Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes
-
Upload
luis-munoz -
Category
Documents
-
view
241 -
download
6
Transcript of Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes
![Page 1: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Accepted Manuscript
Title: Development of better insulation bricks by addingmushroom compost wastes
Author: Pedro Munoz Velasco Ma Pilar Morales OrtizManuel Antonio Mendıvil Giro Manuel Celso Juarez CastelloLuis Munoz Velasco
PII: S0378-7788(14)00387-9DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.005Reference: ENB 5041
To appear in: ENB
Received date: 16-12-2013Revised date: 5-5-2014Accepted date: 6-5-2014
Please cite this article as: P.M. Velasco, M.P.M. Ortiz, M.A.M. Giro, M.C.J. Castello,L.M. Velasco, Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compostwastes, Energy and Buildings (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.005
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript.The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofbefore it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production processerrors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers thatapply to the journal pertain.
![Page 2: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Page 1 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
1
DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER INSULATION BRICKS
BY ADDING MUSHROOM COMPOST WASTES
Pedro Muñoz Velasco
Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670 Talca–Chile.
Phone: +56 (71) (2) 34 27 57
Phone2: +56 (9) 5693 5953
www.uautonoma.cl
Mª Pilar Morales Ortiz
Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Autónoma de Chile Av. Pedro de Valdivia 641‐
Providencia, Santiago – Chile
Manuel Antonio Mendívil Giro
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Rioja, Luis de Ulloa,
20; 26004‐Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
Manuel Celso Juárez Castelló
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Rioja, Luis de Ulloa,
20; 26004‐Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
Luis Muñoz Velasco
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de La Rioja, Luis de Ulloa,
20; 26004‐Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
![Page 3: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Page 2 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
2
ABSTRACT
This paper studies the application of spent mushrooms compost (SMC), as a new
additive to produce bricks with better insulation and in a more sustainable way. The aim
is to determine how SMC adding varies properties of fired clay bricks (FCB´s), specially
the thermal behavior, and whether it is a viable solution for recycling SMC. Clay was
mixed with different percentages of SMC (0% to 17% wt.) and formed by pressing.
Samples were fired at the facilities of the partner´s factory up to 950ºC. The influence of
SMC on FCB´s was related to its thermal conductivity (TC), compressive strength (CS),
water absorption (WA), bulk density (BD), linear shrinkage (LS), apparent porosity (AP)
and weight losses during firing (WL). As result, a blend of clay with up to 17% SMC,
limited by minimal CS and WA, may be used for masonry works with an enhancement on
thermal behavior. Addition of 17 % of SMC leads to a 26.17% decreasing in TC compare
to those without SMC, achieving a minimum TC of 0.55 W/m‐K. This implies a reduction
of 10% on the equivalent thermal transmittance, that means a better insulation of the
buildings and thus this an important energy saving.
KEYWORDS
Lightweight bricks; Thermal conductivity; Compressive breaking stress; Spent Mushroom
Compost; Waste revalorization
INTRODUCTION
Lately engineers have been searching mainly for both enhancement properties of
materials and new ways of reuse, reduce and recycling wastes (the so called 3R). It has
been shown the use of these wastes in brick manufacturing as an optimal method to
achieve those purposes [1‐7]. In special, ceramic sector can incorporate different
residues in a large amount due to the high temperatures in firing process through tunnel
kiln [8‐10]. Researches include the use of ash from the combustion of rice husk [11],
![Page 4: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Page 3 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
3
sugarcane bagasse [12], etc…, the addition of sludge from waste water treatment plants
[13,14] or the mixing with different organic matter as sawdust, wine pomace, paper
pulp, sawdust, coke, among others [15‐20].
One of these residues is the Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC). The production of
mushrooms (Agaricus Bisporus) involves growing them on a substrateOnce the
mushrooms have been harvested, this substrate layer (the so called SMC) constitutes
the main waste produced by mushroom producers.
The behavior and composition of SMC depends on its raw materials. Commonly SMC is
made with water, straw (mainly from wheat), poultry manure (as an organic source of
nitrogen), regulators such as ammonium nitrate or urea and gypsum minerals. This
mixture ferments, with the mesophilic microorganisms being replaced by thermophilic
fungi and bacteria by means of different temperature gradients. The next step involves
pasteurizing and conditioning the compost in order to remove possible competitors of
Agaricus Bisporus and A. Bitorquis (the main varieties grown). Also ammonia residues
and simple carbohydrates are removed and thermophilic flora is deactivated, turning it
into nutrient for mushroom [21].
Management of SMC supposes a challenge that has given rise to several projects. Its use
as a fuel has been analyzed in depth in previous publications and its technical feasibility
has been proven [22‐24] however the profitability is still low [25].
Other solutions involve its use as fertilizers [26‐28], as a covering for the recovery of
landfills [29], as the basis of animal feed [30].
Related to bricks manufacturing SMC has been investigated as an additive for FCB´s [31].
In this reference samples, made by adding only 3% of SMC were formed by pressing and
then fired at 950ºC. Several properties were tested but thermal conductivity (TC) for
fired samples has not been yet addressed.
![Page 5: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Page 4 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
4
In order to contribute to the further development of this way of SMC recycling, in this
paper, different percentages of SMC were used for FCB´s manufacturing. Special
attention was paid to the TC in order to determine if SMC addition may improve thermal
insulation of FCB´s. From this point of view, SMC addition might be not only a
sustainable way of recycling but an element which increases the thermal insulation for
buildings. Therefore FCB´s made by using SMC will provide lower wall thermal
transmittance and thus an energy saving. In order to comply requirements abide by
settled law for structural clay bricks [32] compressive strength (CS) and water
absorption (WA) have been tested to determine the maximum percentage of SMC that
can be added.
PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLES
The clay was provided by factory from the homogenization pit, in the so‐called ageing
pit, where it is storage for two or three months before manufacturing. In this stage clay
becomes homogeneous. This raw material was sent to Laboratorio Cerámico Sebastián
Carpi [33] to determine dilatometric (See Figure 1) and chemical composition (See Table
1).
INSERT FIGURE 1
INSERT TABLE 1
The SMC used was provided by the Mushroom Technology Research Centre of La Rioja.
SMC composition varies highly, depends on several parameters [34]. Thus this, table 2
shows the results from years, carried out by this Mushroom Technology Research Centre
of La Rioja.
INSERT TABLE 2
SMC were oven‐dried at 110 ºC until constant weight was achieved. Mean moisture
content was recorded in order to determine, on a dry basis, the amount of SMC added.
![Page 6: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Page 5 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
5
It should be noted that SMC was supplied with a suitable grain size, controlled by
screening, guaranteeing a maximum size of 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. However the
granulometric fractions were not controlled.
Different percentages of SMC were added, ranging from 0 % to 17 %. These percentages
extend prior studies ranges [31]. The dry‐weight percentages of the SMC, added into the
blend, are shown in Table 3.
Due to the high financial cost and unnecessary environmental impact that involves the
minimum clay load, settled by factory process (approx. 300 tons), samples were mixing
and formed in the University facilities. At least 10 specimens for each group were
molded using a uniaxial press machine, compressing blend under 25 MPa. This pressure
is the same that take place in the manufacturing extrusion process. The mold was made
taking into account that after firing process, test specimens did not shrink below 300
mm in any side. This requirement was settled due to the accuracy of the thermal
measurement instrument. Samples shall fit perfectly inside the hot guarded plate to
guarantee an accurate thermal conductivity measure.
Once samples were demoulding, they were carried to bricks factory and inserted in the
drying line and then automatically undergone to the firing process in a tunnel kiln.
Stages of firing process can be seen in figure 1.
INSERT TABLE 3
Before drying and after firing specimens dimensions were measured by using a caliper of
±0.01mm and weighted in a balance ±0.1 g. according to EN 772‐16:2011 [35]. Therefore
linear shrinkage and weight losses may be carried out by calculations.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BRICKS
TC was determined by the normalized guarded hot‐plate and flow meter method [36],
using the WL‐376 device manufactured by GUNT [37].
![Page 7: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Page 6 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
6
The samples had a surface of 300 mm x 300 mm, which fitted the area of both hot and
cold plates perfectly. Thickness was on the range from 20 to 30 mm. Before testing,
specimens were drying in a muffle furnace at 110ºC until constant weight was
measured, as it is indicated per standard EN 1745:2002 [38].
TC was obtained at three different temperatures, once steady flow was established. The
mean value of each sample was determined by linear regression extrapolating data for
10ºC as it is indicated by standard UNE‐EN 12664 [39].
The apparent porosity (AP), bulk density (BD) and WA of samples were obtained
according to UNE 772‐13:2000 [40] and EN 772‐7:1998 [41]. The samples were weighted
at dry state, then boiled in water for 24 h, and weighted a second time in water, then
were weighted again in their saturated wet state in air. With all these weights it is
possible to determine by calculation all the above‐mentioned parameters [42].
In order to show mechanical properties, the test pieces used to determine TC were
machined. A column drill with a diamond cutter head (inside diameter of 19 mm ±2%)
was used to remove several small samples from different areas on each test piece. The
thickness of these samples ranged between 20 and 30 mm.
These new test pieces were ground down to remove any surface roughness, and were
conditioned at 110 ºC in a muffle furnace [38]. After this specimens underwent to
compression testing.
The assays were performed in a SERVOSIS series MES AV universal compression test
machine with a MIC‐107H module for measurement and control [43], built under
international standard [44]. This machine incorporates a load application rate control
module in order to avoid the effect of the velocity of force application which can
increase the ultimate compression breaking stress up to 20% [45].
![Page 8: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Page 7 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
7
According to the Rankine fracture criterion for fragile material, it can be confirmed that
the ceramic brick withstands a compressive stress equal to that obtained in the test
pieces assayed.
All data were undergone to the statistical verifications [46] by Statistica 8.0 software
program [47]. These involve a normality analysis involving the D statistic (according to
the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test) and the W statistic derived from the Lilliefors correction.
In all cases, these characteristic values guarantee the results validity.
RESULTS
The addition of SMC did not affect linear shrinkage (LS) and weight losses (WL). On one
hand, LS is not strongly influenced by the addition of SMC. Fig. 2 shows how LS ranges
from a minimum of 5.5% to a maximum of 6.4%. These values were higher than the
related in literature [31], where LS reports values from 0.22% to 0.4%, but it follows the
same trend.
On the other hand, WL varies slowly from 12.5% to 14% when 17% of SMC is added.
(See Fig. 3). Same results were shown in previous research [31] (range from 9.25% to
14.46%). It must be notice, weight losses were lower than expected if it is considered
total amount of organic material introduced by SMC. This can be explained if it is taken
into a count that part of the organic matter was degraded while additive was ageing in
the homogenization process.
INSERT FIGURE 2
INSERT FIGURE 3
WA (See Fig. 4) and AP (See Fig. 5) vary as a linear function of residue content. Both
values increased with increasing amount of SMC. WA rises up to 22.5% and according to
ASTM C62‐13a [48] its use as facing brick, is limited just for the case of moderate and/or
negligible weathering, therefore when sewerage weathering is expected FCB´s made by
![Page 9: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Page 8 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
8
adding 17% of SMC must be coated. Previous research [31] has shown same values of
WA for similar percentage of additive (around 23% for 15% of SMC added).
INSERT FIGURE 4
INSERT FIGURE 5
It is well known the addition of organic residues produces an increasing of porosity in
ceramic bodies since the organic matter is burning during the firing process [49]. SMC
added increases the AP from 27.5% (without SMC) to 33% (with 17% of SMC added).
These results were found similar than those reported by literature where AP ranges
from 32% to 39%.
Porosity is related to the CS. The compressive rupture strength, as function of SMC,
decreased approximately 50% when 5% of residue was added recording 20 N/mm2.
Then, the trend varies linear, decreasing until 10 N/mm2 (See Fig. 6). Results shows a
decreasing up to 65% when 17% of SMC is added, while in Ref. [31] it decreases approx.
35% when 15% of SMC is added.
INSERT FIGURE 6
Despite SMC addition provides a decreasing in the mechanical response, it may help
strong insolation in building bricks. TC response ranges from 0.7 W/m‐K without additive
to 0.5 W/m‐k approx. when 17% of SMC was added (See Fig. 7). SMC addition increases
porosity in the firing process due to high temperatures. This porosity increases the
scattering processes of the network of phonons responsible for transmitting heat and
reduces the overall conductivity of the bricks [50].
INSERT FIGURE 7
Once thermal conductivity was carried out, the equivalent thermal transmittance (Ueq)
was calculated by finite elements software as indicated elsewhere [51‐53]. A
Termoarcilla® ECO‐2 brick model [54] was used. A virtual façade was built with a
![Page 10: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Page 9 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
9
discontinuous horizontal joint (30 mm air gap) and standard mortar (λ10mortar = 0.13
W/m‐K).
For FCB´s made without additive (λ10 AA00= 0.720 W/m‐K), the simulated Ueq of the
wall was found to be Ueq = 0.715 W/m2‐K, and for FCB´s made by adding 17% of SMC
(λ10 AAC17 = 0.550 W/m‐K) a Ueq = 0.645 W/m2‐K was obtained. This represents a
9.8% improvement in the equivalent thermal transmittance of the wall [55].
TC of FCB´s, made by adding SMC residues, was not previously related in bibliography.
Considering the main target that bricks have in most of modern buildings, where they
are no supporting the structure loads, but they are forming the enclosure, it can be
concluded thermal response is a key factor that have to be related and controlled.
From the point of view of manufacturers, there are two important parameters to take
into account: BD and plasticity. BD has deep impact in logistic and plasticity influences
on workability during forming and on cracks or defects when bricks are drying.
INSERT FIGURE 8
INSERT FIGURE 9
BD varies linear from 1,700 kg/m3 to 1,500 kg/m3 which means a decreasing of 12%
approx. that implies an important enhancement for logistic that can save money due
fuel consumption. Previous research [31] showed similar trend but higher values were
reported, ranging from 1,870 kg/m3 to 1,710 kg/m3 when 15% of SMC is added.
Although the results from research and those reported in the literature seems similar,
there are slight differences, mainly about LS, CS, and BD.
This scattering may be explained from the different clay composition and the
manufacturing samples procedures. Mainly FCB´s´s properties depend on firing
temperature, mineral composition [56] and forming pressure. Since firing temperature is
the same in both researches, it is suggested, differences between previous research and
![Page 11: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Page 10 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
10
this paper may be based on the content of SiO2 and Al2O3 and on the shaping pressure.
On one hand higher percentage of SiO2 implies lower LS and a decreasing of WL, BD, CS
and an increasing of AP. On the other hand Ref. [31] shows a lower decreasing of CS,
which was unexpected. Two reasons may explain this behavior: The shaping pressure
and the samples sizes. In Ref. [31] the test pieces were pressed under 54.5 MPa with a
mixing water between 7% and 10% and parallelepiped of 30x10x60 mm were formed.
Mohammed et Al. [57] showed how the CS decreases with the size of test specimens
and J. M. Pérez et Al. [58] reported how CS it is increased with the increasing of forming
pressure. Despite these slight differences, trends are in accordance in both cases.
Samples have not been highlighted any noticeable defect, as cracks, black core nor
bloating. It has to be mentioned the colour for samples made with SMC changes slightly
from reddish, for those made without additive, to yellowish when clay was mixed with
SMC. Therefore the addition of SMC, shall be not recommended when facing bricks
should present a reddish colour.
Although any efflorescence was observed on the test pieces it is necessary to consider
that anhydrite could be expected and may be necessary to add BaCO3 or BaCl in order to
decrease the discoloration effect [59].
CONCLUSIONS
The use of SMC as an additive for making FCB´s has been shown as another feasible way
to recycle this residue generated by mushroom factories. Results were similar to those
founds in literature and new parameters; as TC and plasticity, were described.
It is possible to decrease the TC of FCB´s up to 26.17% adding 17% of SMC which means
a TC value of 0.55 W/m‐K. The equivalent thermal transmittance of a wall can be
decreased by up to 10% by reducing the conductivity of the clay by up to 26% without
changing the type of block or the type of wall assembly.
![Page 12: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Page 11 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
11
Fired clay made by adding up to 17% SMC enhance thermal properties of bricks while
WA and CS values are according to standards, however bricks could be non‐accepted by
market with so low compressive rupture strength and this may limit the addition of
amount of SMC.
The preparation procedure of the samples assures the repeatability of results in real
scale, but organic gases could limit the amount of additive used, as well it could make
mandatory an exhaust gases treatment installing. For these reason it is recommended to
analyze this issue in deep before produce it at real scale.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are especially grateful to the firm Herederos Cerámica Sampedro S.A. for the
provision of materials and the loan of facilities. Our thanks also go out to the Mushroom
Technology Research Center of La Rioja for the material provided and the data gathered.
REFERENCES
[1] Altug Saygılı, Gökhan Baykal. A new method for improving the thermal insulation properties
of fly ash. Energy and Buildings 43‐11 (2011) 3236‐3242
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.024.
[2] Paki Turgut, Bulent Yesilata. Physico‐mechanical and thermal performances of newly
developed rubber‐added bricks. Energy and Buildings 40‐5 (2008) 679‐688.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.05.002.
[3] Michael Yong Jing Liu, U. Johnson Alengaram, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, Kim Hung Mo. Evaluation
of thermal conductivity, mechanical and transport properties of lightweight aggregate foamed
geopolymer concrete. Energy and Buildings 72 (2014) 238‐245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.12.029.
![Page 13: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Page 12 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
12
[4] Rostislav Drochytka, Jiří Zach, Azra Korjenic, Jitka Hroudová. Improving the energy efficiency in
buildings while reducing the waste using autoclaved aerated concrete made from power industry
waste. Energy and Buildings 58 (2013) 319‐323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.10.029.
[5] Anabela Paiva et Al. A contribution to the thermal insulation performance characterization of
corn cob particleboards. Energy and Buildings 45 (2012) 274‐279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.019.
[6] Jorge Pinto et Al. Corn's cob as a potential ecological thermal insulation material. Energy and
Buildings 43‐8 (2011) 1985‐1990 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.004.
[7] Bulent Yesilata, Husamettin Bulut, Paki Turgut. Experimental study on thermal behavior of a
building structure using rubberized exterior‐walls. Energy and Buildings 43(2–3) (2011) 393‐399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.031.
[8] S.P. Raut, R.V. Ralegaonkar, S.A. Mandavgane. Development of sustainable construction
material using industrial and agricultural solid waste: A review of waste‐create bricks.
Construction and Buildings Materials 2011‐25 (10): 4037–4042.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.038
[9] Lianyang Zhang, Production of bricks from waste materials – A review. Construction and
Building Materials 47 (2013) 643‐655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.043.
[10] Marsigli, M., Dondi, M. and Fabbri, B., Recycling of urban and industrial wastes in brick
production: a review. Tile and Brick Int., 1997, 13, 218–225 and 302–315.
[11] Danupon Tonnayopas, Perapong Takasakul, Sarawut Jaritgnam. Effects of rice husk ash on
characteristics of lightweight clay brick. Technology and Innovation for sustainable Development
Conference (TISD2008).Thailand.
[12] K.C.P. Faria, R.F. Gurgel, J.N.F. Holanda, Recycling of sugarcane bagasse ash waste in the
production of clay bricks. Journal of Environmental Management. 101‐30 (2012) 7‐12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.032.
[13] C. Martínez‐García et Al. Sludge valorization from wastewater treatment plant to its
application on the ceramic industry. Journal of Environmental Management 95 (2012) S343‐S348.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.016.
![Page 14: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Page 13 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
13
[14] J. Balasubramanian, P.C. Sabumon, John U. Lazar, R. Ilangovan. Reuse of textile effluent
treatment plant sludge in building materials. Waste Management 26‐1 (2006) 22‐28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.01.011.
[15] Bachir Chemani, Halima Chemani. Effect of adding sawdust on mechanical‐Physical
properties of ceramic bricks to ontain lightweight building material. World academy of Science,
Engineering and technology 71 (2012) 11‐23.
[16] J. García‐Ten, G. Silva, V. Cantavella, M. Llorente. Utilización de materiales aligerantes en la
fabricación de bloques de termoarcilla™. Conarquitectura 3 (1993) 65‐72.
[17] Mucahit Sutcu, Sedat Akkurt. Utilization of recycled paper processing residues and clay of
different sources for the production of porous anorthite ceramics. Journal of the European
Ceramic Society 30‐8 (2010) 1785‐1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.01.038.
[18] Luisa Barbieri, Fernanda Andreola, Isabella Lancellotti, Rosa Taurino. Management of
agricultural biomass wastes: Preliminary study on characterization and valorisation in clay matrix
bricks. Waste Management 33‐11 (2013) 2307‐2315
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.03.014.
[19] P. Muñoz, M.C. Juárez, M.P. Morales, M.A. Mendívil. Improving the thermal transmittance of
single‐brick walls built of clay bricks lightened with paper pulp. Energy and Buildings 59 (2013)
171‐180, ISSN 0378‐7788, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.022.
[20] Mucahit Sutcu et Al. Thermal performance optimization of hollow clay bricks made up of
paper waste. Energy and Buildings 75 (2014) 96‐108
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.02.006.
[21] R. Noble, R.H. Gaze, Preparation of mushroom (agaricusbisporus) compost in controlled
environments: Factors influencing compost bulk density and productivity. International
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 37 (1996) 93‐100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964‐
8305(95)00072‐0
[22] K.N. Finney, C. Ryu, V.N. Sharifi, J. Swithenbank. The reuse of spent mushroom compost and
coal tailings for energy recovery: Comparison of thermal treatment technologies. Bioresource
Technology 100 (2009) 310–315. http.//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.054
![Page 15: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Page 14 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
14
[23] K.N. Finney, V.N. Sharifi, J. Swithenbank. Combustion of spent mushroom compost and coal
tailing pellets in a fluidised‐bed. Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 860–868.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.06.012
[24] N.U. Kapu, M. Manning, T.B. Hurley, J. Voigt, D.J. Cosgrove, C.P. Romaine. Surfactant‐assisted
pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of spent mushroom compost for the production of
sugars. N.U.S. Bioresource Technology 114 (2012) 399–405.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.139
[25] C. Ryu, A. Khor, V.N. Sharifi, J. Swithenbank. Pelletised fuel production from coal tailings and
spent mushroom compost – Part II. Economic feasibility based on cost analysis. Fuel Processing
Technology 89 (2008) 276‐283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.027
[26] H.J. Zhu, L.F. Sun, Y.F. Zhang, X.L. Zhang, J.J. Qiao. Conversion of spent mushroom compost
to biofertilizer using a stress‐tolerant phosphate‐solubilizing Pichia farinose FL7. Bioresource
Technology 111 (2012) 410–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.042
[27] l.C.C. Ribas, M.M. de Mendonça, C.H. Camelini, C.H.L. Soares. Use of spent mushroom
composts from Agaricussubrufescens (syn. A. blazei, A. brasiliensis) and Lentinulaedodes
productions in the enrichment of a soil‐based potting media for lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
cultivation: Growth promotion and soil bioremediation. Bioresource Technology 1000 (2009)
4750–4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.10.059
[28] E. Medina, C. Paredes, M.D. Pérez‐Murcia, M.A. Bustamante, R. Moral. Spent mushroom
substrates as component of growing media for germination and growth of horticultural plants.
Bioresource Technology 100 (2009) 4227‐4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.055
[29] S.N. Jordan, G.J. Mullen, R.G. Courtney. Utilization of spent mushroom compost for the
revegetation of lead–zinc tailings: Effects on physico‐chemical properties of tailings and growth
of Loliumperenne. Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 8125–8129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.054
[30] C.K. Zhang, F. Gong, D.S. Li. A note on the utilisation of spent mushroom composts in animal
feeds. Bioresource Technology 52‐1 (1995) 89‐91 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960‐
8524(94)00137‐P.
![Page 16: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Page 15 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
15
[31] D. Eliche‐Quesada, F.A. Corpas‐Iglesias, L. Pérez‐Villarejo, F.J. Iglesias‐Godino. Recycling of
sawdust, spent earth from oil filtration, compost and marble residues for brick manufacturing.
Construction and Building Materials 34 (2012) 275–284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.079
[32] Código Técnico de la Edificación. Documento Básico de Seguridad Estructural (Spain’s
Technical Building Code. Basic Document on Structural Safety).CTE.DB‐SE‐F.
[33] Web site of laboratory in charge of dilatometric curve test. www.laboratoriocarpi.com
(October 2013)
[34] Website of the Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja.
www.ctich.com (October 2013)
[35] EN 772‐16:2011. Methods of test for masonry units ‐ Part 16: Determination of dimensions.
[36] Standard EN 1745:2002 Masonry and masonry products – Methods for determining design
thermal values.
[37] Web site of the thermal test machine. www.gunt.de (October 2013)
[38] EN 1745:2002. Masonry and masonry products. Methods for determining design thermal
values.
[39] UNE‐EN 12664. Thermal performance of building materials and products. Determination of
the thermal resistance by means of guarded hot plate and heat flow meter methods. Dry moist
products of medium and low thermal resistance.
[40] EN 772‐13:2000. Methods of test for masonry units ‐ Part 13: Determination of net and gross
dry density of masonry units (except for natural stone).
[41] EN 772‐7:1998. Methods of test for masonry units ‐ part 7: determination of water
absorption of clay masonry damp proof course units by boiling in water.
[42] Ismail Demir. Effect of organic residues addition on the technological properties of clay
bricks. Waste Management 28 (2008) 622–627. http://dx.org.doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.019
[43] PCD 2k. Control software for the universal testing machine.
![Page 17: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Page 16 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
16
[44] Standard EN ISO 7500‐1:2004/AC:2009 Metallic materials ‐ Verification of static uniaxial
testing machines ‐ Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines ‐ Verification and calibration of
the force‐measuring system.
[45] Romero M.L., Museros P., Martínez M.D. Resistencia de materiales. Jaume I University. 2002.
ISBN 84‐8021‐384‐1.
[46] Statistica 8.0. Statsoft Inc. 2009.
[47] Miller I, Freund J.E., Probabilidad y Estadística para Ingenieros (Spanish translation of
Probability and Statistics for Engineers). Ed. Reverté S.A. 2004. ISBN: 84‐291‐5094‐3.
[48] ASTM C62 ‐ 13a. Standard Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made From
Clay or Shale)
[49] Zuzana Živcová, Eva Gregorová, Willi Pabst. Alumina ceramics prepared with new pore‐
forming agents. Processing and Application of Ceramics 2‐1 (2008) 1‐8.
[50] Andrey M. Abyzov, Andrey V. Goryunov, Fedor M. Shakhow. Effective thermal conductivity
of disperse materials. I. Compilance of common models with experimental data. International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 67 (2013) 752‐767.
[51] M.P. Morales, M.C. Juárez, L.M. López‐Ochoa, J. Doménech, Study of the geometry of a
voided clay brick using rectangular perforations to optimize its thermal properties, Applied
Thermal Engineering 31 (11–12) (2011) 2063–2065.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.02.033.
[52] M.P. Morales, M.C. Juárez, P. Muñoz, J.A. Gómez, Study of the geometry of a voided brick
using non‐rectangular perforations to optimize its thermal properties, Energy and Buildings 43‐9
(2011) 2494–2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.06.006.
[53] M.C. Juárez, M.P. Morales, P. Muñoz, M.A. Mendívil, Influence of horizontal joint on the
thermal properties of single‐leaf walls with lightewight clay blocks, Energy and Buildings 49
(2012) 362–366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.033.
[54] Web site of the thermal test machine. www.termoarcilla.com (May 2013)
![Page 18: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Page 17 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
17
[55] M.P. Morales, M.C. Juárez, P. Muñoz, M.A. Mendívil, J.A. Ruiz. Possibilities for improving the
equivalent thermal transmittance of single‐leaf walls for buildings. Energy and Buildings 69 (2014)
473‐480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.038.
[56] Giuseppe Cultronea et Al. Influence of mineralogy and firing temperature on the
porosity of bricks. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 24 (2004) 547–564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.022.
[57] A. Mohammed, T.G. Hughes, A. Mustapha. The effect of scale on the structural behavior of
masonry under compression. Construction and building Materials 25 (2011) 303‐307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.025.
[58] J.M. Pérez, M. Romero. Microstructure and technological properties of porcelain stoneware
tiles moulded at different pressures and thicknesses. Ceramics International 40‐1B (2014) 1365‐
1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.018.
[59] Almendro, M.B. et Al. Eflorescencias en ladrillos In:Universidad Miguel Gernández. Edt.
Materiales Inorgánicos en la construcción para el siglo XXI. Elx. 2001. P.199‐208
![Page 19: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Page 18 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
18
FIGURE CAPTION
Figure 1. Dilatometric curve (discontinuous line) and firing process (continuous line).
Figure 2. Linear Firing shrinkage as function of SMC addition.
Figure 3. Weight losses as function of SMC addition.
Figure 4. Water absorption as function of SMC addition.
Figure 5. Apparent porosity as function of SMC addition.
Figure 6. Breaking compression strength as function of SMC addition.
Figure 7. Thermal conductivity as function of SMC addition.
Figure 8. Bulk density as function of SMC addition.
Figure 9. Plasticity as function of SMC addition.
![Page 20: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Page 19 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
19
TABLE CAPTION
Table 1. Elemental analysis of the clay used
SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O LOI
48.32% 0.83% 19.75% 5.07% 2.30% 7.71% 0.79% 2.93% 16.08%
Table 2. Summary of elemental analysis of SMC
Mean Maximum Minimum
Moisture [wet weight percentage] 58.94 68.78 42.30
Ash [dry weight percentage] 43.56 67.73 32.28
Total nitrogen [dry weight percentage] 2.43 3.06 1.60
NH4 [percentage of dry matter] 0.05 0.13 0.00
pH 6.91 8.50 6.29
conductivity 6.75 8.35 4.27
Organic matter [dry weight percentage]
56.44 67.72 32.27
Carbon – Nitrogen ratio 14.57 17.86 12.54
Gross heating value [kcal/kg] 2,424.72 3,058.30 2,029.20
Table 3. Doses used in each series (d.w.c.* is dry‐weight of clay)
AA00 AC05 AC11 AC17
CLAY [g] 10,000.0 10,000.0 10,000.0 10,000.0
ADDITIVE [g] ‐ 500.0 1,100.0 1,700.0
![Page 21: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Page 20 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
20
Highlights Samples were formed in laboratory by following the manufacturer's specifications. Drying and firing process took place on the factory facilities. A 17% of spent mushroom compost added reduces bricks thermal conductivity up to 26%. Water absorption and compressive breaking stress values are in accordance to ASTM. A new way of recycling spent mushroom compost, due brick industry, is showed.
![Page 22: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Page 21 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 23: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Page 22 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 24: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Page 23 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 25: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Page 24 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 26: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Page 25 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 27: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Page 26 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 28: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Page 27 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 29: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Page 28 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)
![Page 30: Development of better insulation bricks by adding mushroom compost wastes](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012406/575097fa1a28abbf6bd82f4e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Page 29 of 29
Accep
ted
Man
uscr
ipt
Figure(s)