Diabetes Update 20165/15/2016 1 Diabetes Update 2016 Josh Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP Associate...

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5/15/2016 1 Diabetes Update 2016 Josh Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP Associate Professor Department of Pharmacotherapy Washington State University Disclosures to Participants Conflicts of Interest and Financial Relationships Disclosures: Presenter: Joshua J. Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP Speakers Bureau: Novo Nordisk Advisory Board/Consultant: Eli Lilly, Sanofi Research Grant Support to WSU: AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novo Nordisk. Learning Objectives 1. Identify new and emerging insulin therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus; 2. Discuss recently approved noninsulin therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus; and 3. Discuss emerging safety considerations for select antidiabetic medications.

Transcript of Diabetes Update 20165/15/2016 1 Diabetes Update 2016 Josh Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP Associate...

Page 1: Diabetes Update 20165/15/2016 1 Diabetes Update 2016 Josh Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP Associate Professor Department of Pharmacotherapy Washington State University

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Diabetes Update 2016

Josh Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCPAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PharmacotherapyWashington State University

Disclosures to Participants

Conflicts of Interest and Financial Relationships Disclosures:Presenter:

Joshua J. Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP 

• Speakers Bureau: Novo Nordisk

• Advisory Board/Consultant: Eli Lilly, Sanofi

• Research Grant Support to WSU: AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Novo Nordisk.

Learning Objectives

1. Identify new and emerging insulin therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus;

2. Discuss recently approved non‐insulin therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus; and

3. Discuss emerging safety considerations for select antidiabetic medications.

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PK Profile of Currently Available Insulins

Adapted from Hirsh IB. NEJM. 2005;352:174-183. Flood TM. J Fam Pract. 2007;56(suppl 1):S1-S12. http://www.pdr.net/full-prescribing-information/afrezza?druglabelid=3540. Accessed April 5, 2015.

0 12 16 20 2484

Pla

sma

Insu

lin

Lev

els

2 14 18 22106

Intermediate (NPH insulin)

Long (Insulin detemir)

Long (Insulin glargine)

Time (hours)26 28 30 32 34 36

Ultralong (U300 glargine; Insulin degludec)

Aspart, Lispro, Glulisine

Regular

Inhaled insulin

U‐300 Insulin Glargine (Toujeo®)

• U‐300 insulin glargine offers a smaller depot surface area leading to a reduced rate of absorption

• Provides a flatter and prolonged pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and more consistency

• Half‐life is ~23 hours 

• Duration of action ≤36 hours

• Associated with less hypoglycemia

Garber AJ. Diabetes Obesity Metab; [Epub ahead of print; published online 31 Oct 2013].

Owens DR, et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014;30(2):104-19.

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LLOQ

PK and PD of U‐300 (Toujeo®) vs U‐100 Insulin Glargine (Lantus®)

Becker RH, et al. Diabetes Care. 2014;pii:DC_140006.

0

GIR

[mg

/kg

-1/m

in-1

] 3

1

Time (h)

2

36

Gla-100 0.4 U/kg-1

Gla-300 0.4 U/kg-1

24181260 30

0

INS

[µU

/mL

-1]

25

5

15

20

10

N = 30

U‐300 vs U‐100 Glargine in T2DM

Baseline to Month 6

RR (95% CI)Glar U‐300 (N=1247)

Glar U‐100 (N=1249)

A1C (%), LS mean –1.02 –1.02 NS

Weight (kg), LS mean 0.49 0.75 P = 0.058

Any hypo in 24 hours 67.8 73.8 0.92 (0.87–0.96)

Any nocturnal hypo 31.7 41.3 0.77 (0.69–0.85)

Confirmed BG <54 mg/dl or severe hypo

26.9 33.3 0.81 (0.72–0.90)

Confirmed nocturnal BG <54 mg/dl or severe hypo

9.7 13.2 0.73 (0.59–0.91)

Ritzel R, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(9):859-867.

Insulin Glargine U100 vs U300 in T2DMMeta‐Analysis of 3 Phase 3 Studies

Cumulative 

Mean

 Events

dCumulative 

Mean

 Events

d

Weeks of Treatment

Any Time of Day, 24 h

00

4

810

282 18 244 6 8 12

6

2

262220161410

00

0.5

1.5

2.0

282 18 244 6 8 12

1.0

262220161410

Nocturnal, 00:00‐05:59 h

A1c, %

Glargine U100

Glargine U300

7.0

7.8

8.2

8.4

8.0

7.6

7.4

7.2

Baseline Week 12 Month 6

aP<0.001; bP<0.05; cP=NS; dConfirmed hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dL) or severe hypoglycemia.N=1247 patients treated with glargine U300 and 1249 treated with glargine U100 in 3 phase 3 EDITION studies.Ritzel R, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(9):859-867.

Glargine U100

Glargine U300

‐1.02%

‐1.02%LSM Difference, 0.00%c

(95% CI, ‐0.08–0.07) Annual Rate Ratio U300/U100, 2.10/3.06=0.69a(95% CI, 0.57–0.84)

Annual Rate Ratio U300/U100, 15.22/17.73=0.86b

(95% CI, 0.77–0.97)

Glargine U100

Glargine U300

•Weight gain –Glargine U100, +0.79 kg–Glargine U300, +0.51 kg–LSM Difference, ‐0.28 kgb

•Weight gain –Glargine U100, +0.79 kg–Glargine U300, +0.51 kg–LSM Difference, ‐0.28 kgb

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Flexible vs Fixed Dosing U‐300 Glargine: Sub‐Studies of Phase 3 Trials

Ritzel R, et al. Presentation 919-P 74th ADA Scientific Sessions June 13-17, 2014, San Francisco, CA.

• No difference in A1C between flexible- vs fixed-dosing

• No difference in severe or nocturnal hypoglycemia within each sub-study

Edition 1 Sub-StudyN = 109

Per

cen

tag

e o

fIn

ject

ion

s (%

)

20

100

024 ± <1 h

80

60

40

24 ± 1-3 h 24 ± >3 h 24 ± <1 h 24 ± 1-3 h 24 ± >3 h

Edition 2 Sub-StudyN = 89

Flexible dosing

Fixed dosing

6 months (randomization, sub-study)

U-300 once dailyevery 24 ± 3 h

U-300 once dailyevery 24 h

9 months (end of sub-study)

sub-study

6-Month Treatment Period(main study)

6-Month Extension Period(main study)

U-300 once dailyevery 24 h

U‐300 Insulin Glargine (Toujeo®): Determining Starting Dose (and Dose Conversion) in T2DM

Prior Treatment: Start with:

Once‐daily basal insulin 1:1 conversion*

Twice‐daily NPH 80% of total daily NPH dose

No current basal insulin 0.2 units/kg

U‐300 Insulin Glargine Prescribing Information. Available at: http://products.sanofi.us/toujeo/toujeo.pdf

• Only available in pens• 300 U/mL, 1.5 mL• Max dose per injection is 80 units with current pen

• New pen in development will allow a max dose of 240 units• Just dial the prescribed dose ‐ no “conversion” needed

Insulin Degludec (Tresiba®)

[Zn2+       ]

Insulin degludec 

multihexamers

Zinc diffuses slowly, causing individual hexamers to disassemble, releasing

monomers. 

Subcutaneous depot

Monomers are absorbed from the depot into the circulation. Slow

release

Jonassen I et al. Pharm Res. 2012;29(8):2104–1214.

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Insulin Degludec U100 vs InsulinGlargine U100 (T1DM)

Day‐to‐Day Variability 

in AUCGIR, CV%

Time Interval, h

Heise T, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(9):859‐864.

0

50

100

150

200

250

0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8 8–10 10–12 12–14 14–16 16–18 18–20 20–22 22–24

Degludec U100 0.4 U/kg

Glargine U100 0.4 U/kg

Within‐subject variability for AUCGIR,0‐24h,SS was 4 times lower for insulin degludec(CV, 20%) compared with insulin glargine (CV, 82%); P<0.0001.

Within‐subject variability for AUCGIR,0‐24h,SS was 4 times lower for insulin degludec(CV, 20%) compared with insulin glargine (CV, 82%); P<0.0001.

BEGIN Basal‐Bolus Type 2

Garber A et al. Lancet. 2012;379(9825):1498–1507.

Confirmed Nocturnal Hypoglycemia

Change in HbA1c

Flexible vs Fixed Dosing of Insulin Degludec (Tresiba®)

Meneghini L, et al. Diabetes Care 2013;36:858‐864.

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Insulin Degludec (Tresiba®): Determining a Starting Dose in T2DM

Prior Treatment: Start with:

Long or Intermediate‐acting insulin

Same unit dose as the current total daily dose

No current basal insulin 10 units once daily

• Only available in pens• 100 units/mL or 200 units/mL• Just dial the prescribed dose; no “conversion” needed

*Adjust doses in 3‐4 day intervals

http://www.novo‐pi.com/tresiba.pdf

Insulin Glargine U100 vs Insulin Glargine Follow‐On U100 in T2DM

Page 7: Diabetes Update 20165/15/2016 1 Diabetes Update 2016 Josh Neumiller, PharmD, CDE, FASCP Associate Professor Department of Pharmacotherapy Washington State University

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Insulin Glargine U100 vs Insulin Glargine Follow‐On U100 in T2DM

•Hypoglycemic events/patient year: glargine U100, 22.3; glargine equivalent U100, 21.3

•Severe hypoglycemic events/patient year: glargine U100, 0.01; glargine equivalent U100, 0.04

•Weight gain: glargine U100, +2.0 kg; glargine equivalent U100, +1.8 kg

•Hypoglycemic events/patient year: glargine U100, 22.3; glargine equivalent U100, 21.3

•Severe hypoglycemic events/patient year: glargine U100, 0.01; glargine equivalent U100, 0.04

•Weight gain: glargine U100, +2.0 kg; glargine equivalent U100, +1.8 kg

Case Study: Insulin glargine

Rx

Patient: Mr. BG

Date: 11-28-2015

Substitution Permitted Dispense as Written

Refills: PRN

Insulin glargine (Lantus) 100 units/mL

6 units SQ daily every evening

D. Feelgood

Acute Care ISMP Medication Safety Alert. Volume 21; Issue 2. January 28, 2016.

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Case Study: Insulin glargine – Caution with Communication of Concentrated Insulins

Rx

Patient: Mr. BG

Date: 11-28-2015

Substitution Permitted Dispense as Written

Refills: PRN

Insulin glargine (Lantus) 100 units/mL

6 units SQ daily every evening

D. Feelgood

Acute Care ISMP Medication Safety Alert. Volume 21; Issue 2. January 28, 2016.

• Patient received 100 units of insulin glargine instead of the correct dose of 6 units

• List of home medications listed the product concentration prior to the dose

• ISMP Recommendations:• Risk for overdose is high with the 

introduction of concentrated insulins if the order lists the product’s concentration before the dose

• List the drug name, patient‐specific dose, and directions for use on the first line

• List concentration and other specific instructions below

• Recommended for use in T1DM or T2DM who require more than 200 units/day

• Same size as other KwikPens, but is aqua in color

• Dialed in 5‐unit increments• Contains 1,500 units of insulin

U‐500 insulin pen

Treatment Targets for Type 2 Diabetes

Islet -cell

ImpairedInsulin Secretion

NeurotransmitterDysfunction

Decreased GlucoseUptake

Islet -cell

IncreasedGlucagon Secretion

IncreasedLipolysis

Increased GlucoseReabsorption

IncreasedHGP

DecreasedIncretin Effect

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SGLT‐2 Inhibition

Chao EC, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 2010;9:551-559.

SGLT‐2 Inhibitor Key Considerations

• Unique MOA – have been studied in combination with a variety of other medication classes

• Oral administration• Low hypoglycemia risk as monotherapy – caution when used with secretagogues or insulin

• Can result in weight loss and modest decrease in BP• First medication demonstrating CV benefit from this class (Empagliflozin)*

• Key SE’s to be aware of:– Genital mycotic infections – UTIs– Orthostasis (especially in elderly, CKD, diuretic use)

• Watch volume status

EMPA‐REG OUTCOME:CardiovascularOutcomes and Death from Any Cause.

Zinman B et al. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128

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SGLT‐2 Inhibitors: Renal Dosing

Canagliflozin Prescribing Information. 2013.Dapagliflozin Prescribing Information. 2014.Empagliflozin Prescribing Information. 2014Woo V, et al. Poster presented at: The 73rd Scientific Session of the ADA, June 21‐25, 2013, Chicago, IL.Kohan DE, et al. Kidney Int. 2013; doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.356.  [Epub ahead of print]

Agent Dosing in CKD stages 3, 4 and 5 (non‐dialysis)

Canagliflozin(Invokana®)

• eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m2

No dosage adjustment needed• eGFR 45—59 ml/min/1.73m2

Do not exceed 100 mg/day PO• eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73m2

Do not initiate and discontinue in patients currently receiving drug

Dapagliflozin(FarxigaTM)

Do not initiate and discontinue with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2

Empagliflozin(Jardiance®)

• eGFR ≥ 45 ml/min/1.73m2

No dosage adjustment needed• eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73m2

Do not initiate and discontinue in patients currently receiving drug

“If the kidneys don’t see the glucose, they don’t pee the 

glucose.”

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm475463.htm

Euglycemic DKA Case Series Report

Peters AL, et al. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1687‐1693.

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Euglycemic DKA with SGLT‐2 Inhibitors: FDA Recommendations

Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm446845.htm

• Evaluate for the presence of acidosis, including ketoacidosis, in patients experiencing signs or symptoms of acidosis; discontinue SGLT2 inhibitors if acidosis is confirmed; and take appropriate measures to correct the acidosis and to monitor glucose levels.

• Supportive medical care should be instituted to treat and correct factors that may have precipitated or contributed to the metabolic acidosis.

• Inform patients and caregivers of the signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis, such as tachypnea or hyperventilation, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, or mental status changes, and instruct them to seek medical attention immediately if they experience the signs or symptoms.

• The metabolic acidosis accompanied by elevation in urine or serum ketones in the reported cases was not associated with the very high glucose levels that are typical for diabetic ketoacidosis.

Metformin and Lactic Acidosis

• Incidence of lactic acidosis in a pooled analysis of 347 studies  with >70,000 patient‐years of metformin use vs. > 55,000 patient‐years of no metformin use

• 4.3 per 100,000 metformin‐treated patient years

• 5.4 per 100,000 non‐metformin treated patient years

•No significant difference in lactate levels

Salpeter S, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 4:CD002967.

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Are Strict SCr Thresholds Appropriate?

• Prospective, randomized study in patients with mild renal dysfunction (SCr = 1.5‐2.5 mg/dL)

• Continued metformin use (n=198) vs. discontinued metformin (n=195) and followed for 4 years

• Baseline mean SCr = 1.8 mg/dL (both groups)• Plasma lactate concentrations increased equally in both groups (1.5 mmol/L at baseline to 1.66 vs. 1.63 mmol/L, respectively)

• No participants developed lactic acidosis• Non‐Met group more likely to gain weight and receive SU therapy

Rachmani R, et al. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13(7):428‐433.

FDA Labeling Changes Summary for Metformin• Before starting metformin, obtain the patient’s eGFR.

• Vs. SCr also accounts for the patient’s age, gender, race and/or weight

• Metformin is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2.• Starting metformin in patients with an eGFR between 30‐45 mL/minute/1.73 m2 is not recommended.

• Obtain an eGFR at least annually in all patients taking metformin. • In patients at increased risk for the development of renal impairment such as the elderly, renal function should be assessed more frequently.

• In patients taking metformin whose eGFR later falls below 45 mL/minute/1.73 m2, assess the benefits and risks of continuing treatment. Discontinue metformin if the patient’s eGFR later falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2.

• Discontinue metformin: • at the time of or before an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFRbetween 30 and 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2

• in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure• in patients who will be administered intra‐arterial iodinated contrast• Re‐evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart metformin if renal function is stable.

Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm493244.htm

Metformin and Renal Impairment

• eGFR may be a more appropriate measure• Vs. SCr also accounts for the patient’s age, gender, race and/or weight

Salpeter S, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 4:CD002967; Rachmani R, et al. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13(7):428-433.; Lipska KJ, et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(6):1431-1437.; Inzucchi SE et al. JAMA. 2014;312(24):2668-2675.

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) Proposed Action3

≥60 • No renal contraindication to metformin (regardless of serum creatinine)

• Monitor renal function annually

<60 and ≥45 • Continue use• Increase renal function monitoring (every 3‐6 months)

<45 and ≥30 • Prescribe metformin with caution• Use lower dose (eg, 50% or half‐maximal dose)• Closely monitor renal function (every 3 months)• Do not initiate metformin therapy

<30 • Stop metformin

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GLP‐1 Enhancement

GLP-1 secretion is impaired in Type 2 diabetesNatural GLP-1 has extremely short half-life

Add GLP-1 analogues with longer half-life:

Exenatide (Byetta®)

Liraglutide (Victoza®)

Exenatide ER (Bydureon®)

Albiglutide (Tanzeum®)

Dulaglutide (Trulicity®)

Block DPP-4 to slow the enzymatic degradation of GLP-1:

Sitagliptin (Januvia®)

Saxagliptin (Onglyza®)

Linagliptin (Tradjenta®)

Alogliptin (Nesina)

DPP‐4 Heart Failure Data• Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (SAVOR) trial

• Enrolled 16,492 patients with T2DM and established CV disease or at high risk for CV disease

• More patients randomized to saxagliptin (289/8280, 3.5%) were hospitalized for heart failure versus those randomized to placebo (228/8212, 2.8%)

• Estimated hazard ratio: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07‐1.51

• The Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin versus Standard of Care in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndrome (EXAMINE) trial

• Enrolled 5,380 patients with established CV disease who had a recent ACS event• More patients randomized to alogliptin (106/2701, 3.9%) experienced at least one hospitalization for heart failure compared to those randomized to placebo (89/2679, 3.3%)

• Potential risk factors: history of heart failure or renal impairment• FDA Recommendation: HCPs should consider discontinuing these drugs in patients who develop heart failure and monitor their diabetes control.

Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm486096.htm

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Improving Prandial HyperglycemiaAACE/ACE Recommendations

Garber AJ, et al. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(1):84-113.

Or SGLT‐2 inhibitorOr DPP‐4 inhibitor

Intensify (prandial control) 

Add GLP‐1 RAAdd Prandial Insulin

Glycemic Control Not at Goal

Basal Plus 1, Plus 2, Plus 3or Basal Bolus

• Increase prandial dose by 10% or 1‐2 units if 2‐hour PPG or next premeal glucose is consistently >140 mg/dL

• If hypoglycemia develops, reduce TDD basal and/or prandial insulin by:– 10% to 20% if blood glucose is consistently <70 mg/dL

– 20% to 40% if hypoglycemia is severe or blood glucose is consistently <40 mg/dL

Insulin Titration Every 2‐3 days to reach glycemic goal

ADA/EASD Position StatementWhen Basal Insulin ± Oral Agents Do Not Achieve Target Glycemia

Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):140-149.

If not controlled after FPG target is reached (or if dose >0.5 U/kg/day),treat PPG excursions with mealtime insulin.

(Consider initial GLP-1 RA trial)

Add 1 rapid insulin injection before largest meal

# In

ject

ions

Com

plex

ity

2

3+

Mod

erat

eH

igh

Flexibility More Flexible Less Flexible

Change to premixed insulin twice daily

Add ≥2 rapid insulin injections before meals

(“basal-bolus”)

If not controlled, consider

basal-bolus

If not controlled, consider

basal-bolus

Initiate, Adjust, and Monitor for Hypoglycemia

Initiate, Adjust, and Monitor for Hypoglycemia

Initiate, Adjust, and Monitor for Hypoglycemia

• Simple to initiate

• Can control FPG and PPG

• Do not impair α‐cell response to hypoglycemia (reduce severe hypoglycemia)

• Weight‐lowering

• Achieve A1c targets in ~40%‐60% 

• Simple to initiate

• Control nocturnal hyperglycemia and FPG

• Lower hypoglycemia risk than NPH

• Modest weight increase (1 to 3 kg)

• Achieve A1c targets in ~50%‐60%

Combining GLP‐1 RA and Basal Insulin Analogs

Grunberger G. J Diabetes. 2013;5(3):241‐253Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(1):3‐14

Basal Insulin Analogs GLP‐1 RAs

Additive Effects

Complementary Actions

Potential Future Options:• Insulin GLP‐1RA Fixed‐Dose Combinations:

• Insulin Degludec + Liraglutide

• Insulin Glargine + Lixisenatide

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Hypoglycemia Risk Relative Risk (95% CI) Weight, %Diamant et al (2014) 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) 50.42Rosenstock et al (2014) 0.65 (0.50 to 0.83) 49.21Shao et al (2014) 0.14 (0.01 to 2.65) 0.37Overall (I2=0.0%, P=0.526) 0.67 (0.56 to 0.80) 100.00

∆A1c Weighted Mean Difference (95% CI) Weight, %

Diamant et al (2014) ‐0.03 (‐0.17 to 0.11) 32.25Rosenstock et al (2014) ‐0.16 (‐0.33 to 0.01) 22.50Shao et al (2014) ‐0.11 (‐0.23 to 0.01) 45.25Overall (I2=0.0%, P=0.470) ‐0.10 (‐0.17 to ‐0.02) 100.00

GLP‐1 RAs + Basal Insulin vs Basal‐Bolus Insulin: A Meta‐analysis

Eng C, et al. Lancet. 2014;384(9961):2228‐2234.

∆Body Weight Weighted Mean Difference (95% CI) Weight, %

Diamant et al (2014) ‐4.60 (‐5.33 to ‐3.87) 33.66Rosenstock et al (2014) ‐1.50 (‐2.06 to ‐0.94) 33.81Shao et al (2014) ‐11.07 (‐12.59 to ‐9.55) 32.53Overall (I2=98.7%, P<0.0001) ‐5.66 (‐9.80 to ‐1.51) 100.00

Favors GLP-1 RA + Basal Insulin Favors Basal-Bolus Insulin

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

0.008 1 4.9

-10 -6 -2 0 2 6 10

GLP‐1 RA or Bolus InsulinWith Optimized Basal Insulin for T2DM

aP<0.01 for exenatide BID vs insulin lispro; bP<0.001 for exenatide BID vs insulin lispro; cOpen symbols and dashed lines are at randomization, whereas closed symbols and solids lines are at 30 weeks.N=627 patients with insufficient A1c control after 12 weeks of basal insulin optimization (mean background dosing was insulin glargine 61 units/day and metformin 2000 mg/day).Diamant M, et al. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(10):2763-2773.

Compared with lispro, exenatide caused more GI issues (47% vs 13%), but fewer non‐nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes (15% vs 34%)

ΔA1c, %

0‐1.5

‐1.0

‐0.5

0.0

302 18 24

Lispro

Exenatide BID

Weeks Since Randomization4 6 8 12

ΔFPG, 

mmol/L

0‐1.0

‐0.5

0.5

1.0

302 18 24Weeks Since Randomization

4 6 8 12

0.0

Blood Glucose, 

mmol/Lc

PreBreakfast

ΔBody 

Weight, kg

0‐3

0

23

302 18 24Weeks Since Randomization

4 6 8 12

1

‐1‐2

Post Pre Post Pre Post 3AMLunch Dinner

b

b

bbbbbb

a a a aa

a aa

5

7

9

11

GLP‐1 RA/Basal Insulin Fixed‐Ratio CombinationGlycemic Control in DUAL I

A1c, %

7

9

10

8

5≤7.5 >7.5–≤8.5 >8.5–≤9.0 >9.0 Total Trial

PopulationBaseline A1c Category, %

6

208 124 117 299 123 139 136 59 72 190 107 86 833 413 414n=

6.06.4 6.4

6.2

6.7

7.1

6.6

7.2 7.3 7.0

7.6 7.7

6.4

6.97.1

IDegLira IDeg Lira 1.8 mg

Initial A1c Final A1c

7.2

8.0

8.8

9.69.5

8.3

a

aa

a a

aa

a

a

a

aP<0.01.N=1660 insulin-naïve adults with T2DM (A1c, 8.3%; BMI, 31.2 kg/m2) uncontrolled on oral agents assigned to IDegLira, insulin degludec, or liraglutide 1.8 mg daily (DUAL I Extension).Gough SC, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(11):885-893; Rodbard HW, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(1):40-48.

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GLP‐1 RA/Basal Insulin Fixed‐Ratio Combination

aP<0.0001; bP=0.001; cP<0.05.N=1660 insulin-naïve adults with T2DM (A1c, 8.3%; BMI, 31.2 kg/m2) uncontrolled on oral agents assigned to IDegLira, insulin degludec, or liraglutide 1.8 mg daily (DUAL I Extension).Gough SC, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(11):885-893; Rodbard HW, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(1):40-48.

Fewer patients in the IDegLira group reported GI adverse events than in the liraglutide group (nausea, 8.8% vs 19.7%)

Confirm

ed Hyp

oglycemia 

Even

ts Per 100

 Patient‐Years

300

500

400

0≤7.5 >7.5–≤8.5 >8.5–≤9.0 >9.0 Total Trial

PopulationBaseline A1c Category, %

200

205 123 127 295 123 138 135  59 71 190 107 86 825 412 412n=

IDegLira IDeg Lira

a

a

100

6.0 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.7 7.1 6.6 7.2 7.3 7.0 7.6 7.7 6.4 6.9 7.1Final A1c, %

a

NS

a

b

a

NS

a

c

Thank you!