DEVELOPMENT OF -EtS lN'NOVATIQN SKIU IN NATIONAL

DUAL TRAINING SYSTEM O T S ) ENVIRONMENT

SUZLLASAHIBATUL AKHMAR BT AHMAD

This thesis is submitted

in fii3filment of the requirement far the award

of the Doctor of Philosophy

Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education

Universili Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

University of Bremen, Germany

Institute Technology and Education

JUN 2015

ABSTRACT

In an increasingly howledge-driven global economy, human capital development i s

a major driver of a country's economic competitiveness. Thus the old tradition of

training which consist of three main blocks; academic, technical skill and industrial

training is not sufficient. In vocational education system, it usually equipped trainees

with too much specialised and too little general skills. Apparently vocational

education systems need to be reformed to ensure the trainees are more equipped with

generic skills that allow them to easily adopt changing job requirement. The purpose

of this study is mainly to develop a fmework to foster innovation skill for

K?MKRTM trainees. With such h e w o r k , it can ensure that kainees .graduated

from KMKKTM will be ready for a more flexible workforce with advanced

technical skills coupled with well-developed generic skills, where is highly needed in

globalised, competitive, and knowledge-based society.

This cross sectional survey research is designed with three sets of

questionnaires and a session of interview. First set of questionnaire consists of 51

items which is Creative Climate Questionnaire in IKM/KKTM with Cronbach's

alpha 0.92, used to measure climate for creativity, and was carried out fiom 554

trainees and trainers of KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Gading and IKM Johor Bahru.

Second set of questionnaire named SoR Skills Development, with Cronbach's alpha

0.89, was set to confirm the theories about the advantages and the implication of

creative and innovation activity towards fminee's soft skills that have contribute to

their innovation skill. A total of 262 respondents fiom MPLRA Innovation

Competition 201 2 participants. Third set of questionnaire named Implementation and

Improvement of Innovation consist of 56 items with Cronbach's alpha 0.969, used to

identify the opinion fiom the community regarding the implementation and their

suggestion for the improvement of creative and innovation development. A total of

163 trainers from KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Gading and K M Johor Bahru

contributed as respondents in the study. Qualitative data from an interview session

with personnel from Competition and Innovation Unit in Tkdmbcd and Vocational

Division of MARA was used as an additional source of information.

Researcher had identified seven major components of enablers for nurturing

creativity and innovation in IJSM/KKTM. As presented in alphabetical order the

enablers are: climate (environment); curriculum, trainer, fund and infrastructure;

innovation activity; management; and policy. The framework was developed based

on these enablers and went though The validation process with six individual fiom

MARA to verify and aErm t&e outcome. The resacher also reafirmed the theories

that innovation activity iike MARA Innovation Competition did significantfy

improve trainee's soft skills, particularly in the elements of: communication;

motivation; conceptual; problem solving; critical thinking; leadership; discipline;

teamwork; learning; organization; and all these, leads to enhancement of

W K K T M ' s trainees with innovation skills.

Di dalam era ekonomi global yang sema3cin didorong oleh pengetahan atau k-

ekonomi, pembangunan modal insan merupakan pemacu utama bagi ekonomi

sesebuah negara yang berdaya saing. OIeh itu tradisi lama dalam institusi latihan

vokasional yang biasanya terdiri daripada tiga blok utama iaitu akademik, kemahiran

teknikal dan latihan perindustrian boleh dikatakan sudah tidak releven- Di dalam

sistem pendidikan kemahiran, lat&an biasanya terlalu mengfokuskan kepada

pembangunan kepakaran dan kernahiran di dalam sesuatu bidang, tetapi malangnya

kemahiran generik kurang diberi perhatian Pembaharuan dalarn sistem pertdidiican

vokasional adalah diperlukan bagi memantaplum k m a h i m generik peiatih, dan

memastikan pefatih lulusan teknikal dan vokasional mudah menyesuaikan diri di

dalam dunia pekerjaan yang sentiasa berubah,

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah mtuk rnernbangunkan rangka kerja bad

~nemupuk dan meningkatkan kemahiran inovasi di kalangan pelatih IKM / KKTM.

Rangka kerja ini juga disediakan bagi memastikan pelatih lulusan IKM / KKTM

akan lebih bersedia untuk menjadi tenaga kerja yang lebih fleksibel, yang

mempunyai kemahiran teknikal yang tinggi, kemahiran generik yang mantap, yang

mana amat diperlukan di dalam era masyarakat global, berdaya saing, berteknologi

dan berpengetahuan.

Menggunakan kaedah kajian keratan rentas (cross sectional), kajian ini

direkabentuk menggunakan tiga set soalan kaji selidik dm satu sesi temuduga. Set

pertama kaji selidik iaitu Soal Selidik lklim Kreatif di X M / KKTMy terdiri daripada

51 item, dengan 0.92 nilai alfa Cronbach, digunakan untuk mengukur iklim

kreativiti. Kajian melibatkan 554 bilangan responden, terdiri daripada pelatih dan

pengajar dari KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Ga&ng dan LKM Jolmr Bahru. Set kedua

kaji selidik iaitu Pembangunan Kemahiran Insaniah, dengan 0.89 nilai alfa Cronbach,

digunakan untuk mengesahkan teori dari kajian bertulis tentang kelebihan clan

implikasi aktiviti-aktiviti kreatif dm inovasi ke arah rnernbangmkan kemahiran

insmiah yang berkait dengan k e m a h i inovasi pelatih. Seramai 262 peserta

Pertandingan Inovasi MARA 2012 menjadi responden di dalam kaji selidik ini. Set

ketiga kaji selidik adalah Pelaksanaan dan Penambahbaikan Inovasi, yang terdiri

daripada 56 item dengan 0.969 nilai aIfa Cronbach, digunakan untuk mengenal pasti

pendapat warga IKMKKTM mengenai pelaksmaan dm juga cadangan mereka

mtuk tujuan pembangunan kreatif dan inovasi. Kajian ini melibatkan 163 responden

iaitu pengajar dari KKTM Ledang, KKTM Sri Gading dm KM Johor Bahru. Data

kualitatif diambil dari sesi temu bual bersama kakitangan dari Bahagian Kernahi~m

dm Teknikal MARA, dm telah digunakan sebagai sumber maklumat tambahan yang

tidak diprolehi dari data kuantitatif.

Di dalam kajian ini, penyelidik telah mengenal pasti tujuh komponen

penggalak bagi perkernbangan kreativiti dan inovasi di IKIvfKKTM. Seperti yang

dikemukakan dalam urutan abjad penggalak tersebut adalah: persekitaran;

kurikulum, jumlatihlpensyarah, dana dan infiastnrktur; aktiviti inovasi, pen,ounrsan

dan polisi. Rangka kerja di dalam kajian h i tdah dibaagunkm berasaskzln penggalak

tersebut dan telah melalui proses pengesahan dengan beberapa individn dari MARA

bagi mengesahkan hasit dapatan. Penyejidik juga telah mengesahkan teori dari kajian

bertulis bahawa, aktiviti inovasi seperti Pertandingan Inovasi MARA rneningkatkan

kernahiran insaniah pelatih terutamanya bagi elemen: komunikasi; motivasi; konsep;

menyelesaikan masalah; gemikiran kitikal; kepimpinan; tatatertib; kerja berpasukan,

pembelajaran; organisasi (temasuk pengurusan masa) .

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