Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural...

64
Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting cross sections Mariangela Cestelli Guidi Sinbad IR beamline @ DaFne INFN-International Masterclass 2014

Transcript of Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural...

Page 1: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to

the study of a painting cross sections

Mariangela Cestelli Guidi Sinbad IR beamline @ DaFne

INFN-International Masterclass 2014

Page 2: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Layout

• FT-IR spectroscopy in cultural heritage

• Sampling techniques: transmission, reflection, Attenuated total reflection (ATR) and Diffuse reflection (DRIFT)

• Infrared imaging and microscopy:generating chemical images from a sample

• FT-IR Analysis of a painting cross section

Page 3: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FT-IR):

physical principles

Page 4: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Electromagnetic spectrum and IR

Page 5: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

The EM field

• Tecniche invasive e distruttive

Page 6: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

IR Units

• Visible and IR light are both EM radiation, differing only for the wavelegth. They both propagate in vacuum at the light speed c.

– Wavelength l (mm)

– Frequency n (Hz: n=c/l)

– Energy E (eV: E=hn)

– Wavenumber 𝜈 (cm-1)

𝝂 (cm-1)= 1/l (cm)

Page 7: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

What happens when «light» interacts with matter

E total = E translational + E rotational + E vibrational

Page 8: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Every molecule interacts with the IR EM field?

• Ther is an interaction if there is a variation of the electric dipole moment:

Page 9: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

IR active modes

• O2, H2, Cl2, N2 are not IR active!

Page 10: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

M1 M2

𝜈 =𝑘

𝑚 vibration frequency

𝑚 =𝑀1∙𝑀2

𝑀1+𝑀2 (reduced mass)

Increasing k (bond strength) the frequency increases Decreasing m, the frequency increases.

C-C, C-O, C-N 800-1300 cm-1

C=C, C=O, C=N 1700 – 1900 cm-1

C≡C, C ≡O, C ≡N 2000-2300 cm-1

C-H, N-H, O-H 2700-3800 cm-1

Page 11: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Modi normali di vibrazione

𝐸 = (𝑛 +1

2) hn

(quantized energy levels)

• 3N-6 (non linear molecule) • 3N -5 (linear molecule)

Page 12: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)

Page 13: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Detector Detector

Reflection

Transmission

IR source Sample

Page 14: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

IR sources

Page 15: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Synchrotron radiation

Page 16: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Every moving electric charge emits EM radiation.

Classic (v<<c) Relativistic (v≈c)

1/𝛾

𝛾 =1

1 − 𝛽2

𝛽 = 𝑣/𝑐

Per b=0.99 1/g= 10 mrad

Critical energy

Page 17: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 18: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

The beamlines

Page 19: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

The IR SINBAD beamline Infrared domain

from 10 to 103 cm-1

1.24meV to 1.24 eV

DAFNE

Page 20: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Michelson interferometer

Page 21: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Mobile mirror M1

Fixed mirror M1

IR source

Detector

beamsplitter

Page 22: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

The interferogram depends on the optical path difference (OPD) between the two beams

The OPD is twice the mirror excursion x. Since the mirror speed v is constant:

Page 23: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

OPD= 2n 𝜆

2 (𝑛 = 0,±1,±2, … )

OPD= (2n+1) 𝜆

2 (𝑛 = 0,±1,±2,… )

Page 24: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Modulation frequency

Page 25: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 26: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 27: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 28: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 29: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Measuring an IR spectrum

TRANSMITTANCE

Page 30: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

ABSORBANCE

Page 31: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Sampling techniques

Page 32: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

• Depending on the sample form (solid, liquid, powder, film) and which characteristics you want to mantain, it is possible to use different sampling techniques, distructive or non distructive:

• Transmission (liquids, powders, thin sections) • Specular reflection (crystals, polished sections) • Diffuse reflectance (powders) • Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) (thick samples,

non reflecting surfaces)

Page 33: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Transmission KBr powder pellets

• Invasiva • Distruttiva • Laboriosa • Molto precisa (misura assoluta) • Creazione di spettri di riferimento

Page 34: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Sample

Page 35: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Beer-Lambert law A=abC

Page 36: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Reflection spectroscopy

Preparation of the surface – polishing Thick samples

Page 37: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)

Page 38: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Crystal n1

Sample n2

Snell’s law: n1 x sini = n2 x sinr

Critical angle: r = 90°

sinc = n2 / n1

(es. 38° for ZnSe for a sample with n=1.5)

Principles of Attenuated Total Reflection spectroscopy (ATR)

Page 39: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 40: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Penetration depth

Page 41: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

dP prop l

ATR = AB * n [cm-1] / 1000 [cm-1]

Page 42: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

• Quick

• Non invasive

• (semi)destructive

Kazarian et al, Vibrational Spectroscopy 53 (2010) 274–278

Page 43: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

ATR spectrum of gypsum

CaSO4·2H2O

CaSO4.0.5H2O

CaSO4

n3 Stretching antisymmetric of SO4 tetrahedra n1 Stretching symmetric of SO4 tetrahedra

Water molecule: Stretching symmetric and antisymmetric of H2O

Page 44: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

CaSO4·2H2O

CaCO3

Page 45: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Microscopy and Imaging

Page 46: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

The microscope is essentially a beam condenser

The IR microscope is essentially a beam condenser

Page 47: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

FTIR imaging

Vincent Mazel et al, (2007). Analytical Chemistry. DOI : 10.1021/ac070993k

Page 48: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Mapping vs imaging

Page 49: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 50: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 51: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF PAINTING CROSS SECTIONS

Page 52: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Figura 1. Sezione stratigrafica di un frammento prelevato dalla veste verde di un dipinto raffigurante la Madonna col Bambino: a) sezione stratigrafia al microscopio ottico in luce visibile; b) immagine ottenuta al microscopio elettronico (SEM); c) mappatura dell’elemento rame (Cu) eseguita mediante spettrometro a raggi X al microscopio elettronico (SEM-EDS); d) distribuzione della resina poliestere ottenuta mediante FTIR FPA-imaging; e) distribuzione del pigmento verde malachite, ottenuta mediante FTIR FPA-imaging; f) distribuzione di legante proteico, ottenuta mediante FTIR FPA-imaging; g) distribuzione di olio siccativo ottenuta mediante FTIR FPA-imaging; h) spettro di assorbenza della particella verde e del riferimento della malachite; i) spettro della componente proteica e del riferimento del rosso d’uovo; j) spettro ottenuto da una zona contenente olio siccativo e lo spettro di riferimento di una “sapone” formatosi per reazione tra rame e olio siccativo – immagine tratta dal testo citato – nota 3

Page 53: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Studio dei processi di degradazione dei pigmenti gialli di Van Gogh

http://www.vangogh.ua.ac.be/

Page 54: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Image courtesy of http://www.vangogh.ua.ac.be/

Page 55: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Alcuni spettri di riferimento Courtesy of Centro Conservazione e Restauro

La Venaria Reale

Page 56: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Il carbonile

Solventi Leganti Vernici Fibre Ma anche in alcuni pigmenti inorganici

Page 57: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Gli esteri

Olii siccativi Resine naturali Cere Resine sintetiche Additivi Plastiche

Page 58: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 59: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Le ammidi

Struttura generale di un'ammide. Se R' e R" sono idrogeni l'ammide si dice primaria, se solo uno fra R' ed R" è un H, si dice secondaria, se R' ed R" non sono idrogeni, l'ammide si dice terziaria

Tempere all’uovo Tempera grassa Lana e seta Colle animali Cuoio e pelle Caseina Plastica

Page 60: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting
Page 61: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

I polisaccaridi

Page 62: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

I pigmenti

• Carbonati

• Silicati

• Solfati

• Pigmenti organici

Page 63: Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications ......Diagnostic techniques for cultural heritage: applications of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy to the study of a painting

Prodotti di degrado comuni

• Solfati

• Ossalati

• Nitrati

• Saponi