Di t ib ti t d d Distribution, trend and monitoring ... Hanoi Presentations/Merc… · analyzed by...

International Workshop on Regional and Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution13-14 October 2008

Hoa Binh Hotel Hanoi Vietnam

Di t ib ti t d d

Hoa Binh Hotel, Hanoi, Vietnam

Distribution, trend and monitoring projects for fate ofmonitoring projects for fate of

mercury species in Japan

Noriyuki SuzukiyNational Institute for Environmental Studies

&IDEA ConsultantsIDEA Consultants

“Distribution, trend and monitoring projects for fate of mercury species in Japan”

Contents

y p p

Contents

Overview of distribution and trend of ambient t ti i Jmercury concentration in Japan

Monitoring projects for fate of mercury species

Mercury cycle and multimedia modeling frameworkframework

2International Workshop on Regional & Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, Hanoi Vietnam, Oct2008

Overview of distribution and trend of ambient mercury concentration in Japanambient mercury concentration in Japan

Mercury monitoring in Japan by MoEM l l i t h t (i l di d t ) d ilMercury levels in atmosphere, water (including ground water) and soil environment has been continuously monitored, based on the laws.

Ambient air monitoringgThere are three types of monitoring stations:

1) Ambient air pollution monitoring station2) Stationary source monitoring station) y g3) Roadside air pollution monitoring station

Mercury data of about 200 ambinet air monitoring stations from F.Y.1999 to 2006 are used in this overview.

Analytical and sampling methodGold amalgamation with Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS)

f f- The manual for the measurement methods for hazardous air pollutants Ministry of the Environment, Japan (March, 1999)

Overview of ambient mercury levels in JapanYearly trend of annual average of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in Japan

4.0

5.0

g m

-3

2.0

3.0

Hg(

0) n

g

0 0

1.0

0.01999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

F.Y.

International Workshop on Regional & Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, Hanoi Vietnam, Oct2008

Overview of ambient mercury levels in Japan

Distribution of ambient mercury concentrationDistribution of ambient mercury concentration summarized by prefecture (1)

F.Y.1999 F.Y.2000

F.Y.2001 F.Y.2002

ng m-3g



Distribution of ambient mercury concentration

F Y 2004

Distribution of ambient mercury concentration summarized by prefecture (2)

F.Y.2003 F.Y.2004

F.Y.2005 F.Y.2006

ng m-3g



Trends of annual average of gaseous elementary

Hokkaido

2 02.53.03.5

0)

(ng/m 3)

Japan

2 53.03.5

(ng/m 3) JapanHokkaido

mercury in major cities

0.00.51.01.52.0

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

Hg(0

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

Hg(0)

Fukui

1.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3)Sim ane

1.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3) Simane Fukui

M iyagi

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3)

0.00.51.0

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

0.00.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.Fukuoka

2.53.03.5

(ng/m 3)

Miyagi

Fukuoka

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

Hg(0)

Tokyo

0 51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3)O saka

0 51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3)Kouchi

0 51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3) O kinawa

0 51.01.52.02.53.03.5

Hg(0)

(ng/m 3)Kouchi Osaka Tokyo Okinawa

0.00.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

0.00.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

0.00.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.

0.00.5

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

F.Y.


Summary of the ambient air monitoring

• General observationsGeneral observations– Nearly constant trend of around 2.2 ng/m3 in national

scale from 1999 to 2006– No apparent spatial distribution in prefecture scale– Higher level of around 2-3 ng/m3 in densely populated

areas lower level of around 1 2 ng/m3 in other areasareas, lower level of around 1-2 ng/m3 in other areas• Possible implications

Contamination level is nearly constant in recent 8– Contamination level is nearly constant in recent 8 years

– Even background contamination over whole country• Significant but limited impact from local sources in large cities

UNEP Air Transport & Fate Research Partnership Meeting, Washington DC, Octber 20078

Pilot monitoring project for atmospheric mercury & other heavy metals in remote background areaother heavy metals in remote background area

by Ministry of the Environment, FY2006-2008

Monitor current levels of mercury and other heavy Objectives

o to cu e t e e s o e cu y a d ot e ea ymetals in air, particles, and precipitation;Obtain useful information on the long-range

f ftransportation of trace elements in Asia-Pacific region;Develop monitoring Methodologies;Develop monitoring Methodologies; Contribute to the international efforts in atmospheric monitoring

9

atmospheric monitoring


Cape Hedo Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (CHAAMS)Monitoring Station (CHAAMS)

Cape Hedo26.87N 128.26E26.87N 128.26E

Okinawa

10CHAAMS operated by National Institute for Environment Studies

Measurement items, sampling, and analytical methodsand analytical methods

Component Measurement items Sampling and analytical methods

Mercury

Mercury speciation(Hg(0), RGM, PHg)

Continuous measurement withTekran mercury speciation system

Atmosphere

y

Hg(0)24 hours continuous sampling bygold amalgamation method and followed by CVAAS

Pb Cd C Z AParticulatematter

Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, V, Ni, Se, Sb, Ba, Co, Mn, Sn, Te, Tl,Be, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K

7 days continuous sampling by the low-volume sampler and analyzed by ICP/MS, , , , ,

Precipitation HgSampling by the automaticwet-only sampler and analyzed by

CVAAS (EPA method 1631)


Mecury Measurement Systems Mercury & other heavy metals monitoring systemsmonitoring systems

Tekran mercury Low-volume

samplerAutomatic wet-only

12

speciation systemswet only sampler


Observations of mercury species

Gaseous elemental mercury Hg(0)yHg(0) 2007/10/16-2008/4/30

516 Oct 2007 – 30 Apr 2008

m-3

g( )

2

3

4

(0)

(ng/

m3)

(0) n

gm

0

1

16 23 30 /6 13 20 27 2/4 11 18 25 /1 /8 15 22 29 2/5 12 19 26 3/4 11 18 25 4/1

4/8 15 22 29

Hg (

Hg

ng m-3 2007/10 2007/11 2007/12 2008/1 2008/2 2008/3 2008/4

10/

10/ 2

10/3 11 11/

11/ 2

11/2 12 12/

12/

12/2 1 1 1/ 1/2

1/2 2 2/ 2/ 2/2 3 3/ 3/ 3/2 4 4 4/ 4/2

4/2

2007 2008Mar-May ’04

Mean 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5Min 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0Max 1 8 2 6 3 3 4 0 4 4 2 5 2 8

2.04

1.37

4 74

13

Max 1.8 2.6 3.3 4.0 4.4 2.5 2.8

Background Hg(0) in northern hemisphere: 1.5 - 1.7 ngm-3

4.74Jaffe et al (2005)

Comparison of Hg(0) measurement valuesTekran Hg Analyzer MOEJ Manual Method* *Install sodalime trap

just before gold cartridge

3.0

Tekran Hg Analyzer M O EJ m anual m ethod

3.0Hg(0) ng m-3

just before gold cartridge

1 5

2.0

2.5

3.0y = 0.9398x

2.0

2.5

) ng

m-3

g A

naly

zer

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.0

1.5

Hg(

0)

Tekr

an H

g0.0

4/14-15

4/16-17

4/18-19

4/20-21

4/22-23

4/24-25

4/26-27

4/28-29 0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

MOEJ Manual Method

T


April 14 - April 30, 2008 MOEJ Manual Method

Backward trajectory analysisGaseous elemental mercury

Hg(0) 2007/10/16-2008/4/30

4

52007.10.16 – 2008.4.30

m-3 #1 #2 #3

Gaseous elemental mercury

2

3

4

g(0)

(ng

/m3)

g(0)

ng

m #1 #2 #3

0

1

/16

/23

/30

1/6

/13

/20

/27

2/4

/11

/18

/25

1/1

1/8

/15

/22

/29

2/5

/12

/19

/26

3/4

/11

/18

/25

4/1

4/8

/15

/22

/29

Hg

Hg

Episode Peak time Max conc. ng m-

10 10 10 1 11 11 11 1 12 12 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4

2007 2008

Episode Peak time Max conc. ng m3

#1 29 Dec 2007, JST hour 20 3.1#2 8 Jan 2008 JST hour 18 4 0

15

#2 8 Jan 2008, JST hour 18 4.0#3 23 Feb 2008, JST hour 13 4.4


NOAA HYSPLIT backward trajectoryHg(0) at peak time CHAAMSHg(0) at peak time, CHAAMS

Episode #28 Jan 2008JST hour 18

Episode #323 Feb 2008JST hour 13

Episode #129 Dec 2007JST hour 20

16

JST hour 18 JST hour 13JST hour 20

Japanese Standard Time (JST) = Coordinate Universal Time (UTC) + 9 hours.

NOAA HYSPLIT backward trajectory for Episode #1 (1)for Episode #1 (1)

17

28 Dec 2007, JST hour 9Hg(0) at CHAAMS: 1.2 ng m-3



18




19

7 Jan 2008, JST hour 9Hg(0) at CHAAMS: 1.3 ng m-3



20



NOAA HYSPLIT backward trajectory For Episode #3 (1)For Episode #3 (1)

21

22 Feb 2008, JST hour 9Hg(0) at CHAAMS: 1.3 ng m-3


NOAA HYSPLIT backward trajectory For Episode #3 (2)For Episode #3 (2)

22



Mercury wet deposition flux & concentration

400500600

4 05.06.0

Wet deposition Concentration

posi

tion

-2) tratio

n

0100200300400

0 01.02.03.04.0

Hg

wet

dep

(ng

m-

Hg

conc

en(n

g L-

1)

0

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec Ja

n

Feb

Mar

0.0

Precipitation (mm/month)

H H (

m)

Month2007 2008

300400500600

Precipitation (mm/month)

tatio

n (m

m

0100200300

b ar pr y n ul g p ct ov c n b ar

Pre

cipi

t

Feb

Ma

Ap

Ma Ju J u Aug

Sep Oc

No

Dec Ja Feb

Ma

23MonthInternational Workshop on Regional & Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, Hanoi Vietnam, Oct2008

2007 2008

DiscussionC

Measurement results have been verified

-Continuous mercury measurement

Measurement results have been verified. Analysis is now underway:

Temporal trend and fluctuationTemporal trend and fluctuationCorrelations between Hg species and other items Deposition and fate mechanismpEvents that control the characteristics of the measurements in East Asia Pacific region

Comparison with previous achievemente.g. Jaffe et al (2005), Selin et al (2007)


Fate analysis of the mercury in regional/global scale: combination of atmospheric long-range transport and p g g p

multimedia fate among air, water, soil and others

International Workshop on Regional & Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, Hanoi Vietnam, Oct2008(taken from UNEP Global Assessment report)

River seg. A

1 2

3

4

Seg. A

Seg. B

Seg. C

D S

River seg. C

River seg. B

River seg D River seg. E

1 2

3

4

Seg. A

Seg. B

Seg. C

D S

River seg. C

River seg. B

River seg D River seg. E

Advective transport between adjacent grid cells

Air (upper)

Air (L2)E2

Air (upper)

Air (L2)E2

LAND AIRRIVER

Hg(0) Hg2+

Air・Hg(0), Hg2+, Hg(p)・Dry/wet depositions and other inter-media processes for each species

Soil (Forest)

Forest canopy

Soil (Other 6 categories)

Wet/dry deposition processes

Diffusive processes Litter fall

processRunoff processes

Air compartment as Gridi j k MESH

5 6Seg. D

Seg. E

Node(Connection)

River seg. D g

Seg.=Segment

5 6Seg. D

Seg. E

Node(Connection)

River seg. D g

Seg.=Segment

Automatic run-time sub-sugmentationof a river segment

Total length=5.7 km in average

Sub-segment length=1-2km

Emission to air

(can be put into L0 to L2 by user selection) Horizontal grid cell

size : 1km – 100kmAir (L0)

E0

Air (L1)E1

Air (L0)E0

Air (L1)E1

River input to the sea segment

SEA

Hg(p)

Hg2+Hg(0)Water Soil

species

Soil compartmnet as BasinWater compartment as River

, ,p q r RIVER∈L, ,m n BASIN∈L

, ,i j k MESH∈LAdvective transport between adjacent sea segments

Sea (3)

Sea (0)

Sea (1)

Sea (2)

Sediment

Sea (3)

Sea (0)

Sea (1)

Sea (2)

Sediment

MULTIMEDIA

MeHg

Sediment

・In soil, water and sediment, Hg(0), Hg2+, MeHg・Methylation to MeHg tentatively assumed- Inter-media processes among air, water, soil and sediment

Development of multimedia fate model for mercury species


Summary

Japan’s experience on ambient hazardous air monitoringp p gRoughly 200 data points over country, sampling of monthly-interval by gold-trap method

Nearly constant trend from 1999 to 2006yNo significant spatial/temporal pattern

Regional/global emission may be almost unchanged?

Project of monitoring of mercury at remote siteProject of monitoring of mercury at remote siteContinuous monitoring at remote site with speciation

Temporal trend, fluctuation, deposition, correlationsd b bl l b bl h d h dProved to be comparable results between established hazardous air

monitoring and new project of monitoring

Modeling effort on long-range transport in the multimedia

27

environmentInternational Workshop on Regional & Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, Hanoi Vietnam, Oct2008

Thank youThank you


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