chemical properties of the mantle

• Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle upwelling

• Models– Layering at 660 km– Explains why basalts

erupted at mid-ocean ridges are different (more evolved, relatively shallow source) compared to those erupted at hot-spots (more primitive, deeper source).

– We know that subductingslabs descend beneath 660 km

What drives plate motions• Whole-mantle convection

– Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few hundred million years, removing heterogeneities

What drives plate motions• Deep-layer model

– “Lava lamp model”– Two layers swell and

shrink in a complex fashion in response to heat from the Earth’s interior

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