Didier Coulomb - IIR - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG

Refrigerants: European

and International Contexts

Didier COULOMBInternational Institute of Refrigeration

(IIR)

www.iifiir.org

InternationalInstitute of

Refrigeration

InternationalInternationalInstitute ofInstitute of

RefrigerationRefrigeration

MILANO, ItalyMostra Convegno Expocomfort

30 marzo

2012

http://www.iifiir.org/

International Institute of Refrigeration – www.iifiir.org

1 -

Refrigeration

is

everywhere

•

Cryogenics

(petrochemical

refining, steel

industry, space

industry,

nuclear

fusion…)

•

Medicine

and health

products

(cryosurgery, anaesthesia, scanners,

vaccines…)

•

Air conditioning

(including

data centres…)

•

Food industry

and the cold chain

•

Energy

sector

(including

heat

pumps, LNG, hydrogen…)

•

Environment

(including

carbon

capture and storage), public works,

leisure

activities…


2 -

The increasing

needs

in developing

and emerging

countries

1600 deaths/year

in the USA due to pathogens, at

least partly associated

with

temperature

control; many

more in «

developing

»

countries:•

Increase

in the global population, particularly

in Africa

and South Asia

(9-10 billion in 2050, 8 in developing

countries)

•

70% (50% now) will

be

in urban

areas (x2 in developing

countries): increasing

the need

for cold chains, increasingly

westernized

models

•

1 billion people are undernourished; 23% of food

losses

are caused

by a lack

of refrigeration

(vs 9% in developed

countries)

•

Needs

for better

health

everywhere

(good cold chain, air conditioning), ageing

population…

This increase

in emerging

and developing

countries will

increase

the impact on the environment


3 -

Refrigeration

is

a major energy

consumer

Refrigeration

including

air conditioning

represents

15% of globalelectricity

consumption. And it

will

increase

(The Netherlands: 18%...)

Global warming

because

of CO2

emissions:

TEWI, LCCP (IIR Working

Party)

The price

of electricity

will

increase

(new sources of energy

have higher

costs)

Lack

of power infrastructures

Overall

system solutions (district cooling…)

New regulations

on energy, on buildings in Europe, the USA:

constraints

on energy

constraints

on refrigeration

systems

Changing

a system because

of refrigerant

issues must take

into

account

potential

reductions

in energy

consumption


•

Vapour-compression systems

will

remain

predominant

in the short and medium term

more refrigerants.

•

Impact on the stratospheric

ozone layer: CFCs, HCFCs

the Montreal

Protocol

Phase-out plansBanks

•

Alternative refrigerants:

-

HFCs, including

HFOs: no impact on the ozone layer but an impact

on global warming

(included

in the Kyoto Protocol)

-

Natural refrigerants

(ammonia, CO2, hydrocarbons, water, air):

have a very

low

impact on global warming.

-

Mixtures, combinations

(cascades, secondary

fluids)

4 –

Focus on Refrigerants

Family of refrigerants Main refrigerants ODP GWP

CFC 11 1 4 750CFCs CFC 12 1 10 900

Others 0.4 -> 1 6 000 -> 15 000HCFCs HCFC 22 0,05 1 810

Others 0.020 -> 0.070 70 -> 2 400HFC 134a 0 1 430HFC 404A 0 3 900HFC 407C 0 1 800

HFCs HFC 410A 0 2 100HFC 32 0 720

HFC 1234yf 0 4Others 0 4 -> 4 500

(except HFC 23 = 14 800)HC 290 0 20

HC 600a 0 20HC 1270 0 20

Natural Refrigerants R717 (ammonia) 0 ~ 0R744 (Carbon dioxide) 0 1

Air, water 0 ~ 0


Discussions at an international level


Hence, discussions held

at

an international level

(Montreal

Protocol and

Kyoto Protocol meetings) on the future of HFCs: replacing

HCFCs

with HFCs could

be

a real threat

to climate.

North

American and Mauritius-Micronesia

proposals

to gradually

phase

down the consumption

and production of HFCs, in all countries. The

amounts

are weighted

according

to their

Global Warming

Potential.

•

Opposition of India, China, Brazil

•

Other

initiatives:

The European

F-gas

regulation

and the MAC directive

Taxes and bans on HFCs

This decision is linked to other decisions regarding global warming (time schedule: 2015 for a new agreement on this issue)


5 –

Consequences

at

the European

level

The European

Union: an example

for the world regarding

Global Warming?

(compliance

with

the Kyoto Protocol; attitude in international negotiations)

•

1st

mesure: reducing

leakage

the F-gas

regulation

and more (?)

•

2nd

mesure: phase-out of high

GWP refrigerants

the MAC directive

and more (?)

•

3rd

mesure: taxes and bans in certain European

countries

then

at

a European

level

(?)


At

a European

level:1.

HCFC phase-out

1.1.2010:

phase-out of virgin HCFCs

in Europe1.1.2015:

phase-out of recycled HCFCs

in Europe

2.

The F-gas Regulation: current status-

Adopted in 2006, entered into force on 4.7.2007 with a view to reducing emissions of fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6);revision scheduled in 2010

- The aim: to train staff and certify staff and companies handling refrigerants,

to reduce leakage in stationary equipment, considered as

being of greatest importance. A Directive on mobile air conditioning completes the F-gas Regulation and embodies gradual phase-out of refrigerants with a GWP >150

- Many countries have implemented rules that are more stringent than the F-gas Regulation and the Directive on mobile air conditioning

- Few countries didn’t set up national per-application regulations. Italy just did it.


-

More restrictive measures concern: the threshold governing the application of the regulation, with a value lower than the charge of 3 kg of refrigerant; implementation of maximum leakage rates (5%) in Germany, Belgium…; minimum intervals between maintenance operations; databases; responsibilities with respect to recycling; moreover, Germany has extended compulsory leakage monitoring to refrigerated transport for charges of over 3 kg and Sweden has extended its policy to ships (charges of over 10 kg).

-

Moreover, several countries have implemented high taxes on HFCs.

3. The revision processBegan 1 year and a half ago-

A group of experts involving the IIR and consultants was set up in October 2010 in order to assist the European Commission.


- In parallel, stances, in particular those of Eurovent, AREA and EPEE, designed to strengthen the binding nature of the regulation.In particular, AREA recommends the extension of the regulationto refrigerated transport and advocates reducing the thresholdfrom 3 kg to 100 g.

- A Commission report was placed on line with a view to obtaining comments before December 19, 2011. The IIR sent comments.Aim: to develop a draft decision during the first half of 2012 prior

to examination by the European ParliamentFollowed by a decision in 2013?

Options put forward by the consultants: A per-sector approach to be implemented over the period spanning

2015 to 2030, depending on the importance of the stakeholders

and the potential solutions. Banning of fluorinated gases in certain applications

(cf. The MAC Directive). Taxation systems

or deposit.

No conclusions so

far.


CONCLUSION (1)

Actions in HFCs = «

easy

»

way

to rapidly

reduce

greenhouse-gas

emissions, which

explains

part of the pressure by USA, UNEP, NGOs

Industrial

interests

industrial

lobbying

The European

Union would

like

to be

a model and

anticipate

possible international decisions

Very

probably, as soon

as international decisions

on global warming

can

be

taken

(2015?), a phase down schedule

of HFCs would

be

decided.

Until

then, strengthening

the F-gas

regulation

would

be

the minimum

the European

Union could

impose.


CONCLUSION (2)

In order

to know:

What

will

the future be

in terms

of regulations;

What

kind

of solutions exist

(new technologies, new refrigerants…)

What

are the constraints? What

are the costs?..Etc.

Regularly

updated

information is

required.


Thanks

to its

new portal,

Through

its

database

Fridoc

(the most

complete

refrigeration

database)

Through

its

publications (the International Journal of Refrigeration, the

best impact factor in its

field; the Newsletter, books, guides….)

Through

its

reference

documents (eg

the International Dictionary

of

Refrigeration

including

arabic…

).

Through

its

network of experts.

Through

its

participation in international decisions.

Through

its

conferences, congresses, research

projects

and working

parties on these

issues.

The IIR can

help you

See

our

Website:

www.iifiir.orgBecome

a member

http://www.iifiir.org/

Didier Coulomb - IIR - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG

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Transcript of Didier Coulomb - IIR - 15° Convegno Europeo CSG