Dictionar de Fotografie - En

7/29/2019 Dictionar de Fotografie - En

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PHOTOGRAPHY GLOSSARY (A-B)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XY Z

Photo Glossary - AAbbe number-denotes the degree of refraction of light of different wavelengths to differentextents, given by a transparent material, such as glass. The lower the Abbe number, the greatethe dispersion of colors.

Aberration - the inability of a lens to produce a perfect, sharp image, especially towards theedge of the lens field. These faults can be reduced by compound lens constructions, and the usof small apertures.

Abrasion marks - marks on the emulsion surface of a film, caused by scratching. It can be dueto traces of dirt trapped between layers of film as it is wound on the spool, or to grit on the

pressure plate.Absolute released images - any images for which signed model or property releases are on fand immediately available.

Absolute temperature - the temperature at which most molecular movement ceases. It is oftereferred to as absolute zero (-273 C).

Absorption - the process by which light falling on a surface is partially absorbed by the surface

Abstract - subjective, non-realistic image. An abstraction photograph generally contains adesign of patterns or shapes where the identity of a subject is not evident.

Accelerator- chemical added to a developing solution to speed up the slow working action ofthe reducing agents in the solution.

Acceptable Circle of Confusion - the size of the largest circle which the eye cannot distinguisfrom a dot. In 35mm format cameras, a 0.03mm diameter circle of confusion is consideredacceptable. It is used to calculate depth-of-field or depth of focus.

Acceptance angle - see Angle of View.

Accessory shoe - metal or plastic fitting on the top of the camera which supports accessories

such as viewfinder, rangefinder, or flash gun.

Acetate base - non-inflammable base support for film emulsions which replaced the highlyinflammable cellulose nitrate base.

Acetic acid - chemical used for stop baths and to acidify acid fixing solution.
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Acetone - solvent chemical used in certain processing solutions that contain materials notnormally soluble in water.

Achromatic - lens system that has been corrected for chromatic aberration.

Acid - chemical substance with apH

value below 7.Acid fixing solutions - solutions which contain an acid to neutralize any carry-over of alkalinedeveloper on the negative or print.

Acid hardener- substance used in acid fixer to help harden the gelatin of the emulsion.

Acid rinse - weak acid solution used after development and before fixation. By neutralizingalkaline developer left on the photographic material it arrests development.

Actinic - the ability of light to cause a chemical or physical change in a substance.

Actinometer- early type of exposure calculator.

Acuity - subjective term for the visual sharpness of an image.

Acutance - objective measurement of image sharpness.

Adapter ring - circular mount, available in several sizes, enabling accessories such as filters tobe used with lenses of different diameters.

Additive color- see Additive Printing.

Additive printing - color printing method which produces an image by giving three separateexposures, each filtered to one of the three primary color wavelengths, blue, green and red.

Additive synthesis - method of producing full-color images by mixing light of the three primarycolor wavelengths, blue, green and red.

Aerial perspective - the distance or depth effect caused by atmospheric haze. Haze creates alarge amount of extraneous ultra-violet light to which all photographic emulsions are sensitive.

AF lock -stops autofocus operation once the subject is in focus. Useful when shooting a subjeoutside the focus area in the viewfinder. The photographer should first lock the focus with the

subject inside the focus area, then recompose the shot as neccesary.

Afocal lens - lens attachment that alters the focal length of the camera lens without disturbingthe distance between the lens and the film plane.

AF Sensor- the sensor used to detect focus.
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Aftertreatment - the treatment of negatives and prints to correct certain faults in exposure anddevelopment, or to create special effects.

Agitation - method by which fresh solution is brought into contact with the surface of sensitivematerials during photographic processing.

Air bells - bubbles of air clinging to the emulsion surface during processing.

Air brushing - method of retouching b&w or color photographs where dye is sprayed, underpressure, on to selected areas of the negative or print.

Air-to-air photography - photography of aircraft in flight from another aircraft.

Albert effect - effect that creates a reversed image. An exposed frame of film, treated with diluchromic acid is exposed to light. Development then gives a positive image by darkening the filmgrains that were not initially affected by exposure.

Albumen paper- printing paper invented by Blanquart-Evrard in the mid-19th century whereegg whites were used to coat the paper base prior to sensitization. The albumen added to thebrightness of the white base and substantially improved printed highlights.

Alcohol thermometer- instrument used for measuring temperature. It is an inexpensive andless accurate version of the mercury thermometer.

Alkalinity - denotes the degree of alkali in a solution, measured in pH values. All values abovepH 7 are alkaline.

Allegory - work of art that treats one subject in the guise of another. An allegoric photograph

usually illustrates a subject that embodies a moral "inner meaning".

Alum - chemical used in acid hardening fixing baths.

Aluminum compounds - groups of chemicals often used as hardeners in fixing baths.

Ambient light - the available light surrounding a subject. Light already existing in an indoor oroutdoor setting that is not caused by any illumination supplied by the photographer.

Ambrotype - Mid-19th century photographic process introduced in 1851-52 by Frederick ScottArcher and Peter Fry. It used weak collodionnegatives which were bleached and backed by a

black background which produced the effect of a positive image.Amidol - soluble reducing agent which works at low pH values.

Ammonium chloride - chemical used in toners and bleachers.

Ammonium persulfate - chemical used in super-proportional reducers.
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Ammonium sulfide - pungent but essential chemical in sulfide or sepia toning.

Ammonium thiosulfate - highly active fixing agent used in rapid fixing solutions which works bconverting unused silver halides to soluble complexes.

Amphitype - Mid-19th Century process based on an underexposed albumen-on-glass negativThis was viewed by reflected light against a black background to give a positive image similar toaambrotype.

Anaglyph - result of forming stereoscopic pairs from two positives each dyed a different color,usually green or red.

Analyzer- chart, grid or electronic instrument used to determine correct color filtration whenmaking color prints.

Anamorphic lens - lens capable of compressing a wide angle of view into a standard frame.

Anastigmat - compound lens which has been corrected for the lens aberration"astigmatism".

Angle of incidence - when light strikes a surface it forms an angle with an imaginary line knowas the :normal," which is perpendicular to the surface. The angle created between the incidentray and the normal is referred to as the angle of incidence.

Angle of view - is the maximum angle of acceptance of a lens which is capable of producing aimage of usable quality on the film.

Angstrom - unit of measurement used to indicate specific points ofwavelengths within theelectromagnetic spectrum. Visible light rays occur between 4000 - 7000 .

Angular field - the angle subtended at the lens by the diameter of the largest circle within whicthe lens gives an image of acceptable sharpness and even illumination.

Anhydrous - dehydrated form of chemical. More concentrated, so that less weight is needed ia formula than the crystalline kind.

ANSI - speed rating system for photographic materials devised by the American NationalStandards Institute.

Anti-fogging agent - constituent of a developer that inhibits or reduces fogging during

development.Antihalation backing - dye used on the back of most films capable of absorbing light whichpasses straight through the emulsion. In this way it reduces the amount of extraneous light thatcan be reflected from the camera back through the emulsion.

Antinous release - alternate term for a camera cable release.
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Antiscreen plates - photographic plates containing dyes that reduce the blue sensitivity. Usedunfiltered, they can give results similar to those obtained with yellow filtered orthochromaticplates.

A-PEN - annealed polyethylene naphthalate. A polyester material used as the base onAdvanced Photo System film.

Aperture - circular hole in the front of the camera lens which controls the amount of lightallowed to pass on to the film.

Aperture priority camera - semi-automatic camera on which the photographer sets theaperture and the camera automatically sets the shutter speed.

Aperture ring - ring located on the outside of the lens usually behind the focusing ring, which ilinked mechanically to the diaphragm to control the size of the aperture.

Aplanat - lens which has been corrected for spherical aberration.

Apochromat - lens corrected for chromatic aberration in all three primary colors.

APO (Apochromatic) - the ability to bring all colors of the visible spectrum to a common planeof focus, within close tolerances. It usually refers to a lens with such superior color correction.

Apodization - lens treatment designed to cut down diffraction fringes that appear around theimages bright points of light.

APS (Advanced Photo System) - consumer photography developed by Kodak and four othercompanies - Canon, Fuji, Minolta and Nikon . It is based on a new film format and photofinishing

technologies.

Aquatint - etching technique allowing control of tonal areas to produce almost unlimitedgradations from pale gray to black. Because of this it has also been used in photography as analternative term forgum bichromate process.

Archival permanence treatments - various treatments given to prints to make them fade-resistant.

Arc lamp - photographic lamp in which light is produced by passing an electric current throughtwo carbon rods.

Argentotype - Mid-19th century silver print process, on which the kallitype and sepia paperprocesses are based.

Aristotype - early commercial print type made on collodion-chloride or gelatin-chloride paper.

Artificial daylight - artificial light having a similar color temperature to daylight.

Artificial light - all light not originating from a natural source - normally the sun.
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Artificial light film - color film balanced for use ion tungsten Artificial light, usually 3200 K.

ASA - original system of rating photographic materials, which was devised by the Americanstandards Association. The ISO rating system is now used in place of the ASA.

Aspect ratio - ratio of width to height in photographic prints. The ratio is 2:3 in 35 mm pictureswhich produces photographs most commonly measuring 3.5 x 5 inches or 4 x 6 inches.

Aspherical lens - lens with a curved, non-spherical surface. Used to reduce aberrations andenable a more compact lens size.

Aspherical surface - lens surface with more than one radius of curvature, i.e. the surface doenot form part of a sphere.

Assembly printing - method of printing using image separations. Yellow, magenta, and cyanfilms are stacked to make a final, full color print.

Assignment - definite OK to take photos for a specific client with mutual understanding as to thprovisions and terms involved.

Astigmatism - lens aberration making a single point light source impossible to focus as a truepoint.

ATA - term used to describe a camera, which supports the electrical interface standard, defineby the PC Card Association (formerly PCMCIA), known as ATA (AT Attachment). This is themobile computing equivalent of the IDE standard for desktop computers.

Atmospheric perspective - alternative term foraerial perspective.

Audiovisual - materials such as filmstrips, motion pictures and overhead transparencies whichuse audio backup for visual material.

Autochrome - early commercial color photography process in which the principles of additivecolor synthesis were applied.

Autofocus - device used in certain cameras, projectors and enlargers that focuses the imageautomatically.

Automatic aperture - lens aperture mechanism that stops down to s preset size just as the

shutter is fired, afterwards returning to the maximum aperture again for focusing and composingthe next image.

Automatic exposure control - system of exposure setting in a camera, in which the electriccurrent produced or inhibited by the action of light on a photoelectric cell operates a mechanismthat adjusts the aperture and/or the shutter speed automatically.

Automatic iris - lens diaphragm which is controlled by a mechanism in the camera bodycoupled to the shutter release.
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Automatic lens - lens which remains at full aperture whatever working aperture is set, until theshutter is released. This allows optimum focusing, without affecting metering. Also referred to asAutomatic aperture.

Autowinder- film wind-on mechanism which moves the film on one frame each time the shutteis released.

AV - see Audiovisual.

Available light - term applying to light normally occurring in a scene, not supplemented byillumination intended specifically for photography.

Axis lighting - light pointed at the subject from a position close to the lens.

Azo dyes - compounds forming colors of great strength and purity. Used in camera filters andintegral tripack dye-bleach materials.

Photo Glossary - BB (Bulb) - letter on the shutter dial indicating that the shutter will stay open while the release isdepressed.

Back focus - distance between the back surface of the lens and theimage plane, when the lenis focused at infinity.

Background - area shown behind the main subject in a picture.

Background density - density of any selection of a negative or print on which there is noimage. Also referred to asFog level.Backing - dark coating, normally on the back of a film, but sometimes between emulsion andbase, to reducehalation. The backing dye disappears during processing.

Back-lighting - light coming from behind the subject.

Back printing - information printed on the back of a picture by the photofinisher. The systemstandard requires the printing of frame number, film cassette number and processing dateautomatically on the back of each Advanced Photo System print.

Back projection - projection system often used to create location backgrounds in the studio.

Bag bellows - short flexible sleeve used on large format cameras in place of normal bellowswhen short focal length lenses are employed.

Balance - placement of colors, light and dark masses, or large and small objects in a picture tocreate harmony and equilibrium.
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Ball and socket - swiveling mount used to attach a camera to a tripod, consisting of a large bajoint designed to move in a cup.

Ballistic photography - photography of weapons, ammunition and projectiles usually used foranalysis.

Barium sulfate - compound used in the manufacture of photographic printing paper to givebright white highlights in the final print.

Barn doors - accessory used on spotlights and flood lamps to control the direction of light andwidth of the beam.

Barrel distortion - one of the common lens aberrations, where straight lines at the edge of thefield are caused to bend into the shape of a barrel.

Baryta - coating ofbarium sulfate applied as the foundation to fiber based printing papers.

Base - support for photographic emulsions. Available in a choice of materials, including paper,cellulose, triacetate, glass and estar.

Baseboard camera - portable large format camera with a folding base-board. Allows a limiteduse of camera movements. Also referred to as a field camera.

Base Exposure Time - initial exposure time used for making a "straight" print.

Base-relief- photographic image effect usually produced by printing from a negative and apositive sandwiched together in the enlarger, slightly out of register.

Batch numbers - set of numbers printed on packages of sensitive materials to indicate commoproduction coating.

Beam splitter- mirror and prism system capable of partly reflecting, partly transmitting light.

Belitski's reducer- solution used as a chemical reducer for negatives. It consists of ferricpotassium citrate or oxalate in an acid fixing solution.

Bellows - light tight, folding sleeve which can be fitted between the lens and the film plane.

Bellows shutter- obsolete shutter consisting of a pair of bellows that, when closed together,

form a hemisphere enclosing the lens.

Between the lens shutter- shutter usually placed within the components of a compound lensclose to the diaphragm.

Bichromate - refers to potassium bichromate or potassium dichromate, used for bleaching andas a sensitizer for gelatin.
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Bi-concave lens - simple lens or lens shape within a compound lens, whose surfaces curvetoward the optical center. Such a lens causes light rays to diverge.

Bi-convex lens - simple lens shape whose surfaces curve outward, away from the opticalcenter. Such a lens causes light rays to converge.

Binocular vision - visual ability to determine three dimensions. Stereoscopic photographydepends on the use of binocular vision.

Bi-pack - combination of two films, differently sensitized, but exposed as one.

Bi-refringence - splitting of light passing through certain kinds of crystals into two rays atpolarized right angles to each other.

Bispheric lens - lens having different curvatures at the center and the edge, each of whichforms part of a sphere. The different edge curvature brings the peripheral rays more closely tothe same point of focus as the center rays.

Bitumen - hydro-carbon which hardens by the action of light. It was used by Joseph NicephoreNiepce to produce the worlds first photograph in the early 19th century.

Black silver- finely divided metallic silver formed from silver halides by exposure anddevelopment.

Bleach - chemical bath capable ofrehalogenizing black metallic silver.

Bleaching - stage in most toning, reducing and color processing systems.

Bleach-out - method of producing line drawings from photographic images. The photographic processed in the normal way, its outlines sketched, and the black metallic silver image is thenbleached away to leave a drawn outline.

Bleed - term used to describe a picture with no borders, which has been printed to the edge ofthe paper.

Blocked up - a portion of an overexposed and/or overdeveloped negative so dense with silverhalides that texture and detail in the subject are unclear.

Blocking out - method of painting selected areas of a negative with an opaque liquid on the

non-emulsion side. Since light is unable to penetrate these areas they appear white on the finalprint.

Blotter- sheet or sheets of absorbent material made expressly for photographic prints. Wetprints dry flat and quickly when placed between blotters.

Blowup - enlargement; a print that is made larger than the negative or slide.

Blue print - alternative term forcyanotype.
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Blue sensitive - sensitive to blue light only. All silver halides used in traditional black and whiteemulsions are sensitive to blue light, but early photographic materials had only this sensitivity.

Blur- unsharp image areas, created or caused by subject or camera movement, or by selectivor inaccurate focusing.

Boom - adjustable metal arm, attached to a firm stand, on which lighting can be mounted. Sombooms are also made to support cameras.

Borax - mild alkali used in fine grain developing solutions to speed up the action of the solution

Border- edge of a photographic print - either left white, or printed black.

Boric acid - compound used in certain fixers to prolong shier hardening life.

Bounce light - light that is directed away from the subject toward a reflective surface.

Box camera - simplest type of camera manufactured, and first introduced by George Eastmanin 1888. It consists of a simple, single element lens, a light tight box and a place for film in theback.

Bracketing - technique of shooting a number of pictures of the same subject and viewpoint atdifferent levels of exposure.

Brightfield - method of illumination used in photomicrographywhich will show a specimenagainst a white or light background.

Brightline viewfinder- viewfinder in which the subject is outlined by a bright frame, apparently

suspended in space. This may show parallax correction marks, or lines indicating the fields ofview of different focal lengths.

Brightness range - subjective term describing the difference in illumination between the darkeand lightest areas of the subject.

Brilliance - intensity of light reflected from a surface. It is sometimes an alternative term forluminosity.

Broad lighting - portrait lighting in which the main light source illuminates the side of the facecloses to the camera.

Brometching - obsolete, special method of producing a bromide print. The result acquired thetexture of its support and appeared similar to an etching.

Bromide paper- most common type of photographic printing paper. It is coated with anemulsion of silver bromide to reproduce black & white images.

Bromoil process - old printing process invented in 1907, consisting of three stages. First, anenlargement is made on bromide paper and processed. Second, the silver image is removed in
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bleacher which also modifies the gelatin so it will accept lithographic ink. Third, while still dampthe gelatin is inked up by hand to create the image.

Brownie - trade name given to early Kodak box cameras.

Brush development - method of development in which developer is applied to the material wita brush or similar instrument.

BSI - abbreviation for British Standards Institute.

Bubble chamber photography - method of analyzing the paths of high-speed sub-atomicparticles.

Buffer- chemical substance used to maintain the alkalinity of a developing solution, particularlin the presence of bromine which is produced during development.

Built-in meter- reflective light meter built directly into the camera so that exposures can be

easily made for the cameras position.

Bulb - SeeB.

Bulk film - film purchased in long lengths. Used in a bulk camera back or with a bulk film loade

Burning in -seePrinting-in.

Butterfly lighting - lighting in which the main source of light is -placed high and directly in fronof the subject.

Photo Glossary - C

C-41 - Kodak's standard chemical process for developing color negative film.

Cable release - flexible cable used for firing a camera shutter. Particularly useful for slowshutter speeds and time exposures, when touching the camera may cause camera vibration anblurring of the image.

Cadmium sulfide cell (CdS) - photo-sensitive cell used in exposure meters. Fed by an electriccurrent from a battery, its electrical resistance varies according to the amount of light it receives

Callier effect - contrast effect in photographic printing caused by the scattering of directionallight from an enlarger condenser system. The negative highlights are of high density and scattemore light with little or no scattering from negative shadow areas, which are of low density. Thisgives a print higher contrast than a contact print.
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Calotype process - first negative/positive process, invented by W.H. Fox Talbot in 1839. Papewas coated with silver iodide and a solution of silver nitrate and gallic acid. After exposure thepaper was developed in a silver nitrate solution.

Camera angles - various positions of the camera with respect to the subject beingphotographed, each giving a different viewpoint and perspective.

Camera lucida - lens and prism system through which a virtual image was seen, apparentlyappearing on the surface of the drawing paper.

Camera movements - mechanical systems most common on large format cameras whichprovide the facility for lens and film plane movement from a normal standard position.

Camera obscura - origin of the present day camera. In its simplest form it consisted of adarkened room with a small hole in one wall. Light rays could pass through the hole to transmiton to a screen, and inverted image of the scene outside. It was first mentioned by Aristotle in th4th Century B.C. and developed through the centuries as an aid to drawing.

Camera shake - movement of the camera caused by an unsteady hold or support. It is a majocause of un-sharp pictures, especially with long focus lenses.

Canada balsam - liquid resin with a refractive index similar to glass. It is used for bondingelements in compound lenses.

Candela - unit which expresses the luminous intensity of a light source.

Candid pictures - unposed pictures of people and animals, often taken without the subject'sknowledge. These usually appear more natural and relaxed than posed pictures.

Candle meter- also known as a lux and defined as the illumination measured on a surface at adistance of one meter from a light source of one international candle power.

Candle meter second - unit of illumination related to exposure time, more often referred to asone lux-second.

Capacitor- device that builds and stores electrical charges. Used in electronic flash and someforms of electronic shutters.

Capping shutter- extra shutter used in some medium format cameras or in conjunction with agroup of extreme high speed shutters.

Carbon arc - see Arc lamp.

Carbon process - contact printing process, introduced in 1866, using tissue coated withpigmented gelatin. The paper was sensitized in potassium bichromate and contact printed behina negative in sunlight.

Carbon tetrachloride - liquid used for removing grease and finger prints from negatives.
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Carbro process - early color print process using an adaptation of the carbon printing process.

Carrier- frame that holds a negative flat for enlarging.

Carte-de-visite - portrait photograph on a mount about the size of a postcard. Introduced in

1854, carte-de-visite became a social craze in many countries during the 1860s.Cartridge - quick loading film container. pre-packed and sealed by the manufacturer.

Cassette - light tight metal or plastic container holding measured lengths of 35mm or mediumformat film, which may be loaded straight into the camera.

Cast - overall bias toward one color in a color photograph.

Catadioptric lens - see Mirror lens.

Catchlight - reflection of a light source in the subjects eyes.

Cathode ray tube - evacuated bulb of glass containing pairs of plates between which electrodpass.

Caustic potash - high alkaline used in high contrast developing solutions to promote vigorousdevelopment. Highly corrosive and poisonous.

Caustic soda - seeCaustic potash.

CCD - electronic sensor used by all autofocus cameras, capable of detecting subject contrast.

CC filter- abbreviation for color compensating filter.CC filters are designed primarily forintroducing or correcting color bias at the camera exposure stage.

Centigrade - scale of temperature in which the freezing point of water is equal to 0 and boilingpoint to 100 C.

Changing bag - opaque fabric bag, which is light tight and inside sensitive materials may behandled safely.

Characteristic curve - performance graph showing the relationship between exposure anddensity under known developing conditions. It can provide immediate comparative information o

factors such as emulsion speed, fog level, and contrast effect. The study of photographicchemicals in this way is known as sensitometry.

Chemical focus - point at which a lens brings the actinic rays to focus. In a modern fullycorrected lens, chemical and visual focus coincide.

Chemical fog - even, overall density on film or paper. It is exaggerated by over-development.
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Chemical reducer- seeReducers.

Chemical vapor- method of exposing negatives in a closed container to a small amount ofmercury of sulfur dioxide. After approximately 24 hours the film is developed normally. Itproduces interesting yet very inconsistent results.

Chiaroscuro - light and shade effect. The way in which objects can be emphasized by patchesof light, or obscured by shadow.

Chlorhydroquinone - developing agent contained in warm tone developers.

Chloride paper- printing paper with a silver chloride emulsion. Much less sensitive thanbromide paper. Mainly used for contact printing.

Chlorobromide paper- photographic paper coated with an emulsion made up of both silverchloride and silver bromide. Used for producing enlargements with a warm, slightly brownish-black image, especially if processed in a warm tone developer.

Chlorquinol - alternate term forchlorhydroquinone.

Chromatic aberration - inability of a lens to bring light from the same subject plane but ofdifferent wavelengths to a common plane of image or focus.

Chromaticity - objective measurement of the color of an object or light source.

Chromatype - early type of extremely slow paper used for contact printing.

Chrome alum - alternative term for potassium chromium sulfate.

Chromogenic development - process in which the oxidation products of development combinwith color couplers to form dyes during processing.

Chromogenic materials - color photographic materials which form dyes during processing.

Chronocyclograph - photograph used for the analysis of complex cyclic movements.

Chronophotography - technique pioneered by Eadweard Muybridge, for recording objects inmotion by taking photographs at regular intervals.

Cibachrome - color printing process that produces color prints directly from color slides.

CIE standard - system of standards adopted by the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage,allowing accurate descriptions of colors.

Circle of confusion - disks of light on the image, formed by the lens from points of light in thesubject. The smaller these disks are in the image the sharper it appears.
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Clayden effect - desensitizing of an emulsion by means of exposure to a strong, brief flash oflight.

Clearing agent - processing solution used to remove stains or to cancel out the effect ofchemicals left on the sensitive material left from previous stages in the process.

Clearing time - length of time needed for a negative to clear in a fixing solution.

Clear-spot focusing - method of lens focusing achieved by examining the image through atransparent area in a specific plane.

Cliche-verre - designs painted on glass in varnish or oil paint, or scratched into the emulsion oa fogged and processed plate using an etching needle. The results are then printed or enlargedon photographic printing paper.

Click-stops - lens aperture controls using a series of bearings that click audibly into place ateach numbered setting.

Clip test - short sample of film, cut from the main exposed roll, used to determine theappropriate development and/or fixing time.

Close-up - general term for an image of a close subject, i.e. filling the frame.

Close-up attachment - accessory that enables a camera to focus on subjects nearer than thelens normally allows.

Close-up lens -see Close-up attachment.

CMYK - abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. It is the colors used in a four colorprinting process.

Coated lens - lens with air-glass surfaces which have been coated with magnesium fluoride toreduce lens flare.

Coherent light - light waves that vibrate with constant phase relationships. They can beproduced by a laser or a combination of two prisms.

Coincidence rangefinder- see Rangefinder.

Cold cathode illumination - low temperature fluorescent light source common in many diffuseenlargers, which is inclined to reduce contrast and edge definition.

Cold colors - colors at the blue end of the spectrum that suggest a cool atmosphere.

Cold-light enlarger- enlarger usingcold cathode illumination.A diffusion type of enlarger. Thestypes of enlarger heads scatter the light more evenly across the surface of the negative. Oneadvantage of the cold light head is that it can render more subtle tonal gradations and willminimize the effect of dust and scratches on the negative which are translated to the print.
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Collage - composition employing various different materials combined with original artworkattached to some type of backing.

Collodion - soluble gun-cotton, dissolved in a mixture of ether and alcohol.

Collodion process - also known as "wet collodion

" was invented by Frederick Scott Archer in1851-52. It was a great improvement over the earliercalotype process because because of thelarge increase in speed gained by exposing the plate while still "wet", but it had the disadvantagof requiring bulky equipment.

Color balance - adjustment in color photographic processes ensuring that a neutral scale ofgray tones is reproduced accurately.

Color balancing filters - filters used to balance color film with the color temperature of the lighsource and prevent the formation of color casts.

Color circle - chart of spectrum hues presented as a circle.

Color compensatory filters - pale colored filters used to warm or cool subject colors.

Color contrast - subjective judgment on the apparent luminous difference or intensity of twocolors when placed close to one another.

Color conversion filter- see CC filters.

Color developer- developer designed to reduce exposed silver halides of black silver and atthe same time create oxidation byproducts that will react with color couplers to form specificdyes.

Color development - chemical treatment in the color processing cycle that produces thecolored dye image.

Color head - enlarger illumination system that has built-in adjustable filters for color printing.

Color masking - pink or orange mask built into color negative film to improve final reproductionon the print.

Color mixing - practical application of either additive or subtractive color synthesis.

Color Negative - film designed to produce color image with both tones and colors reversed forsubsequent printing to a positive image, usually on paper.

Color reversal - film designed to produce a normal color positive image on the film exposed inthe camera for subsequent viewing by transmitted light.

Color saturation - purity or strength of color, due to the absence of black, white or gray.
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Color sensitivity - response of a sensitive material to colors of different wavelengths.

Color sensitometry - method of determining the sensitivity of color materials.

Color separation - process of photographic an image through filters to produce three black an

white negatives that represent red, green and blue content.Color synthesis - combinations of colored light or dye layers that will collectively produce acolored image.

Color temperature - way of expressing the color quality of a light source. The color temperatuis measured in Kelvin (K).

Color temperature meter- device for measuring the color temperature of a light source.

Color toning - system of changing the color of a black and white photograph by convertingblack metallic silver into a colored compound.

Color weight - visual characteristic of fully saturated colors. Some of these colors appear darkthan others. A color's visual weight may have a different appearance to the eye to its appearancon film.

Coma - lens aberration producing asymmetrical distortion of points in the image.

Combination printing - producing a composite image by printing more than one negative on asingle sheet of paper.

Compact camera - camera designed to allow easy portability or concealment.

Compensating developer- developer designed to compress the general contrast range in anegative without influencing gradation in the shadow and highlight areas.

Compensating positive - image on translucent material that can be printed together with thenegative of the same image. When combined the result makes printing contrasty negativeseasier.

Complementary color- color of light which, when combined with another specified color in thecorrect proportions, will form gray or white.

Completion - state of development when all the exposed silver halides have been reduced tometallic silver, and the image density will not increase with further development.

Composite printing - alternative term forcombination printing.

Composition - visual arrangement of all the elements in a photograph.
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Compound lens - lens system consisting of two or more elements. Compound lens designs caallow the lens designer to reduce lensaberrations, making maximum apertures larger andimprove resolution.

Compound shutter- shutter consisting of a number of metal leaves arranged symmetricallyaround the edge of the lens barrel.

Compur shutter- well known German brand of compound shutter.

Concave lens -see Bi-concave lens.

Condenser- optical system which concentrates light rays from a wide source into a narrowbeam. Condensers are used in spotlights and enlargers.

Condenser enlarger- enlarger with a sharp, undiffused light that produces high contrast andhigh definition in a print.

Cones - sensory organs on the retina of the eye, allowing color vision.

Constructivism - art movement that begun in Russia c. 1913. Characterized by the use ofeveryday materials in abstract compositions.

Contact paper- printing paper used only for contact printing. It is usually coated with a silverchloride emulsion of very slow speed.

Contact print - negative sized photograph made by exposing printing paper in direct contactwith the negative.

Contact printer- apparatus used for making contact prints. Equipment ranges from a contactprinting frame to more sophisticated boxes with safe lighting.

Contact screen - type of half-tone screen in which the dots consist of slightly unsharp halos.Used to make half-tone images.

Contamination - traces of chemicals that are present where they don't belong.

Continuous tone - term applied to monochrome negatives and prints, where the imagecontains a gradation of density from white through gray to black, which represents a variety ofsubject luminosities.

Contour film - special print film producing a equidensity line image from a continuous tonenegative or print.

Contrast - subjective judgment of the difference between densities or luminosities and theirdegree of tonal separation in a subject, negative or positive print.

Contrast filters - filters used in black and white photography to darken or lighten the filmsrendition of particular colors in the subject.
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Contrast grade - numbers (usually 1-5) and names (soft, medium, hard, extra-hard, and ultrahard) of the contrast grades of photographic papers.

Contrast values - perceived difference between the light areas (highlights) and the dark areas(shadows) of a scene. The range of contrast levels between the highlights and the shadows iscalled Contrast Values.

Contrasty - negative, print or scene with great differences between the highlights and shadows

Contre-jour- backlighting. A photograph taken with the camera pointed directly at the lightsource.

Converging lens - see Convex lens.

Convertible lens - compound lens made in two sections, the elements of which are arranged sthat when one part is unscrewed it provides a new lens with approximately twice the original foclength.

Convex lens - simple lens which causes rays of light from a subject to converge and form animage.

Cooke triplet - one of the most important lenses in lens history, designed by H.D. Taylor in1893. It consists of three basic elements and has a maximum aperture of 16.3. It is the basicdesign that most normal focal length lenses of today have evolved.

Copper chloride - chemical contained in certain bleaches, toners, intensifiers, and reducers.

Copper sulfate - chemical contained in certain bleaches, toners, intensifiers, and reducers.

Copper toning - chemical process used for toning monochrome prints. SeeToners.

Copyright laws - laws which govern the legality of ownership of a particular photographer orpiece of work.

Correction filter- filter which alters the color rendition of a scene to suit the color response ofthe eye.

Coupled rangefinder- system of lens focusing which combines the rangefinder and thefocusing mechanism, so that the lens is automatically focused as the rangefinder is adjusted.

Coupler- chemical present in different forms in all three layers of substantive color or achemical incorporated into a developer.

Covering power- maximum area of image of usable quality, which a lens will produce.

Coving - plain curved background which has no edges, corners or folds and gives theimpression of infinity.
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CP filters - abbreviation for color printing filters.

C-print - any enlargement from a color negative.

Critical aperture - setting at which a lens gives its best performance. The setting offers the be

compromise between diffracting due to small aperture and lens aberrations apparent at wideapertures.

Cronographic camera - camera used to photograph the sun.

Cropping - omitting parts of an image when making a print or copy negative in order to improvthe composition of the final image.

Crossed polarization - system of using two polarizing filters, one over the light source and onbetween the subject and the lens. With certain materials crossed polarization causes bi-refringeeffects which are exhibited as colored bands. Used in investigations of stress areas inengineering and architectural models.

Cross front - camera movement which allows the lens to be moved laterally from its originalposition.

Crown glass - low dispersion optical glass.

Cubism - early twentieth century European art movement characterized by the rendering offorms as simplified planes, lines and geometric shapes.

Curvilinear distortion - combination ofbarrel distortion and pincushion distortion.

Curvature of field - lens aberration causing a curved plane of focus.

Cut film - negative film available in flat sheets. The most common sizes are 4x5, and 8x10inches.

Cyan - blue-green subtractive primary color which absorbs red and transmits blue-green.

Cyanotype - contact printing process producing a blue image on a white background.

Photo Glossary - D

Daguerreotype - first practical and commercial photographic process, introduced by LouisDaguerre in 1839. The sensitive material comprised silver iodide, deposited on a polished silverplated copper base. A positive image was produced by camera exposure and mercury"development", which turned light struck halides gray-white. The image was made permanent bimmersing the plate in a solution of sodium chloride.

Darkcloth - cloth made of dark material placed over the photographers head and the cameraback to facilitate the viewing of images on the ground glass screen of sheet film cameras.
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Darkfield - method of illumination used in photomicography that will show a specimen against dark or black background.

Darkroom - light tight room used for processing and printing. It usually incorporates safe lightinsuitable for the materials in use.

Darkslide - slide-in plastic sheet used on sheet film cameras over the front of the film holder toprotect the emulsion from light.

Daylight enlarger- early type of enlarger using light from a hole in a window to provideillumination of the negative.

Daylight color film - color film intended for use with daylight or a light source of similartemperature. The film is color balanced to 5400 K.

Daylight tank - light tight container for film processing.

Dedicated flash - flash gun designed to integrate automatically into a cameras exposurereading and shutter circuitry.

Definition - subjective term for the clarity of a negative or print.

Delayed action - operation of the shutter some time after the release is depressed. Mostshutters have a delayed action timer built in.

Dense - describes a negative or an area of a negative in which a large amount of silver hasbeen deposited.

Densitometer- instrument for measuring the density of silver deposits on a developed image btransmitted or reflected light.

Density - amount of silver deposit produced by exposure and development. It is measured interms of the logarithm of opacity, where opacity is the light stopping power of a medium.

Depth of field - distance between the nearest point and the farthest point in the subject which perceived as acceptable sharp along a common image plane.

Depth of field scale - scale on a lens barrel showing the near and far limits of depth of fieldpossible when the lens is set at any particular focus and aperture.

Depth of focus - distance which the film plane can be moved while maintaining an acceptablysharp image without refocusing the lens.

Desensitizing - reducing an exposed emulsion's sensitivity to light. This can be done by theapplication of dyes or by using oxidation agents.

Detective camera - popular Victorian camera which was designed to appear as a bowler hat,pocket watch or binoculars.
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Developer- chemical bath containing reducing agents, which converts exposed silver halides black metallic silver, making the latent image visible.

Development - process of converting exposed silver halides to a visible image.

Diaphragm - term used to describe the adjustable aperture of a lens. It controls the amount oflight passing into the camera and may be in front of, within or behind the lens.

Diaphragm shutter- between the lens camera shutter that performs the function of the irisdiaphragm.

Diapositive - positive image produced on a transparent support for viewing by transmitted lighi.e.transparency.

Diazo - abbreviation of diazonium compounds, which decompose under the action of intenseblue or ultraviolet radiation, forming an image in an azo dye.

Dichroic - displaying two colors - one by transmitted and one by reflected light.

Dichroic filters - produced by metallic surface coatings on glass to form colors by interferenceof light. Used in high quality color enlarger heads.

Dichroic fog - purple-green bloom usually seen on negatives and caused by the formation ofsilver in the presence of an acid.

Differential focusing - setting the camera controls to produce minimum depth of field, so thatimage sharpness is limited to a particular subject element.

Diffraction - light rays scattered and change direction when they are passed through a smallhole or close to an opaque surface.

Diffraction grating - optical attachment that separates light into its constituent colors.

Diffuse lighting - lighting that is low or moderate in contrast, such as on an overcast day.

Diffuser- any material that can scatter or diffuse light. The effect is to soften the character oflight. The closer a diffuser is to a light source the less it scatters light.

Diffusing - process of softening detail in a print with a diffusion disk or other material that

scatters light.

Diffusion condenser enlarger- enlarger that combines diffuse light with a condenser systemproducing more contrast and sharper detail than a diffusion enlarger but less contrast than acondenser enlarger.

Diffusion enlarger- enlarger that scatters light before it strikes the negative, distributing lightevenly on the negative. Detail is not as sharp as with a condenser enlarger.
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Dilution - reduction in the strength of a liquid by mixing it with an appropriate quantity of water.

Dimensional stability - substance's ability to remain unchanging in size when subjected toprocessing and drying.

DIN - Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Standards Organization).DIN speed - system used by the German Standards Organization.

Diopter- unit used to express the power of a lens. It is the reciprocal of the focal lengthexpressed in meters.

Direct vision viewfinder- sighting device with which the subject is viewed directly, without theaid of a prism or mirror.

Discharge lamp - light source that provides illumination when an electrical charge is applied togas particles in a glass tube. An example of this device is electronic flash.

Dish development - method of development used for processing single sheet, cut film or papeby immersing in a shallow dish of developer and agitating by rocking the dish.

Dispersion - ability of glass to bend light rays of deferent wavelengths to varying degrees.

Distance symbols - symbols used on the focus control of simple cameras, as a focusing guide

Distortion - alteration in shape and/or proportions of an image.

Diverging lens - lens which causes rays of light coming from the subject to bend away from th

optical axis.

Documentary photography - taking of photographs to provide a record of social and politicalsituations with the aim of conveying information.

Dodging - control of exposure in photographic printing achieved by reducing exposure tospecific areas of the paper.

Dolly - frame with lockable wheels, designed to support s tripod, and allow easy movementaround a studio.

Double exposure - see Multiple exposure.

Double extension - characteristic of large format cameras which enables the bellows to beextended to twice that of the focal length of the lens in use. It is used for close-up photography.-

Drop-in-loading - feature in all Advanced Photo System cameras that virtually eliminates film-loading problems by automatically accepting the leader less cassette.
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Dry down - refers to the amount a print darkens after drying.

Drying cabinet - vented cabinet equipped with suspension clips for drying films.

Drying marks - marks on the film emulsion caused by uneven drying and resulting in areas of

uneven density, which may show up in the final print.Dry mounting - method of attaching prints to mounting surfaces by heating shellac tissuebetween the mount and the print.

Dry plates - term used to describe gelatin coated plates in the days when wet collodion proceswas still popular.

DX coding - method, whereby films can automatically set the film ISO speed.

Dyad - pair of complementary colors or any two colors considered visually harmonious.

Dye coupling - process creating a colored image from the reaction between by-products ofcolor development and couplers.

Dye destruction process - method of producing a colored image by partially bleaching fullyformed dye layers incorporated in the sensitive material.

Dye-image monochrome films - black & white negative films designed for color processing.

Dye sensitizing - defined as all silver halides used in black & white emulsions are sensitive toblue light. Early photographic materials possessed only this sensitivity.

Dye transfer print - method of producing color prints via three color separation negatives.Negatives are used to make positivematrixes, which are dyed in subtractive primaries andprinted in register.

Dynamism - picture structuring which relates to a sense of movement and action.

Photo Glossary - E

E6 - Kodak's standard chemical process for developing Ektachrome or compatible slide films.

Easel - device to hold photographic paper flat during exposure, usually equipped with anadjustable metal mask for framing.

Eberhard effect - border effect occurring in a developed image. It appears as a dense linealong an edge of high density and as a light line along an edge of low density. It occurs mostoften in plates developed flat in solution that is not sufficiently agitated. The effect was describeby Gistav Eberhard in 1926.
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Edge numbers - reference numbers printed by light at regular intervals along the edge of 35mand roll films during manufacture.

Effective aperture - diameter of the bundle of light rays striking the first lens element thatactually pass through the lens at any given diaphragm setting.

EIS - Electronic Image Stabilizer. A feature that minimizes effect of camera shake.

Electroluminescence - conversion of electric energy directly into visible light.

Electronic flash - artificial lighting produced by an electronic discharge in a gas filled tube. Asingle tube can produce a large number of flashes.

Electronic shutter- shutter system timed by electronic rather than mechanical means.

Electrophotography - creation of images by alteration to the electrical properties of thesensitive material as a result of the action of light.

Element - single lens shaped piece of glass that forms part of a compound lens system.

Elon - another term for Methylaminophenol sulfate. It is more commonly known as metol.

Emulsion - light sensitive material which consists of a suspension of silver halides in gelatin.

Emulsion side - side of the film coated with emulsion.

Endoscope - optical device allowing the viewing and photography of small inaccessiblesubjects.

Enhanced back printing - Advanced Photo System feature available in some cameras thatenables users to encode detailed information at the time of picture-taking.

Enlargement - term used to describe a print larger than the negative used to produce it.

Enlargement ratio - ratio denoting the amount of linear (not area) enlargement between a prinand the negative from which it is made.

Enlarger- apparatus for producing prints by projecting a negative or transparency on sensitivepaper.

Enprint - small enlarged print, with dimensions of a fixed ration, produced commercially in anautomatic printer. Usually 3 " wide.

Entrance pupil - size of the beam of light which, entering the elements of a compound lens thaare in front of the aperture, completely fills the iris diaphragm.
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Equivalent focal length - distance in a lens between the front nodal point and the focal planewhen the lens is set to focus a subject at infinity. In a telephoto lens the equivalent focal length shorter than the back focus. The reverse is true in a wide angle lens.

Etch - process of removing small imperfections in a print or negative by scraping away part ofthe emulsion.

Etching - dissolving away selected areas of a surface while shielding the other portions with aresistant. The process is used as a creative drawing medium as well as for making half-toneplates on copper or zinc.

Ever-ready case - camera case that can be opened, allowing the camera to be used withoutremoving it. A front flap hinges down to uncover the lens, viewfinder and camera controls.

Everset shutter- simple camera shutter mechanism on which a single depression of therelease both tensions and fires the shutter.

Exit pupil - image of the iris diaphragm formed on the back surface of a compound lens by theelements behind the aperture.

Expiry date - date stamp on most film boxes indicating the useful life of the material in terms omaintaining its published speed and contrast.

Exposure - product of the intensity of light and the time the light is allowed to act on theemulsion (I x T = E).

Exposure index - seeSpeed.

Exposure latitude - amount by which it is possible to over or underexpose a light sensitivematerial and, with standard processing, still produce acceptable results.

Exposure meter- instrument for measuring the amount of light falling on or being reflected by subject.

Exposure value (EV) - scale of values used to indicate the sensitivity range of aTTL or off-camera meter system within which accurate exposure measurement is guaranteed.

Extension bellows - device used to provide the additional separation between lens and filmrequired for close-up photography.

Extension tubes - metal or plastic tubes used on small format cameras, to extend lens-to-filmdistance, enabling magnification greater than 1x.

Extinction meter- early type of exposure calculator.

Photo Glossary - F
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Factor- number that tells how many times exposure must be increased in order to compensatfrom loss of light.

Fahrenheit scale - scale of temperature named after its German originator, G. D. Fahrenheit.On this scale, the freezing point of water is 32 F, and the boiling point of water is 212 F.

False attachment - part of one object seen behind another so that lines, shapes or tones seemto join up. A composition device used in various ways to produce images in which foregroundand background objects appear to occupy the same plane.

Farmer's reducer- used for bleaching negatives and prints.See reducers

Farraday shutter- high-speed shutter using a pair of crossed polarizers, between which is aglass block within a coil. When a voltage passes through the coil, the plane of polarizationchanges, allowing light to pass through the second polarizer.

Fast film - film which has an emulsion that is very sensitive to light. These films have high ISOratings.

Fast lens - lens with a wide maximum aperture (low f number).

Ferric chloride - bleaching solution used on negative materials.

Ferrotype process - method of creating direct positive images with dark enameled metal plateas a base. Also known as the tin-type process.

Fiber based paper- photographic paper without a resin coating. Processing times are longer

than for other papers, but the paper is more archivally permanent.

Field camera - sheet film camera suitable for use in location work.

Fill-in - light used to illuminate the shadow areas of a scene.

Fill light - source of illumination that lightens shadows. See Fill-in.

Film - photographic material consisting of a thin transparent plastic base coated with a lightsensitive emulsion.

Film characteristic curve -describes a graphical relationship between the logarithm of theexposure value (horizontal axis) and density (vertical axis) of film. Each brand of film exhibits adifferent characteristic curve.

Film clips - metal or plastic clips used to prevent the curling of a length of drying film.

Film holder- light tight container to hold sheet film.
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Film pack - container holding several sheets of film, so devised that when fitted to the camerathe photographer can pull a tab to remove an exposed sheet and replace it with another. Filmpacks are typical with Polaroid film.

Film plane - plane at the back of the camera across which the film lies.

Film speed - see Speed.

Filter factor- number by which an unfiltered exposure reading must be multiplied to give thesame effective exposure through the filter. This compensates for the absorption of light by thefilter. This process is unnecessary with TTL metering systems as long as the filter is attachedduring the metering process.

Filters - colored glass, gelatin or plastic disks, which modify the light passing through them,mainly in terms of color content. They can be used at the camera or printing stages.

Finality development - prolonged development, reducing silver halides affected by light to

silver until no further image density improvement occurs.

Finder- abbreviation forviewfinder.

Fine grain developers - film developers which help to keep grain size in the photographicimage to a minimum.

Fisheye lens - extreme wide-angle lens with an angle of view exceeding 100 and sometimes excess of 180. Depth of field is practically infinite and focusing is not required.

Fixation - chemical bath which converts unused halides to a soluble silver complex in both

negatives and prints, making the image stable in white light.

Fixed focal length - camera system whose lens cannot be interchanged for a lens of differentfocal length.

Fixed focus - lens camera system that has no method of focusing on a fixed point, usually atthe hyperfocal distance.

Fixer- chemical solution used for fixation.

Flare - non-image forming light scattered by the lens or reflected from the camera interior.

Flash - artificial light source giving brief but very bright illumination. It is produced by acombination of certain gases within a transparent tube. There are two types; electronic, whichmay be used repeatedly, and expendable in which the bulb can be used only once.

Flash bulb - replaceable bulb for use in expendable flash units. A glass bulb contains apyrotechnic wire or paste which burns out in a brilliant flash when a low voltage firing current isapplied.
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Flash cube - obsolete bulb containing four small flash bulbs built into a single unit.

Flash factor- number which provides a guide to correct exposure when using flash. See alsoGuide number.

Flashing - briefly and evenly exposing photographic materials to white light.Often used to lowecontrast of printing paper, when the flashing exposure is made in addition to the regularexposure.

Flash powder- chemical powder consisting of a mixture of metallic magnesium and anoxidizing agent. Ignited by heat to produce a brilliant flash of light.

Flash synchronization - method of synchronizing flash light duration with maximum shutteropening. There are usually two settings on a camera, X and M. X is the setting used forelectronic flash. M is for most expendable types of flash (bulbs) which require a delay in shutteropening.

Flat - used to describe a negative or print with very low contrast.

Flat-bed camera - camera designed for copying artwork and documents. Mounted on a verticacolumn, like an enlarger, allowing the photographer to accommodate different documents orartwork for duplication.

Flat gradation - subjective term used to describe low-contrast values.

Flat lighting - lighting that produces very little contrast or modeling on the subject and aminimum of shadows.

Floating elements - one or more elements in a lens which adjust position relative to othercomponents during focusing or zooming. Used to maintain correction of lens aberrations at allsettings.

Floodlight - artificial light source with a dish shaped reflector and a 125-500+ watt tungstenfilament lamp producing evenly spread illumination over the subject.

Fluorescent whites - brilliant highlights produced by applying a fluorescent agent to a printingpaper base. The print can also be treated after washing with a fluorescent whitener or dyesolution.

f numbers -e numbers on the lens barrel indicating the size of the aperture relative to the focallength of the lens. f numbers are calculated by dividing the focal length of the lens by theeffective diameter of the aperture.

Focal length - distance between the rearnodal pointof the lens and the focal plane, when thefocus is at infinity.

Focal plane - imaginary line perpendicular to the optical axis which passes through thefocalpoint. It forms the plane of sharp focus when the lens is set at infinity
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Focal plane shutter- shutter which lies just in front of the focal plane. Light sensitive filmpositioned at the focal plane is progressively exposed as the shutter blinds move across it.

Focal point - point of light on the optical axis where all rays of light from a given subject meet aa common point of sharp focus.

Focus - position in which rays of light from a lens converge to form a sharp image.

Focusing - system of moving the lens in relation to the image planeso as to obtain the requireddegree of sharpness of the film.

Focusing cloth - dark cloth used in view camera photography.

Focusing hood - light proof cowl used on TLR and most roll film SLR cameras to preventextraneous light falling on the focusing screen.

Focusing magnifier- device to magnify the optical image and aid visual focusing.

Focusing scale - scale of distances marked on a lens focusing ring.

Focusing screen - ground glass screen fixed to the camera at the image-forming plane,enabling the image to be viewed and focused.

Focus range - range within which a camera is able to focus on the selected picture subject.

Fogging (Fog) - produces an overall veil of density on a negative or print, which does not formpart of the image. It can be achieved by chemicals or exposing the sensitive material to light.

Fog level - density formed in unexposed areas of film or paper during processing.

Foreground - area in an image closer than the main subject.

Format - size of negative paper or camera viewing area.

Frame 1. single exposure on a roll of film. 2. viewfinder image boundary.3. Decorative border applied to finished, mounted prints.

Frames per second (fps) - used to describe how many frames can a motor drive or winderhandle automatically.

Free working distance - distance between the front of the lens and the subject.

Fresnel lens - condenser lens used on a spotlight to gather together the rays of light comingfrom a source and direct them into a narrow beam.

Fresnel magnifier- condenser lens used at the center of some ground glass viewing screens aid focusing.
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Frilling - wrinkling and separation of the emulsion along the edges of its support material.

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