Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin...

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Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention Ministry of Interior

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Transcript of Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin...

Page 1: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand;

the case of Chao Phraya River Basin

Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD

Office of Climate Change Convention

Ministry of Interior

Page 2: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Key Words

• Changes• Fragile and Vulnerable• Floodplain, Flood Risk Prone• Natural Environment and Built Environment• Cultural Environment & Touristic Urbanism• Climate Change and Urban Disaster• Adaptation and Mitigation• Urban Climate Resilience

Page 3: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Understand the natural environment and changes

• A primary domain of tropical monsoon region is long period of raining season in association with a number of storms; typhoon and cyclone.

• By the end of 19th century around 90% of the region was covered with tropical rain forest and a great variety of ecological systems.

• Today only 25-30% of tropical rain forest still remain as a consequence of rapid deforestation.

• Climate change and its impacts have become issues since the 1990s after natural disasters were obvious.

Page 4: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Thai Society and Water-bound Settlements• For centuries Thai society has lived in harmony

with nature on the floodplain.

• Water-bound settlements were significant.

• Modernization in the 20th gradually changed urban forms in the region.

Page 5: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Floating Houses along the river

Page 6: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Simple and functional forms for tropical living

Page 7: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Living in harmony with natural environment

Page 8: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Highland (Upstream) settlements

Page 9: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Traditional Thai House (on Stilts)

Page 10: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

House on stilts has been a typical form; functional human adjustment to flood.

Page 11: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

A typical house form in the region

Page 12: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

The same principle and similar form can be seen

in the southeast Asia; Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.

Page 13: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Most can be found in the remote villages.

Page 14: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Urban forms have changed gradually since the early 19th century; according to western influences.

Roads in Bangkok were only 12 km. long totally.

Page 15: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Starting deterioration of upstream natural environmentthe northern railway development and logging industry

Page 16: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Modern changes were concentrated in cities.

Page 17: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Most activities were along the rivers.

Page 18: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

King Rama V opened Rangsit irrigation project on 18 November 1896 adopt policy on increasing rice

production; the main income of the kingdom.

Page 19: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

In 1888 it was described that no settlement was found on the north and east of Bangkok.

Homan Hiede, a Dutch engineer proposed a network of irrigation canal on the central plain north of Bangkok in 1910.

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Rangsit was a popular area for the westerners in the 1900s, built vacation houses.

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Bangkok has become a typical modern urban form.

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Urban forms were influenced by the west, from Singapore to Phuket and Bangkok.

Page 23: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

A few floating houses are functional on the river but many have disappeared. People move to city and town.

Page 24: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Today water-bound settlements in the city

Page 25: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Waterways in the cities are polluted.

Page 26: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Touristic Urbanism; Fantastic urban forms!!

Page 27: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Urban Design for Tourist Attraction

Page 28: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Entertainment; amazing Thailand!!!New cultural environment???

Page 29: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Hako; Japanese town in Bangkok

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From Pattaya to Phuket; Touristic Urban Forms

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Understand “Cultural Environment”another fragile social fabric!!!

Page 32: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Cultural environment is collection of social values and local heritages.

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Reflection of local belief and myth

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A question; what people believe today?

Page 35: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Culture is becoming commercial show!!As tourist attraction!!

Page 36: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Something cannot be copied or duplicated.

Page 37: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Awareness of Cultural Values

Page 38: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Certainly, it is not a show!!

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Once upon a time, Thai society was significant in terms of unity, extended family and sense of belonging.

Page 40: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Close and warm family relations were impressive.

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Changes in Thai society; single family

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The aging members are abandoned and left alone (sometimes in the street).

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Thailand is approaching aging society!!!

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Sense of belong is disappearing; fragile society.

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The portion aging people is increasing awfully!!!

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Condos are booming as a reflection of change.

Page 47: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

New urban form!!!as a dream of young generation;

struggle for convenient life in the city

Page 48: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Consequences; complicated urban problems

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Big cities are consuming more energy and resources.

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Global warming has become international issue since 1992; impacts of climate change.

Page 51: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Climate change is becoming more critical.

Page 52: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Concentration is on natural disaster; flood, drought, landslide and storms.

Page 53: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

A term of “Urban Disaster” has been classified.Disaster is caused by nature or man?

Page 54: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

“Fragile” and “Vulnerable” are included.

Page 55: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Basic principle; avoid any development in risk prone area.

Page 56: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Application of Disaster Risk Index

Page 57: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Attempts to cope with urban disaster risk.

Page 58: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Identify disaster risk prone; making risk maps.

Page 59: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

All vulnerable communities are shown on map.

Page 60: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Fragile ecological systems are not included.

Page 61: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Understand ecological systems & the most fragile natural environment

Page 62: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Understand regional ecology

Page 63: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Fragile ecological systems and vulnerable food-chains

Page 64: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Biological diversities are environmental indicators.

Page 65: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

The greatest rainfalls and fresh water ecological systems on earth!!!

Page 66: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Searching for a better balance; man and nature

Page 67: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Environmental deterioration is caused by urbanization mainly.

Page 68: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

The increasing flood events around the world.

Page 69: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

More urban population in disaster risk prone.

Page 70: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Urban flood risk management options

Page 71: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Urban climate resilience; an alternative?

Page 72: Development of urban form on the flood prone in Thailand; the case of Chao Phraya River Basin Thongchai Roachanakanan, PhD Office of Climate Change Convention.

Thank you


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Copyright by Mark Thongchai Kovitya 2019

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