Digital Camera2

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BY ± FARHIM SHAIKH



Introduction

Types of Digital Cameras

Conversion of Film cameras to Digital

History

Image Data Storage File Formats



A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that

takes video or still photographs, or both,

digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. It is the main device

used in the field of digital photography.

Most 21st century cameras are digital.



Digital cameras can do things

film cameras cannot:Displaying images on a screen

immediately after they are recorded, storing

thousands of images on a single small

memory device. Some have a GPS receiver

built in, and can produce Geotagged photographs.



C OMP A CT D IGIT AL C A MER A S



M IRRORLESS I NTERCHANGEABLE -

LENS C AMERA



W hen digital cameras became common, a

question many photographers asked was

whether their film cameras could be converted to digital. The answer was yes

and no.



For the majority of 35 mm film cameras

the answer is no, the reworking and cost would be too great, especially as lenses have been evolving as well as cameras. For most a conversion to digital, to give enough space for the electronics and allow a liquid crystal display to preview, would require removing the back of the camera

and replacing it with a custom built digital unit.



` The coming of digital cameras was very

beneficial to the Japanese camera industry,which showed signs of stagnation in the late

80s due to market saturation.

` The new digital S L Rs were for the main part purposely made not to be downward-compatible

in accepting the world's vast inventory of

momentarily near-useless high-quality S L R lenses even if of the same bayonet.



` Many early professional S L R cameras, such as

the Kodak DCS series, were developed from 35 mm film cameras.

` A notable exception is the Nikon E2, followed

by Nikon E3, using additional optics to convert the 35mm format to a 2/3 CCD-sensor.

` A few 35 mm cameras have had digital camera

backs made by their manufacturer, L eica being a notable example.



` Steven Sasson as an engineer at Eastman Kodak invented and built the first digital camera using a charge-coupled device image sensor in 1975.

` Digital cameras now include wireless communication capabilities (for example W i- Fi or Bluetooth) to transfer, print or share photos,and are commonly found on mobile phones.

` Texas Instruments engineer W illis A dcock designed a filmless camera that was not digital.



The resolution of a digital camera is often

limited by the image sensor,sensor is made

up of millions of "buckets" that essentially count the number of photons that strike

the sensor. This means that the brighter the

image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel.



` The number of resulting pixels in the image determines its "pixel count".

`Many digital compact cameras are criticized for having excessive pixels.Sensors can be so small that their 'buckets' can easily overfill; again, resolution of a sensor can become greater than the camera lens.



` A s the technology has improved, costs have decreased dramatically. Counting the

"pixels per dollar" as a basic measure of

value for a digital camera, there has been a continuous and steady increase in the

number of pixels each dollar buys in a new

camera.



Many camera phones and most separate digital cameras use memory cards having

flash memory to store image data. The majority of cards for separate cameras are

SD format; many are Compact Flash or

other formats.



Digital cameras have computers inside,hence have internal memory, and many

cameras can use some of this internal

memory for a limited capacity for pictures that can be transferred to or from the card

or through the camera's connections.



The Joint Photography Experts Group

standard (JPEG) is the most common file

format for storing image data. Other file types include Tagged Image File Format

(TIFF) and various Raw image formats.



Raw files are processed in specialized

image editing programs. Editing raw format images allows more flexibility in settings such as white balance, exposure

compensation, color temperature, and so on. Essence raw format allows the

photographer to make major adjustments

without losing image quality that would otherwise require retaking the picture.



Most cameras include Exif data that

provides metadata about the picture. Exif

data may include aperture, exposure time, focal length, date and time taken,

and location.

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