A Appendices - Springer10.1007/s12649-017-9975...• mushroom • mussel • mustard • neem ......
Transcript of A Appendices - Springer10.1007/s12649-017-9975...• mushroom • mussel • mustard • neem ......
A Appendices
A.1 Scopus and Web of Science QueriesWeb of Science
TS=( technology OR process OR conversion OR treatment ) AND TS=(waste OR by-product OR byprod-uct) AND TS=(organic OR bio OR biodegradable) NOT TS=(rankine OR desalination)
Refined by: LANGUAGES: ( ENGLISH )
Scopus
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( technology OR process OR conversion OR treatment ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (waste OR by-product OR byproduct ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (organic OR bio OR biodegradable) ANDNOT TITLE-ABS-KEY (rankine OR desalination)
A.2 Supporting Information for List of TAPsA.2.1 Wikipedia Categories
These are the 85 categories located while searching for bio-economy related topics. All of the article titles inthese categories were compiled into a list of 779 articles, which was then further filtered by hand into the listshown in the next section. This list was further augmented by the terms listed by ? in a survey of chemicalproduction from biomass sources.
• Alcohol_fuels• Algaculture• Algae_biofuels• Alternative_energy• Alternative_fuels• Anaerobic_digestion• Anaerobic_digester_types• Animal_fat_products• Animal_waste_products• Animal_products• Appropriate_technology• Aquaculture• Aquaponics• Aviation_fuels• Bamboo• Biodegradable_materials• Biodegradable_plastics• Biodegradable_waste_manage-
ment• Biodegradation• Biodiesel• Bioenergy• Biofuels• Biofuels_technology• Biological_waste• Biomass• Biopharmaceuticals• Bioplastics• Bioremediation
• Biotechnology_products• Bone_products• Cogeneration• Composting• Distributed_generation• Engineered_wood• Environmental_engineering• Essential_oils• Ethanol_fuel• Feces• Fermented_beverages• Fermented_foods• Fish_products• Flotation_processes• Forest_products• Fuels• Fuel_cells• Green_chemistry• Guano• Horse_products• Hydrogen• Hydroponics• Incineration• Industrial_composting• Insect_products• Landfill• Liquefied_petroleum_gas• Liquid_fuels• Meat_industry
• Mechanical_biological_treat-ment
• Non-timber_forest_products• Nut_oils• Organic_fertilizers• Pet_foods• Plywood• Pyrolysis• Recycling• Recycling_by_material• Renewable_energy• Renewable_energy_technology• Renewable_fuels• Resins• Sewerage• Sewerage_infrastructure• Sustainable_energy• Sustainable_technologies• Synthetic_fuels• Synthetic_fuel_technologies• Thermal_treatment• Urine• Vegetable_oils• Waste• Waste_management• Waste_treatment_technology• Water_treatment• Wood_fuel• Wood_products
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A.2.2 List of TAPs
The following shows our final list of TAPs, grouped by general classes. As mentioned, this list and theclassification used are not meant to be authoritative, but is meant to show the range of TAPs that we areable to scan for in the literature collected. The Wikipedia URLs mentioned are the titles that we filter forfrom the output of DBpedia Spotlight. In this article, we do not analyze the contents of any Wikipediaarticle, but rather use the titles as a means of building up a list of items to scan for in academic literature.
This list was further augmented by the terms listed by ? in a survey of chemical production from biomasssources. The categories “Biomass Feedstocks”, “Building Blocks”, “Intermediates”, “Intermediate Platforms”and “Secondary Chemicals” come from this reference.
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLAgriculture aerated static pile com-
postingAerated static pile com-posting
Agriculture animal feed animal feeds Animal feedAgriculture aquaculture aquacultures AquacultureAgriculture compost composts CompostAgriculture fertilizer fertilizers
biofertilizerbiofertilizers
Fertilizer
Agriculture fish farming Fish farmingAgriculture green manure green manures Green manureAgriculture herbicide herbicides
bioherbicidebioherbicides
Herbicide
Agriculture humic acid humic acids Humic acidAgriculture humus HumusAgriculture mulch mulches MulchAgriculture mycoremediation MycoremediationAgriculture organic fertilizer organic fertilizers Organic fertilizerAgriculture pesticide pesticides PesticideAgriculture vermicompost vermicomposts VermicompostAgriculture windrow composting Windrow composting
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLApplication bioadhesive bioadhesives BioadhesiveApplication biofilter biofilters BiofilterApplication bioremediation bioremediations BioremediationApplication biosorption biosorptions BiosorptionApplication chelating agent chelating agents Chelating agentsApplication composite composite material
composite materialscompositesbio compositebio composites biodegrad-able compositesbiocompositebiocompositesgreen compositespolymer compositespolymer matrix composites
Composite
Application constructed wetland constructed wetlands Constructed wetlandApplication cosmetic cosmetics CosmeticApplication denitrification denitrifications DenitrificationApplication desiccant desiccants DesiccantApplication emulsifier emulsifiers EmulsifiersApplication essential oil essential oils Essential oilApplication humectant humectants HumectantApplication nanofiltration NanofiltrationApplication plasticizer plasticizers PlasticizerApplication resin resins ResinApplication solvent solvents
green solventgreen solvents
Solvent
Application surfactant surfactants Surfactant
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLBiomass Feedstocks cellulose celluloses CelluloseBiomass Feedstocks chitin chitins ChitinBiomass Feedstocks collagen collagens CollagenBiomass Feedstocks hemicellulose hemicelluloses HemicelluloseBiomass Feedstocks lignin lignins LigninBiomass Feedstocks oil oils OilBiomass Feedstocks protein proteins ProteinBiomass Feedstocks starch starches StarchBiomass Feedstocks suberin Suberin
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLBuilding Blocks 3-Hydroxy-propionateBuilding Blocks 5 hydroxymethyl furfural 5 hydroxymethyl furfurals
hydroxymethyl furfuralBuilding Blocks acetoin AcetoinBuilding Blocks aconitic acid aconitic acids Aconitic acidBuilding Blocks arabitol ArabitolBuilding Blocks aspartic acid aspartic acids Aspartic acidBuilding Blocks citric acid citric acids Citric acidBuilding Blocks ferulic acid ferulic acids Ferulic acidBuilding Blocks fischer tropsch liquids fischer tropsch synthesis Fischer-Tropsch processBuilding Blocks fumaric acid fumaric acids Fumaric acidBuilding Blocks furfural furfurals FurfuralBuilding Blocks gallic acid gallic acids Gallic acidBuilding Blocks glucaric acid glucaric acids Glucaric acidBuilding Blocks gluconic acid gluconic acids Gluconic acidBuilding Blocks glutamic acid glutamic acids Glutamic acidBuilding Blocks glycerol GlycerolBuilding Blocks higher alcohols Higher alcoholsBuilding Blocks hydrogen hydrogens HydrogenBuilding Blocks itaconic acid Itaconic acidBuilding Blocks lactic acid lactic acids Lactic acidBuilding Blocks levulinic acid levulinic acids Levulinic acidBuilding Blocks lysine LysineBuilding Blocks malic acid malic acids Malic acidBuilding Blocks malonic acid malonic acids Malonic acidBuilding Blocks methanol MethanolBuilding Blocks mixed alcohol mixed alcoholsBuilding Blocks Oxo synthesis products HydroformylationBuilding Blocks propionic acid propionic acids Propionic acidBuilding Blocks serine SerineBuilding Blocks sorbitol SorbitolBuilding Blocks succinic acid succinic acids Succinic acidBuilding Blocks threonine ThreonineBuilding Blocks xylitol XylitolBuilding Blocks xylonic acid xylonic acids Xylonic acid
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLEnergy alcohol fuel alcohol fuels Alcohol fuelEnergy anaerobic digestion anaerobic digestions Anaerobic digestionEnergy biochar biochars
bio charbio chars
Biochar
Energy biodiesel biodieselsbiodiesel productionbiodiesel productions
Biodiesel
Energy biofuel biofuels BiofuelEnergy biogas BiogasEnergy biohydrogen BiohydrogenEnergy briquette briquets
briquette productionbriquettesbriquettingbio briquettebio briquettesbiomass briquettes fuel
Briquette
Energy cellulosic ethanol Cellulosic ethanolEnergy cofiring CofiringEnergy cogeneration CogenerationEnergy combustion combustions CombustionEnergy ethanol fuel ethanol fuels
ethanolEthanol fuel
Energy fuel cell fuel cells Fuel cellEnergy fuel oil fuel oils Fuel oilEnergy gasification gasifications GasificationEnergy hydrogen storage Hydrogen storageEnergy hydrothermal liquefaction hydrothermal liquefactions Hydrothermal liquefactionEnergy incineration incinerations IncinerationEnergy jet fuel jet fuels Jet fuelEnergy liquid hydrogen liquid hydrogens Liquid hydrogenEnergy methane methanes MethaneEnergy methanol fuel methanol fuels Methanol fuelEnergy microbial fuel cell microbial fuel cells Microbial fuel cellEnergy pyrolysis PyrolysisEnergy pyrolysis gasoline Pyrolysis gasolineEnergy pyrolysis oil pyrolysis oils Pyrolysis oilEnergy synthetic fuel synthetic fuels Synthetic fuelEnergy thermal depolymerization Thermal depolymerizationEnergy thermal hydrolysis Thermal hydrolysisEnergy torrefaction TorrefactionEnergy wood fuel wood fuels Wood fuel
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLIntermediate Platforms arabinose ArabinoseIntermediate Platforms fructose FructoseIntermediate Platforms glucose GlucoseIntermediate Platforms lactose LactoseIntermediate Platforms sucrose SucroseIntermediate Platforms sugar sugars SugarIntermediate Platforms syngas SyngasIntermediate Platforms xylose Xylose
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLIntermediates fuel oxygenate fuel oxygenates Fuel oxygenate additiveIntermediates Green solvents Green solventsIntermediates Phenol-formaldehyde
resinsPhenol formaldehyde resin
Intermediates polyacrylamide polyacrylamides PolyacrylamidesIntermediates polyacrylate polyacrylates PolyacrylatesIntermediates polyamide polyamides PolyamideIntermediates polycarbonate polycarbonates PolycarbonateIntermediates polyhydroxyalkanoate polyhydroxyalkanoates PolyhydroxyalkanoatesIntermediates polysaccharide polysaccharides PolysaccharideIntermediates polyurethane polyurethanes PolyurethaneIntermediates polyvinyl acetate polyvinyl acetates Polyvinyl acetateIntermediates polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl alcohols Polyvinyl alcohol
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLMaterials activated carbon activated carbons Activated carbonMaterials activated sludge activated sludges Activated sludgeMaterials bioplastic bioplastics
biodegradable plasticbiodegradable plastics
Bioplastic
Materials biorefinery biorefining BiorefineryMaterials isoprene isoprenes IsopreneMaterials natural rubber natural rubbers Natural rubberMaterials nylon nylons NylonsMaterials particle board particle boards Particle boardMaterials polymer polymers
biopolymerbiopolymers
Polymer
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLSecondary Chemicals 1,3-propanediol 1,3-PropanediolSecondary Chemicals 1,4-butanediol 1,4-ButanediolSecondary Chemicals 1,4-diolSecondary Chemicals 1,5-diaminopentane 1,5-DiaminopentaneSecondary Chemicals 1,5-pentanediol 1,5-PentanediolSecondary Chemicals 2-Methyl THF 2-Methyl-THFSecondary Chemicals acetic acid acetic acids Acetic acidSecondary Chemicals acid acids AcidSecondary Chemicals acrylamide acrylamides AcrylamideSecondary Chemicals acrylate acrylates AcrylateSecondary Chemicals alcohol alcohols AlcoholSecondary Chemicals aldehyde aldehydes AldehydeSecondary Chemicals butanediol butanediols ButanediolSecondary Chemicals butanol butanols ButanolSecondary Chemicals butenoic acid Butenoic acidSecondary Chemicals caprolactam CaprolactamSecondary Chemicals diacid diacids DiacidSecondary Chemicals dialdehyde dialdehydes DialdehydeSecondary Chemicals diamine diamines DiamineSecondary Chemicals diesel diesels
diesel fueldiesel fuels
Diesel
Secondary Chemicals Dilactones DilactonesSecondary Chemicals dimethylcarbonate Dimethyl carbonateSecondary Chemicals dimethylether Dimethyl etherSecondary Chemicals diol diols DiolSecondary Chemicals dioxane dioxanes DioxanesSecondary Chemicals epoxide epoxides EpoxideSecondary Chemicals ester esters EsterSecondary Chemicals ethylene glycol ethylene glycols Ethylene glycolSecondary Chemicals food additive food additives Food additiveSecondary Chemicals formaldehyde FormaldehydeSecondary Chemicals furan derivative furan derivativesSecondary Chemicals gasoline gasolines GasolineSecondary Chemicals Gluconolactones GluconolactonaseSecondary Chemicals glutaric acid glutaric acids Glutaric acidSecondary Chemicals hydroxy furans HydroxyfuranoneSecondary Chemicals hydroxybutyrate hydroxybutyrates HydroxybutyratesSecondary Chemicals hydroxybutyric acid hydroxybutyric acids Hydroxybutyric acidSecondary Chemicals isobutene IsobutyleneSecondary Chemicals isosorbide IsosorbideSecondary Chemicals ketone derivative
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLSecondary Chemicals lactate lactates LactateSecondary Chemicals lactide lactides LactideSecondary Chemicals lactone lactones LactoneSecondary Chemicals methyl ester methyl esters Methyl esterSecondary Chemicals methylamines dimethylamines MethylamineSecondary Chemicals mtbe methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl tert-butyl etherSecondary Chemicals olefin olefins OlefinsSecondary Chemicals phenolic phenolics PhenolicSecondary Chemicals polyester polyesters PolyesterSecondary Chemicals polyethylene glycol polyethylene glycols Polyethylene glycolSecondary Chemicals propyl alcohol propyl alcohols Propyl alcoholSecondary Chemicals propylene glycol propylene glycols Propylene glycolSecondary Chemicals pyrrolidone PyrrolidineSecondary Chemicals reagent reagents ReagentSecondary Chemicals succinate succinates SuccinateSecondary Chemicals sugar acid sugar acids Sugar acidSecondary Chemicals thf tetrahydrofuran TetrahydrofuranSecondary Chemicals unsaturated estersSecondary Chemicals wax waxes WaxSecondary Chemicals α-olefins α-olefinSecondary Chemicals γ-butyrolactoneSecondary Chemicals δ-aminolevulinate δ-aminolevulinate
A.3 List of WastesA.3.1 List of Waste Sources
• abattoir• alfalfa• algae• almond• apple• apricot• aquaculture• babassu• bamboo• banagrass• banana• barley• bean• beef• beer• beet• bivalve• bovine• brewery• broccoli• cabbage• cacao• cane• canola• cardboard• carpet• cashew• cashew nut• cassava• castor• castor bean• cattle
• cheese• cherry• chestnut• chicken• clam• coconut• coffee• corn• cotton• cotton gin• cow• cranberry• crustacean• cucumber• dairy• date• date palm• demolition• distillery• duck• durian• dye• earthworm• egg• eucalyptus• farm• farmyard• fish• fishery• flax• forest• fungi
• furniture• garden• gastropod• goat• grape• greenhouse• groundnut• guar• guayule• hair dye• hardwood• hardwood kraft• hazelnut• hemp• hen• hog• horse• horticultural• household• hyacinth• jatropha• jute• kenaf• kitchen• kraft• kraft mill• leather• lettuce• linseed• livestock• lobster• longan
• lucerne• lychee• maize• malt• mango• melon• milk• mill• mill kraft• mushroom• mussel• mustard• neem• newspaper• newsprint• oak• oat• oat mill• oil palm• okra• olive• olive mill• onion• orange• oyster• palm• paper• paper mill• pea• peach• peanut• pecan
• pig• pig farm• piggery• pineapple• pine• pistachio• plum• pomegranate• poplar• potato• poultry• prawn• prune• rabbit• radish• rapeseed• rice• rice mill• rubber• sago• seafood• seaweed• sesame• slaughterhouse• sheep• shrimp• shrimp farm• sisal• slag• snail• softwood• softwood kraft
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• sorghum• soy• soya• soybean• spirulina• spruce
• sugar• sugar beet• sugarcane• sugar cane• sugar mill• sugar palm
• sunflower• swine• tannery• tapioca• tea• textile
• tobacco• tofu• tomato• turkey• walnut• wheat
• wine
• wine distillery
• winery
• wood
• yeast
A.3.2 List of Waste Descriptors
• ash• backwash• backwashing• bagasse• bale• bark• barkdust• bedding• biochar• biosolid• biowaste• biproduct• bi-product• bleach• bleached• block• blood• blood meal• bone• bone ash• bone char• bone meal• bran• bunch• byproduct• by product• by-product• cake• carbohydrate• carcass• cardboard• carton• cellulose• chaff• char• charcoal• chip• chipping• chips• coating
• cob• coir• collagen• compost• concentrate• cone• contaminated• core• crop• curd• cutting• debris• digestate• discard• discarded• distillate• dreg• dross• dung• dust• effluent• egg• eggshell• empty fruit
bunch• emulsion• excreta• faecal• faeces• fat• feather• feces• fiber• fibre• fibres• filter• flour• fly ash• food waste• forage• fresh fruit bunch
• frond• fruit• fruit bunch• garbage• gluten• grain• grease• ground• guano• gum• hair• hay• hemicellulose• hoof• hooves• horn• horns• hull• husk• interceptor• intestine• juice• kernel• lagoon• leachate• leaf• leave• lignin• lint• liquor• litter• manure• marc• meal• meat• milling• molasses• mold• mud• mulch
• needle• nut• offal• oil• oilseed• packaging• particulate• paste• peat• peel• pellet• pit• pith• plant• pod• pole• pomace• powder• press• protein• pulp• pulping• recovery• reject• residual• residue• resin• root• sawdust• scale• scrap• screening• seed• sewage• shaving• shell• shoot• shredder• silage• skimming
• skin• slag• slaughter• slaughterhouse• sludge• slurry• solid waste• soot• spent• spill• stable• stalk• stall• starch• stem• stick• stone• stover• straw• stump• suet• syrup• tailing• tannin• tar• tendon• toxic• trash• trimming• trunk• tuber• urea• urine• vinasse• vine• waste• wastewater• wax• whey• wool
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A.3.3 Final List of WastesCategory Preferred Label Alternative Labelsalfalfa alfalfa foragealfalfa alfalfa hayalfalfa alfalfa powdersalgae algae mealalmond almond mealalmond almond shellsapple apple filter cakeapple apple juiceapple apple pomaceapple apple wasteapricot apricot stonesaquaculture aquaculture effluent aquaculture effluents
aquaculture wastewateraquaculture aquaculture waste aquaculture wastesbabassu babassu cakebamboo bamboo charcoalbamboo bamboo dustbamboo bamboo wastewater bamboo industry wastewaterbamboo bamboo leavesbamboo bamboo vinegarbanana banana leafbanana banana peelbanana banana pseudo stembanana banana stem wastebanana banana waste banana wastesbarley barley starchbarley barley strawbarley barley wastebean bean curd manufacturing
wastebean bean dregsbean bean podsbeet beet pulpbrewery brewery sludge brewery slurry
brewery waste water sludgebrewery brewery waste beer brewery wastebrewery brewery wastewater brewery waste water
brewery wastewater treatmentbrewery effluentbeer brewery wastewaterbrewery bio effluent
broccoli broccoli residuecabbage cabbage wastecarpet carpet dyeing wastewatercarpet carpet waste
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelscassava cassava bagassecassava cassava dregscassava cassava fibrous residuecassava cassava haycassava cassava meal cassava root mealcassava cassava peel cassava peelscassava cassava pulpcassava cassava starch tapioca starchcassava cassava starch wastewater tapioca starch wastewater
cassava starch fermentationwastewatercassava starch extraction wastew-ater
cassava cassava waste cassava wastestapioca solid waste
cassava cassava wastewater cassava mill wastewatercastor castor bean cake castor cakecattle beef suetcattle bovine bonecattle bovine haircattle cattle manure cattle dung
cattle manuresbeef manurelivestock manurelivestock manurescow dungcowdungcow manurebovine manurefresh cow manuredairy cattle manuredairy manuredairy manurescattle fecescow fecesbeef cattle manurebeef cattle feedlot manurelivestock excreta
cattle cattle slaughterhouse wastewa-ter
cattle cattle slurry cow dung slurrylivestock sludge
cattle cattle waste livestock wastelivestock wastes
cattle cattle wastewater livestock wastewaterlivestock effluents
cattle cow dung ashcattle cow slurrycattle cow urinecattle livestock manure digester
liquorcheese cheese wastewater cheese processing wastewater
cheese industry wastewatercheese cheese whey raw cheese whey
ricotta cheese wheycheese cheese whey wastewater
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelscoconut coco peatcoconut coconut fiber coconut fibre
coconut coircoconut coir fibrecoconut coir pith
coconut coconut huskcoconut coconut industry wastewatercoconut coconut shell coconut shellscoconut coconut watercoffee coffee groundscoffee coffee husk coffee huskscoffee coffee processing wastewatercoffee coffee pulp coffee pulp waste
coffee wastecoffee coffee wastewater coffee wet processing wastewatercoffee spent coffee spent coffee groundscotton cotton fibercotton cotton gin trash cotton gin wastecotton cotton seed oilcotton cotton stalk cotton stalkscotton cotton textile dyeing wastewa-
tercotton cotton wastecotton cottonseed cottonseedscotton cottonseed de oiled cakecotton cottonseed hullscotton cottonseed mealcotton cottonseed oilcranberry cranberry pomacecranberry cranberry processing wastecrustacean crustacean wastedairy dairy cow manure dairy cattle fecesdairy dairy effluent dairy effluents
dairy factory effluentdairy industry wastewaterdairy processing wastewaterdairy waste waterdairy wastewaterdairy wastewater treatmentdairy wastewaters
dairy dairy farm wastewater dairy farm effluentdairy industry effluentdairy wastewater treatment plantdairy cattle slurry
dairy dairy food wastewaterdairy dairy manure treatmentdairy dairy sewage sludge dairy pond sludge
dairy sludgedairy plant sludgedairy slurry
dairy dairy waste dairy wastesdairy waste streamsdairy industrial wastedairy industry waste
dairy dairy waste scum oil
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsdistillery distillery effluent distillery effluentsdistillery distillery sludge distillery industry sludgedistillery distillery spent wash distillery spentwashdistillery distillery vinassedistillery distillery waste distillery wastesdistillery distillery wastewater distillery wastewaters
distillery wastewater treatmentalcohol distillery wastewater
duck duck manuredye dye wastedye dye wastewater dye waste water
dye wastewater treatmentdye wastewatersdyeing wastewaterdyestuff wastewaterdyeing effluentsdyehouse effluentdyehouse effluentsdye effluentdye effluentsdye bath effluentdye house effluentdye works wastewaterdye containing wastewaterdye process wastewater
egg eggshell eggshell wasteeggshellseggshell membranesegg shell
eucalyptus eucalyptus barkeucalyptus eucalyptus ctmp effluentfarm farm effluentsfarm farm waste farm wastesfarm farm manure farmyard manure
farm yard manurefish fish canning wastewaterfish fish faecesfish fish farm effluentfish fish meal fishmealfish fish offalfish fish processing waste fish processing wastesfish fish processing wastewater fish processing effluentfish fish scale fish scalesfish fish waste fish wastes
fishery wastesfishery waste
fish fish waste oil fish oilwaste fish oil
fish fishery washing waterfish fishmeal wastewaterfish waste fish fatsflax flax fiber flax fibers
flax fibres
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsforest forest waste forest residue
forest residuesforestry residuesforestry wasteforestry wastesforest litterforest nursery waste
garden garden waste garden wastesgastropod gastropod shellgoat goat manuregrape exhausted grape marcgrape grape marc grape pomace
spent grape marcgrape grape seed grape seeds
grape seed extractgrape grape stalk grape stalks
grapevinesgrape vine
grape grape wastegreenhouse greenhouse effluentgreenhouse greenhouse wasteguar guar gumguar guar gum industrial wasteguayule guayule resinhazelnut hazelnut cupula hazelnut huskhazelnut hazelnut oilcattle hoof hooves
hoofmealhoofs
cattle horn hornshornmealhorn mealhorn shavings
horse horse manurehorticulture horticultural wastehousehold waste household hazardous wastehousehold waste household municipal solid
wastehousehold waste household organic waste household bio waste
organic household wasteorganic household wastessource separated organic house-hold wastekitchen organic wasteshousehold biowastehousehold food waste
household waste household sewagehousehold waste household solid organic wastehousehold waste household solid wastehousehold waste household waste household wasteshousehold waste household wastewaterhousehold waste mixed household wastehousehold waste residual household wastehousehold waste source separated household
waste
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsjatropha jatropha cake jatropha curcas seed cake
jatropha curcas linn capsule huskjatropha huskjatropha seedshell cakejatropha meal
jatropha jatropha wastejute jute dustjute jute fibresjute jute stickkenaf kenaf fiberkitchen waste kitchen garbage kitchen waste
kitchen wasteskitchen waste kitchen waste compost kitchen waste compostingkitchen waste kitchen wastewater kitchen sink wastewaterkitchen waste vegetable kitchen wastekraft eucalyptus kraft pulpkraft kraft mill effluent kraft mill effluents
kraft pulp mill effluentkraft pulp mill effluentskraft effluentkraft cellulose mill wastewaterbleached kraft mill effluentbleached kraft mill effluentsbleached kraft pulp mill effluent
kraft kraft mill lignin kraft ligninkraft kraft pulp kraft pulpingleather leather dustleather leather shavingsleather leather waste leather wasteslettuce lettuce seedslucerne lucerne haymaize corn cob corn cobs
corncobcorncobs
maize corn fiber corn fibersmaize corn gluten mealmaize corn oilmaize corn residue corn residuesmaize corn silage maize silagemaize corn stalk corn stalks
cornstalkmaize stalkmaize stalks
maize corn starchmaize corn steep liquormaize corn stover corn stoversmaize corn straw maize strawmaize corn syrup wastemaize corn wet milling effluentmaize ear corn residuemaize maize branmaize maize starchmaize maize waste
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsmalt malt bagassemalt malt waste malt wastesmalt malting wastewatermango mango peelsmilk milk fatmilk milk house wastewatermilk milk powdermilk milk protein milk proteinsmilk milk wheymilk waste milkmushroom mushroom compost spent mushroom compostmushroom mushroom waste mushroom wastes
mushroom residuemushroom spent mushroom substrate spent mushroom substratesmussel mussel shell mussel shellsmustard mustard tuber wastewaterneem neem cakeneem neem leavesnewspaper waste newspaperoak oak barkoak oak sawdustoat oat strawokra okra gumolive olive cake wet olive cake
dry olive cakeolive olive husk olive husksolive olive leaf olive leavesolive olive mill solid waste olive mill solid wastes
dry olive mill residuedry olive residueolive mill residuesolive solid wastetwo phase olive mill solid residue
olive olive mill waste compost olive pomace compostolive olive oil mill waste olive oil mill wastes
olive mill wasteolive mill wastesolive oil wasteolive wasteolive wastestwo phase olive mill wastetwo phase olive mill wastesolive oil industry wasteolive processing waste
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsolive olive oil mill waste water olive oil mill waste waters
olive oil mill wastewaterolive oil mill wastewatersolive mill effluentolive mill effluentsolive oil waste waterolive oil wastewaterolive oil wastewatersolive mill waste waterolive mill waste watersolive mill wastewaterolive mill wastewatersolive mill wastewater sludgeolive mill wastewater treatmentolive oil mill effluentsraw olive mill wastewaterolive mills wastewaterolive oil processing wastewaterolive plant wastewater
olive olive oil mill wastewater sludge olive mill sludgeolive olive pits olive stone
olive stonesolive olive pomace olive mill pomace
two phase olive pomaceolive oil cakeolive mill watery husk
olive olive pomace leachateolive olive pomace oilolive olive pulp raw olive pulponion onion dehydration wastewateronion onion juiceonion onion peelsorange industrial orange wasteorange orange juiceorange orange juice waste waterorange orange peel orange peels
orange peel wasteorange orange waste orange wastesoyster oyster shell waste oyster shellsoyster waste oysterpalm date palm leafpalm date syrup wastepalm oil palm biomasspalm oil palm empty fruit bunch oil palm empty fruit bunchespalm oil palm frond oil palm frondspalm oil palm stonepalm oil palm trunkpalm oil palm wastepalm palm ashpalm palm fatty acid distillatepalm palm fiber palm press fibrepalm palm kernel cakepalm palm kernel mealpalm palm kernel proteinpalm palm oil fuel ashpalm palm oil mill effluent palm oil mill effluentspalm palm oil mill sludge palm oil sludge
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelspalm palm oil mill waste palm oil mill wastes
palm oil wastesoil palm wastes
palm palm shell palm shellspalm palm wastepaper de inking paper sludgepaper paper fiber paper fiberspaper paper pulppaper paper recycling wastewaterpaper paper sludge paper sludges
paper pulp sludgepaper paper waste paper wastespaper recycled paper sludgepaper waste paper waste papers
wastepaperpaper waste paper pulppaper wastepaper pulp effluents wastepaper pulping effluentpaper miill paper mill effluent paper mill effluents
paper industry effluentpaper factory effluentpaper effluent
paper miill paper mill sludge paper mill sludgespapermill sludge
paper miill paper mill waste paper mill wastespaper mill waste materials
paper miill paper mill wastewater papermaking wastewaterpaper industry wastewaterpaper wastewater
paper miill pulp and paper mill sludge pulp and paper mill sludgespulp and paper sludgepulp mill sludge
paper miill pulp and paper mill wastewa-ter
pulp and paper mill effluentpulp and paper mill effluentspulp and paper wastewaterpulp and paper wastewaterspulp and paper waste treatmentsystemspulp and paper industry wastewa-terpulp and paper industry effluentspulp and paper effluentpulp and paper effluentspulp mill effluentpulp mill effluentspulp mill wastewater
peach peach pitpeanut peanut oilpeanut peanut shells peanut hullpeanut peanut skinpine pine barkpine pine chips pine wood chipspine pine needle pine needlespine pine oilpine pine pulpingpine pine sawdustpineapple pineapple juicepineapple pineapple leafpineapple pineapple peelpineapple pineapple pulppineapple pineapple waste pineapple wastes
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelspistachio pistachio by productpistachio pistachio compostpistachio pistachio hull wastepomegranate pomegranate juicepomegranate pomegranate marc pomegranate huskpoplar poplar wood chipspotato potato juicepotato potato peel potato peels
potato skinpotato peel waste
potato potato processing wastewater potato wastewaterpotato process effluent
potato potato pulppotato potato starchpotato potato starch wastewaterpotato potato waste solid potato waste
potato processing wastepoultry chicken feather chicken feathers
chicken feather wastepoultry featherpoultry feathers
poultry chicken fecespoultry chicken intestinepoultry chicken litter poultry litter
poultry litterspoultry chicken manure chicken manures
hen manurepoultry manurepoultry manuressolid poultry manure
poultry chicken slurry chicken manure slurrypoultry poultry beddingpoultry poultry bloodpoultry poultry carcassespoultry poultry intestinepoultry poultry litter leachatepoultry poultry litter wastepoultry poultry manure compostpoultry poultry wastewater poultry manure wastewaterpoultry poultry slaughterhouse wastepoultry poultry slaughterhouse
wastewaterpoultry processing wastewaterpoultry slaughter wastewaterpoultry slaughterhouse wastewatertreatment plant
poultry poultry waste poultry wastesdried poultry waste
rabbit rabbit manurerapeseed rapeseed cake rapeseed meal
canola mealrapeseed press cake
rapeseed rapeseed residuerapeseed rapeseed straw canola straw
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsrice rice bran rice brans
fermented rice branrice rice bran oilrice rice chaffrice rice hull rice hullsrice rice hull ashrice rice husk rice husksrice rice husk ashrice rice husk biocharrice rice mill waste rice residuesrice rice seed peelsrice rice straw rice straws
rice straw wasterice straw residue
rubber rubber factory wasterubber rubber latex effluentrubber rubber seed oilrubber rubber waste waste rubberrubber rubber wastewater rubber thread wastewatersago sago pith wastesago sago sludgesago sago starchsago sago waste sago industry waste
sago residuesago sago wastewater sago effluentsawmill sawmill wastewaterseafood seafood wastewaterseaweed seaweed leachatesesame sesame barksheep sheep littersheep sheep manuresheep sheep wool sheepwoolshrimp shrimp biowaste shrimp bio wasteshrimp shrimp farm effluents shrimp aquaculture wastewater
shrimp pond effluentshrimp shrimp mealshrimp shrimp shellsshrimp shrimp waste shrimp wastessisal sisal fiber sisal fibre wastesisal sisal leaf waste leachateslaughterhouse slaughterhouse waste slaughterhouse wastes
solid slaughterhouse wasteabattoir waste
slaughterhouse slaughterhouse wastewater slaughterhouse wastewatersslaughterhouse wastewater treat-mentslaughterhouse wastewater treat-ment plantabattoir effluentabattoir wastewaterslaughterhouse plant wastewaterslaughterhouse effluent
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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelssorghum sorghum bagasse sweet sorghum bagassesorghum sorghum liquor wastesorghum sorghum silagesoy soy cake soybean meal
soy mealsoya oil cake
soy soy molassessoy soy residuesoy soy sauce wastewatersoy soy waste soya wastesoy soybean hull soybean hulls
soybean husksoy soybean strawsoy soybean waste cooking oilsoy soybean wastewater soybean processing wastewaterspruce spruce barksugar residual sugarssugar sugar industry waste sugar factory waste
sugar industry wastessugar mill wastesugar refinery waste
sugar sugar industry wastewaters sugar mill effluentssugar industry effluentsugar mill effluentsugar wastewater
sugar sugar mill sludgesugar sugar molassessugar beet beet molasses beet molasses vinassesugar beet beet sugar wastewatersugar beet beet vinassesugar beet dried sugar beet pulp spent sugar beet pulpsugar beet sugar beet molassessugar beet sugar beet processing wastew-
atersugar beet sugar beet pulpsugar beet sugar beet silagesugar beet sugar beet vinassesugar beet sugar beet wastesugar cane cane juicesugar cane sugar cane bagasse sugarcane bagasse
sugar cane strawsugar cane sugar cane molasses sugarcane molasses
cane molassessugar cane sugar cane vinassesugar cane sugar cane wastesugar cane sugar cane wax sugar cane crude waxsugar cane sugarcane bagasse ashsugar cane sugarcane distillery effluentsugar cane sugarcane filter cakesugar cane sugarcane juicesugar cane sugarcane trash cane trash
sugarcane residuesugar cane sugarcane vinasse
20
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelssunflower sunflower cake sunflower oil cakesunflower sunflower seed husks sunflower hulls
sunflower hullswine pig manure pig feces
pig dungpig manuressolid swine manureswine manure management sys-temsliquid swine manureliquid hog manureliquid pig manurehog manureflushed swine manureswine manure solidsswine manureswine feces
swine pig manure compostswine pig slaughterhouse sludgeswine pig slaughterhouse wasteswine pig slurry piggery slurry
swine manure slurryuntreated pig slurryswine slurryswine lagoons
swine pig waste pig wastespiggery wastepiggery wastesswine wasteswine wasteshog waste
swine pig wastewaterswine piggery waste treatmentswine piggery wastewater piggery wastewaters
piggery wastewater treatmentpiggery effluentraw swine wastewaterswine wastewaterswine wastewatersswine wastewater treatmentswine waste treatmenttreated swine wastewaterdigested swine wastewaterpig farm wastewaterswine effluentswine lagoonswine waste lagoonswine waste slurry
swine swine digester liquortannery tannery sludge tannery sludges
tannery sewage sludgetannery tannery soak liquortannery tannery solid wastetannery tannery waste tannery wastestannery tannery wastewater tannery wastewaters
tannery wastewater treatmenttannery waste watertannery saline wastewatertannery effluenttannery effluentsleather tanning wastewatertreated tannery effluent
tea tea leaf tea leavestea tea waste green tea waste
tea production waste
21
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelstextile textile dye wastewater textile dyeing wastewater
textile dye effluenttextile dyeing effluent
textile textile effluent textile effluentstextile effluent treatmenttextile industry wastewatertextile wastewatertextile waste watertextile wastewater treatmenttextile wastewatersraw textile wastewaterbiotreated textile wastewater
textile textile fiber textile fiberstextile fibres
textile textile industrial wastewater textile industry effluenttextile mill effluenttextile preparation effluenttextile wastewater effluent
textile textile industry sludge textile sludgetextile wastewater sludge
textile textile washingtextile textile wastetobacco tobacco bio oiltobacco tobacco dusttobacco tobacco waste tobacco wastes
tobacco residuestobacco solid waste
tobacco tobacco wastewatertofu tofu waste tofu processing waste
tofu residuetofu liquid waste
tomato tomato peel tomato peelstomato tomato pomacetomato tomato processing wastewatertomato tomato waste tomato plant waste
tomato processing wasteturkey turkey litterturkey turkey processing wastewatertyre waste tyre rubberwalnut walnut shellswheat wheat branwheat wheat chaffwheat wheat dregswheat wheat fiberwheat wheat glutenwheat wheat huskwheat wheat residuewheat wheat starchwheat wheat straw wheat strawswine wine vinasse wine vinasseswine winery waste winery wastes
wine wasteswine winery wastewater winery wastewater treatment
winery wastewaterswinery effluentwinery effluentswine processing waste sludgewine distillery wastewaterwine distillery wastewaters
22
Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelswood wood ash wood fly ashwood wood barkwood wood blockswood wood char wood charcoal
wood biocharwood wood chip wood chips
woodchipwoodchips
wood wood dust wood powderwood wood fiber wood fibre
wood fibreswood wood flourwood wood hydrolysate effluentwood wood mealwood wood mill effluent wood mill effluentswood wood pellet wood pelletswood wood pulp wood pulpingwood wood sawdust softwood sawdustwood wood shaving wood shavingswood wood tarwood wood vinegarwood wood waste wood wastes
wood and wood wasteswoody debriswaste woodwaste wood biomasswood residuewood residueswood debris
wood woodwaste leachateyeast spent yeast
A.4 DBpedia Spotlight ExampleThe DBpedia Spotlight service provides an online API (Application Programming Interface) where one cansend text to a server online and get a response describing a list of entities found in the text and their corre-sponding Wikipedia articles. In other words, instead of copy/pasting text for thousands of article abstractsinto an online web page 1, we automated the process. The API defines how you can write programming codein order to communicate with this online server and then understand the results which are returned.
Figure A.4 shows the text of a single abstract along with which of the words have been determined torepresent a concept related to a particular Wikipedia article. Table A.4 shows for each of the words found,which Wikipedia article was suggested. Note that the results are sorted by the Wikipedia Article. Entriesthat appear twice in the table were actually found twice in the abstract. To further explain the meaningof the columns in Table A.4, the “surfaceForm” is the exact text match in the abstract, while “WikipediaArticle” is the article that the surfaceForm was matched with. The "support" column relates to the numberof inlinks on Wikipedia, which means that we have more confidence about the annotation since we havemore info about it via the links. The "similarityScore" is based on the context, so not just string matching,but looking at other words that are nearby in the text, versus other words that are nearby in the Wikipediaarticle. This is a technique that helps to disambiguate if a reference to “Paris” is referring to the city inTexas or the city in France.
As expected, text that is an exact match with a Wikipedia article is found easily. Scientific namesare found as well when a common name is given. The text “black soldier fly2 larvae” is linked to thearticle on “Hermetia illucens”, and the text “soldier fly” is linked to “Stratiomyidae”, which is the family offlies that the black soldier fly is in. While in the analysis presented, we do not evaluate co-occurrence oforganisms with TAPs, this does show the power of this approach in managing alternative forms of terms.
1like the one at http://demo.dbpedia-spotlight.org/2 http://live.dbpedia.org/page/Hermetia_illucens
23
Figure A.1: Sample abstract, highlighted text indicates entities with matching Wikipedia articles, as de-scribed in Table 1
Wikipedia Article support surfaceForm similarityScoreBiodiesel 1133 Biodiesel 1Biodiesel 1133 Biodiesel 1Biofuel 1852 Biomass 0.9994981064Biofuel 1852 Biofuel 1Cellulose 1818 Cellulose 0.9999977733Cellulosic ethanol 235 Lignocellulose 0.9999995039EN 14214 13 EN 14214 1Hemicellulose 154 Hemicellulose 1Hermetia_illucens 10 black soldier fly larvae 1Lignin 589 Lignin 1Lipid 2050 Lipid 1Microorganism 2543 Microbes 1Protein 38586 Protein 0.6712916614Rice 10609 Rice 1Royal Scottish Society ofPainters in Watercolour
37 RSW 0.9999999111
Stratiomyidae 119 soldier fly 1
Table 1: Entities extracted using DBpedia Spotlight, with their corresponding Wikipedia articles and ex-traction scores. The “surfaceForm” is the text highlighted in Figure A.1
However, the table also shows that there are examples which are not as precise as desired. For example,“lignocellulose” is linked to “Cellulosic ethanol” when a link to the article “Lignocellulosic_biomass” wouldbe more appropriate. Additionally, the abbreviation RSW is not associated with restaurant solid waste, butrather an art organization.
A.5 Alternative Metrics for Co-occurrence AnalysisIn the article, we chose NPMI as the metric by which we analyze co-occurrences of waste terms and TAPs.As mentioned in the article, this has the advantage of being able to highlight co-occurrences which occur
24
more frequently than chance, which may not appear frequently in the entire collection of text. To give anoverview of how other co-occurrence metrics may influence the results of our analysis, the reader is directedto the spreadsheet available at https://github.com/isdata-org/mapping-the-bioeconomy/raw/master/CoOccurrenceAnalysis/data/Colocation_Scores.xlsx. In addition to showing the metrics already de-scribed (co-occurrence count, PMI and NPMI), it also shows the results for the Weighted Pointwise MutualInformation (WPMI) in addition to the Pearson Residual, whose formulas are shown below.
wpmi (x; y) = p (x, y) logp(x, y)
p(x)p(y)
Equation 3: Weighted Pointwise Mutual Information (WPMI)
pearson (x; y) =p (x, y)− p(x)p(y)
p(x)p(y)
Equation 4: Pearson ResidualA comprehensive overview of co-location metrics is given by Pecina (2005) who lists 87 different ap-
proaches that include variants of mutual information, tests of statistical independence, and various heuristicapproaches.
25
A.6 Co-occurrence Matrices for Groups of WastesThe raw data used to create these matrices is available as a spreadsheet at https://github.com/isdata-org/mapping-the-bioeconomy/raw/master/CoOccurrenceAnalysis/data/Colocation_Scores.xlsx, and thisincludes alternative co-occurrence metrics described in Appendix A.5.
As the entire co-occurrence analysis results are too large to present in a single matrix, we have created aseries of matrices composed of collections of categories defined for wastes in Appendix A.3.3. The sectionsheaders below first give a general description related to the collection of wastes, followed by a list of thewaste categories included. For example, what we term “Alcohol Production” below relates to wastes in thecategories brewery, wine, distillery, malt and yeast.
26
A.6.1 Alcohol Production - brewery, wine, distillery, malt, yeast
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
humic_acidherbicidepesticidefertilizercompostorganic_fertilizervermicompost
constructed_wetlandbiosorptionbiofiltercompositesurfactantcosmeticnanofiltrationbioremediationchelating_agent
proteinoilcellulosehemicelluloseligninstarch
propionic_acidglycerolgallic_acidmalic_acidhydrogensuccinic_acidmethanolcitric_acidgluconic_acidaspartic_acidserinelysinethreonineglutamic_acidxylitollactic_acid
anaerobic_digestionbiogasmethaneethanol_fuelbiofuelbiodieselbiocharcombustionincinerationmicrobial_fuel_cellfuel_cellbiohydrogentorrefaction
glucoselactosesugararabinosesyngasxylosefructosesucrose
polysaccharidepolyamidepolyurethanepolyvinyl_alcoholpolyhydroxyalkanoate
activated_sludgepolymeractivated_carbonbioplastic
reagentaldehydephenolicesterdieselacetic_acidacidbutanolmethyl_esterpolyesterhydroxybutyratealcohol
spen
t_ye
ast
mal
t_w
aste
brew
ery_
was
te
win
e_vi
nass
e
win
ery_
was
te
dist
iller
y_sl
udge
win
ery_
was
tew
ater
mal
t_ba
gass
e
brew
ery_
slud
ge
mal
ting_
was
tew
ater
dist
iller
y_vi
nass
e
brew
ery_
was
tew
ater
dist
iller
y_w
aste
wat
er
dist
iller
y_w
aste
dist
iller
y_sp
ent_
was
h
dist
iller
y_ef
fluen
t
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.2: brewery, wine, distillery, malt, yeast
27
A.6.2 Aquatic Wastes - aquaculture, fish, crustacean, mussel, oyster, shrimp, seafood, algae,seaweed
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizercompostherbicidevermicompostpesticidehumic_acidmulchorganic_fertilizerfish_farminganimal_feedaquaculture
nanofiltrationsurfactantbiofilterbioremediationbiosorptionsolventdenitrificationconstructed_wetlandcosmetic
proteincollagenoilstarchligninchitin
gluconic_acidmalic_acidsuccinic_acidcitric_acidpropionic_acidmethanolhydrogenlactic_acidlysinethreonineserine
methanebiogasbiofuelanaerobic_digestionethanol_fuelcombustionfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellpyrolysis_oilpyrolysisgasificationbiocharbiodieselfuel_oilmethanol_fuel
glucosesugarsyngas
polyacrylamidepolysaccharide
activated_carbonpolymerbiorefineryactivated_sludge
polyesterhydroxybutyratefuran_derivativealcoholreagentolefingasolineesteracidacetic_acidphenolicfood_additivedieselacrylate
fish_
scal
e
fish_
mea
l
shrim
p_w
aste
shrim
p_bi
owas
te
shrim
p_m
eal
crus
tace
an_w
aste
shrim
p_sh
ells
fish_
was
te_o
il
fish_
proc
essi
ng_w
aste
fish_
was
te
was
te_f
ish_
fats
alga
e_m
eal
fishm
eal_
was
tew
ater
aqua
cultu
re_w
aste
fish_
faec
es
fishe
ry_w
ashi
ng_w
ater
shrim
p_fa
rm_e
fflue
nts
aqua
cultu
re_e
fflue
nt
oyst
er_s
hell
fish_
cann
ing_
was
tew
ater
mus
sel_
shel
l
seaf
ood_
was
tew
ater
was
te_o
yste
r
fish_
farm
_effl
uent
fish_
proc
essi
ng_w
aste
wat
er
fish_
offa
l
seaw
eed_
leac
hate
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.3: aquaculture, fish, crustacean, mussel, oyster, shrimp, seafood, algae, seaweed
28
A.6.3 Birds - poultry, turkey, duck, egg
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
windrow_compostingfish_farminganimal_feedhumusgreen_manuremulchherbicidevermicomposthumic_acidaquaculturefertilizercompostorganic_fertilizer
essential_oilsolventbioremediationbiofiltercompositechelating_agent
chitinstarchoilcellulosehemicelluloselignincollagenprotein
lactic_acidhydrogencitric_acidlysinepropionic_acid
fuel_oilcogenerationbriquettebiofuelincinerationsynthetic_fuelgasificationbiodieselbiogashydrothermal_liquefactionpyrolysis_oiltorrefactionpyrolysisbiocharanaerobic_digestionmethane
sucroseglucosesugar
polysaccharidepolyurethane
natural_rubberpolymeractivated_carbon
acetic_acidformaldehydegasolinealcohollactateepoxideacidesterwaxacrylatepolyesteraldehydefood_additive
poul
try_
was
te
chic
ken_
feat
her
poul
try_
carc
asse
s
eggs
hell
poul
try_
man
ure_
com
post
chic
ken_
man
ure
duck
_man
ure
poul
try_
bedd
ing
chic
ken_
litte
r
turk
ey_l
itter
poul
try_
inte
stin
e
poul
try_
litte
r_w
aste
poul
try_
litte
r_le
acha
te
poul
try_
bloo
d
chic
ken_
slur
ry
chic
ken_
fece
s
poul
try_
slau
ghte
rhou
se_w
aste
poul
try_
slau
ghte
rhou
se_w
aste
wat
er
chic
ken_
inte
stin
e
poul
try_
was
tew
ater
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.4: poultry, turkey, duck, egg
29
A.6.4 Dairy - cheese, milk, dairy
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
organic_fertilizer
fertilizer
vermicompost
compost
aquaculture
windrow_composting
animal_feed
nanofiltration
cosmetic
denitrification
biosorption
solvent
biofilter
surfactant
constructed_wetland
protein
starch
chitin
cellulose
oil
glycerol
propionic_acid
hydrogen
methanol
glutamic_acid
lactic_acid
gluconic_acid
biohydrogen
ethanol_fuel
biogas
biofuel
fuel_cell
combustion
incineration
hydrothermal_liquefaction
methane
microbial_fuel_cell
biodiesel
anaerobic_digestion
lactose
sugar
sucrose
fructose
glucose
polyhydroxyalkanoate
polyurethane
activated_sludge
polymer
bioplastic
nylon
acid
alcohol
butanol
reagent
phenolic
polyethylene_glycol
acetic_acid
polyester
hydroxybutyrate
lactate
milk
_whe
y
dair
y_w
aste
_scu
m_o
il
dair
y_m
anur
e_tr
eatm
ent
dair
y_se
wag
e_sl
udge
milk
_fat
was
te_m
ilk
milk
_pow
der
milk
_hou
se_w
aste
wat
er
dair
y_co
w_m
anur
e
chee
se_w
aste
wat
er
dair
y_fo
od_w
aste
wat
er
chee
se_w
hey_
was
tew
ater
dair
y_fa
rm_w
aste
wat
er
milk
_pro
tein
chee
se_w
hey
dair
y_ef
fluen
t
dair
y_w
aste
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.5: cheese, milk, dairy
30
A.6.5 Domestic Waste - household waste, kitchen waste, garden
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizer
organic_fertilizer
humus
green_manure
humic_acid
animal_feed
windrow_composting
mulch
pesticide
compost
vermicompost
surfactant
constructed_wetland
plasticizer
biofilter
bioremediation
solvent
denitrification
cellulose
oil
hemicellulose
starch
lignin
protein
hydrogen
citric_acid
propionic_acid
lactic_acid
anaerobic_digestion
biogas
methane
gasification
combustion
biofuel
fuel_oil
biochar
ethanol_fuel
jet_fuel
incineration
thermal_hydrolysis
biohydrogen
sugar
xylose
glucose
fructose
syngas
polyhydroxyalkanoate
polyacrylamide
bioplastic
activated_sludge
isoprene
acetic_acid
alcohol
ester
polyester
gasoline
acid
butanol
furan_derivative
polyethylene_glycol
diesel
lactide
lactate
vege
tabl
e_ki
tche
n_w
aste
kitc
hen_
was
te_c
ompo
st
kitc
hen_
garb
age
hous
ehol
d_so
lid_o
rgan
ic_w
aste
hous
ehol
d_so
lid_w
aste
hous
ehol
d_se
wag
e
hous
ehol
d_w
aste
wat
er
hous
ehol
d_ha
zard
ous_
was
te
kitc
hen_
was
tew
ater
hous
ehol
d_m
unic
ipal
_sol
id_w
aste
mix
ed_h
ouse
hold
_was
te
resi
dual
_hou
seho
ld_w
aste
gard
en_w
aste
sour
ce_s
epar
ated
_hou
seho
ld_w
aste
hous
ehol
d_or
gani
c_w
aste
hous
ehol
d_w
aste
npmi0.40.30.20.10
Figure A.6: household waste, kitchen waste, garden
31
A.6.6 Fruit Trees - peach, olive, mango, orange, pomegranate, apple, apricot, banana
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
composthumic_acidvermicompostherbicidehumusmulchgreen_manurepesticideorganic_fertilizerfertilizeranimal_feed
compositechelating_agentsurfactantcosmeticdenitrificationnanofiltrationsolventresinconstructed_wetlandbioremediationbiosorptionessential_oil
lignincellulosehemicelluloseoilproteinstarch
citric_acidmalic_acidpropionic_acidlysineserineferulic_acidglycerolhydrogenlactic_acidmethanolfurfuralsuccinic_acidxylitolgallic_acid
anaerobic_digestionmethanebiogasbiofuelcombustionincinerationbiodieselpyrolysis_oilgasificationsynthetic_fuelcogenerationethanol_fuelbiohydrogenfuel_cellmethanol_fuelpyrolysisbiochar
sugarglucosefructosesucrosexyloselactosesyngasarabinose
polyurethanepolyamidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolyacrylamidepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharide
biorefinerypolymeractivated_carbonisoprene
succinatelactonemethylamineslactatereagentacetic_acidolefinwaxepoxideacidalcoholfood_additiveesteraldehydedieselphenolic
appl
e_po
mac
eol
ive_
pulp
oran
ge_j
uice
_was
te_w
ater
oran
ge_j
uice
oliv
e_pi
tsor
ange
_pee
lor
ange
_was
teol
ive_
leaf
oliv
e_oi
l_m
ill_w
aste
_wat
erap
ricot
_sto
nes
peac
h_pi
tol
ive_
cake
oliv
e_po
mac
eol
ive_
oil_
mill
_was
teol
ive_
mill
_sol
id_w
aste
pom
egra
nate
_mar
cm
ango
_pee
lsap
ple_
filte
r_ca
kepo
meg
rana
te_j
uice
oliv
e_oi
l_m
ill_w
aste
wat
er_s
ludg
eol
ive_
pom
ace_
leac
hate
indu
stria
l_or
ange
_was
teol
ive_
mill
_was
te_c
ompo
stap
ple_
was
teol
ive_
pom
ace_
oil
bana
na_p
seud
o_st
emba
nana
_was
teol
ive_
husk
bana
na_p
eel
appl
e_ju
ice
bana
na_s
tem
_was
teba
nana
_lea
f
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.7: peach, olive, mango, orange, pomegranate, apple, apricot, banana
32
A.6.7 General Agricultural Wastes - greenhouse, horticulture, farm
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizer
organic_fertilizer
mulch
green_manure
compost
humus
humic_acid
vermicompost
aquaculture
herbicide
pesticide
constructed_wetland
solvent
denitrification
essential_oil
lignin
cellulose
hemicellulose
oil
protein
lactic_acid
citric_acid
biogas
anaerobic_digestion
biochar
biofuel
ethanol_fuel
pyrolysis
biodiesel
methane
fuel_oil
sugar
biorefinery
alcohol
acid
phenolic
farm
_man
ure
hort
icul
tura
l_w
aste
farm
_effl
uent
s
gree
nhou
se_e
fflue
nt
gree
nhou
se_w
aste
farm
_was
te
npmi0.40.30.20.10
Figure A.8: greenhouse, horticulture, farm
33
A.6.8 Grains - wheat, sorghum, oat, maize, rice, barley
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizerhumic_acidvermicompostaquaculturegreen_manurehumuspesticidewindrow_compostingcompostmulchherbicideorganic_fertilizeranimal_feedsurfactantbiofilterdenitrificationsolventresinbiosorptionchelating_agentcosmeticbioremediationplasticizerdesiccantemulsifieressential_oilcompositecelluloseligninhemicellulosestarchproteinchitinoilpropionic_acidglutamic_acidsuccinic_acidmalonic_acidhydrogencitric_acid5_hydroxymethyl_furfurallactic_acidacetoingluconic_acidglycerolmethanolhigher_alcoholsxylitolthreoninelevulinic_acidfurfuralsorbitolitaconic_acidlysineferulic_acidhydrothermal_liquefactionmicrobial_fuel_cellpyrolysis_oilfuel_cellwood_fuelthermal_hydrolysiscombustionincinerationbiohydrogensynthetic_fuelgasificationfuel_oilbiodieselbiogasmethaneanaerobic_digestioncogenerationpyrolysisbriquetteethanol_fuelbiofuelcellulosic_ethanolalcohol_fueltorrefactionthermal_depolymerizationbiocharxyloseglucosesugarsucrosesyngasfructosearabinosepolyurethanepolyamidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolycarbonatepolyvinyl_acetatepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharidebioplasticbiorefinerypolymeractivated_carbonactivated_sludgenatural_rubbernylonformaldehydelactateethylene_glycolaldehydephenolicfuran_derivativegasolinesugar_acidaciddioxanethfolefinmethyl_esterwaxdiolpropylene_glycol1,3−propanediolglutaric_aciddieselesterbutanolacrylamidealcoholacetic_acidpolyethylene_glycolpolyestersuccinatepyrrolidonelactonefood_additive
corn
_sto
ver
rice_
stra
ww
heat
_str
awco
rn_s
tarc
hw
heat
_glu
ten
whe
at_b
ran
corn
_ste
ep_l
iquo
rco
rn_c
oboa
t_st
raw
sorg
hum
_liq
uor_
was
teco
rn_s
talk
mai
ze_b
ran
corn
_fib
erric
e_br
anric
e_br
an_o
ilco
rn_g
lute
n_m
eal
corn
_wet
_mill
ing_
efflu
ent
rice_
hull_
ash
corn
_oil
barle
y_st
raw
corn
_res
idue
rice_
hull
rice_
husk
_bio
char
rice_
husk
_ash
sorg
hum
_bag
asse
rice_
husk
corn
_syr
up_w
aste
whe
at_s
tarc
hw
heat
_cha
ffso
rghu
m_s
ilage
whe
at_h
usk
whe
at_f
iber
mai
ze_s
tarc
hric
e_se
ed_p
eels
rice_
mill
_was
teco
rn_s
traw
corn
_sila
geea
r_co
rn_r
esid
uem
aize
_was
tew
heat
_res
idue
barle
y_st
arch
rice_
chaf
fba
rley_
was
tew
heat
_dre
gs
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.9: wheat, sorghum, oat, maize, rice, barley
34
A.6.9 Grasses - flax, sisal, kenaf, jute, bamboo, sugar cane
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
compostanimal_feedorganic_fertilizerfertilizerhumic_acidmulchvermicompostherbicidepesticide
biofilterbioremediationplasticizerchelating_agentdenitrificationconstructed_wetlandsolventbiosorptionresinemulsifiercomposite
celluloseligninhemicelluloseproteinstarchoil
glutamic_acidlysinecitric_acidlactic_acidpropionic_acidglycerolhydrogenmethanolhigher_alcoholsferulic_acidfurfuralxylitol
fuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellcombustioncogenerationfuel_oilincinerationbiodieselmethanegasificationbiogasanaerobic_digestionethanol_fuelbiofuelalcohol_fuelcellulosic_ethanolbiohydrogenpyrolysisbiocharbriquettesynthetic_fuel
syngasglucosexylosesucrosefructosesugar
polyhydroxyalkanoatepolyamidepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharidepolyacrylamidepolyurethane
polymeractivated_carbonbioplasticbiorefinerynatural_rubber
phenolicacrylamidedioxanedieselbutanolformaldehydealdehydeacidreagentesteracetic_acidpolyestergasolinealcoholwaxlactone
bam
boo_
dust
suga
r_ca
ne_b
agas
se
suga
rcan
e_ju
ice
suga
r_ca
ne_m
olas
ses
suga
rcan
e_ba
gass
e_as
h
bam
boo_
char
coal
jute
_fib
res
flax_
fiber
suga
r_ca
ne_w
ax
cane
_jui
ce
bam
boo_
leav
es
suga
r_ca
ne_w
aste
suga
r_ca
ne_v
inas
se
jute
_dus
t
suga
rcan
e_tr
ash
suga
rcan
e_di
still
ery_
efflu
ent
kena
f_fib
er
bam
boo_
vine
gar
sisa
l_le
af_w
aste
_lea
chat
e
sisa
l_fib
er
suga
rcan
e_vi
nass
e
jute
_stic
k
suga
rcan
e_fil
ter_
cake
bam
boo_
was
tew
ater
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.10: flax, sisal, kenaf, jute, bamboo, sugar cane
35
A.6.10 General Industrial Waste - dye, textile, carpet
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
vermicompost
humus
organic_fertilizer
fertilizer
compost
humic_acid
aquaculture
bioremediation
biofilter
surfactant
constructed_wetland
chelating_agent
solvent
composite
resin
cosmetic
biosorption
nanofiltration
cellulose
hemicellulose
protein
lignin
starch
chitin
fumaric_acid
lactic_acid
anaerobic_digestion
biofuel
biogas
gasification
ethanol_fuel
methane
pyrolysis
combustion
cogeneration
incineration
glucose
fructose
sugar
sucrose
polyvinyl_alcohol
polyurethane
polysaccharide
polyacrylamide
polyvinyl_acetate
polyamide
activated_sludge
polymer
bioplastic
activated_carbon
nylon
formaldehyde
methyl_ester
1,3−propanediol
acid
lactate
ethylene_glycol
ester
polyethylene_glycol
reagent
acrylate
wax
polyester
carp
et_w
aste
text
ile_w
ashi
ng
text
ile_f
iber
text
ile_i
ndus
try_
slud
ge
text
ile_i
ndus
tria
l_w
aste
wat
er
dye_
was
te
text
ile_e
fflue
nt
dye_
was
tew
ater
carp
et_d
yein
g_w
aste
wat
er
text
ile_d
ye_w
aste
wat
er
text
ile_w
aste
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.11: dye, textile, carpet
36
A.6.11 Industrial Waste from Animal Materials - tannery, leather, slaughterhouse
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizer
humus
compost
pesticide
aquaculture
animal_feed
vermicompost
humic_acid
organic_fertilizer
constructed_wetland
nanofiltration
bioremediation
biofilter
biosorption
resin
denitrification
surfactant
solvent
chelating_agent
composite
cosmetic
collagen
protein
starch
oil
lignin
cellulose
propionic_acid
hydrogen
succinic_acid
furfural
glycerol
citric_acid
fuel_cell
biochar
gasification
biohydrogen
biofuel
biodiesel
ethanol_fuel
pyrolysis
microbial_fuel_cell
combustion
incineration
anaerobic_digestion
methane
biogas
sugar
polycarbonate
polyurethane
polysaccharide
polyvinyl_alcohol
polyamide
polyacrylamide
natural_rubber
activated_sludge
nylon
activated_carbon
polymer
polyethylene_glycol
ethylene_glycol
diol
aldehyde
ester
acetic_acid
acid
olefin
phenolic
butanol
alcohol
formaldehyde
leat
her_
dust
leat
her_
was
te
tann
ery_
solid
_was
te
tann
ery_
was
tew
ater
tann
ery_
soak
_liq
uor
slau
ghte
rhou
se_w
aste
wat
er
slau
ghte
rhou
se_w
aste
leat
her_
shav
ings
tann
ery_
slud
ge
tann
ery_
was
te
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.12: tannery, leather, slaughterhouse
37
A.6.12 Mammals - cattle, swine, goat, rabbit, sheep, horse
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizercompostwindrow_compostinghumic_acidhumusaquaculturepesticideherbicidegreen_manuremulchanimal_feedorganic_fertilizervermicompost
cosmeticbiofiltersolventchelating_agentresinplasticizerconstructed_wetlandessential_oilcompositebioremediationdenitrification
hemicelluloselignincelluloseproteinoilchitincollagen
glutamic_acidlysineaspartic_acidlactic_acidpropionic_acidmethanolcitric_acidhydrogenferulic_acidglycerol
pyrolysis_oilbiodieselsynthetic_fuelcombustionfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellincinerationethanol_fuelbiohydrogengasificationpyrolysishydrothermal_liquefactionbiocharcogenerationthermal_hydrolysismethanebiofuelbriquettehydrogen_storagealcohol_fuelanaerobic_digestionbiogas
glucoselactosesugar
polyacrylamidepolyamidepolyacrylatepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharide
polymeractivated_sludgeparticle_board
formaldehydegasolineacrylamidephenolicdieselesterketone_derivativealcoholwaxacetic_acidacidpolyethylene_glycolfood_additive
shee
p_w
ool
beef
_sue
tliv
esto
ck_m
anur
e_di
gest
er_l
iquo
rsh
eep_
litte
rco
w_s
lurr
yra
bbit_
man
ure
shee
p_m
anur
eca
ttle_
man
ure
goat
_man
ure
cow
_urin
ebo
vine
_hai
rho
rse_
man
ure
pigg
ery_
was
tew
ater
pig_
man
ure
horn
hoof
bovi
ne_b
one
pig_
was
tew
ater
cow
_dun
g_as
hpi
g_m
anur
e_co
mpo
stca
ttle_
slau
ghte
rhou
se_w
aste
wat
erpi
g_sl
augh
terh
ouse
_slu
dge
swin
e_di
gest
er_l
iquo
rpi
gger
y_w
aste
_tre
atm
ent
pig_
slau
ghte
rhou
se_w
aste
pig_
was
teca
ttle_
was
tepi
g_sl
urry
cattl
e_w
aste
wat
erca
ttle_
slur
ry
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.13: cattle, swine, goat, rabbit, sheep, horse
38
A.6.13 Non-food crops - coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, lucerne, alfalfa, guayule
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
humic_acidhumusvermicompostherbicidepesticidefertilizercompostwindrow_compostingmulchanimal_feedorganic_fertilizer
constructed_wetlandbiofilterdenitrificationplasticizeressential_oilcosmeticsolventresincompositebiosorptionbioremediation
cellulosehemicelluloseligninstarchoilprotein
glycerolmethanolhydrogenlactic_acidcitric_acidpropionic_acidsuccinic_acidgallic_acidhigher_alcoholsferulic_acid
biodieselbiofuelsynthetic_fuelbiocharanaerobic_digestionmethanebiogascombustionincinerationgasificationfuel_oilethanol_fuelpyrolysistorrefaction
sugarsyngasglucosesucrosefructose
polyamidepolyurethanepolycarbonate
activated_carbonbiorefineryactivated_sludgepolymerisopreneparticle_board
food_additiveolefinformaldehydealdehydeacetic_acidacidpolyesterepoxidemethyl_esterwaxlactonephenolicalcoholesterdiesel
cotto
nsee
d_oi
lco
tton_
seed
_oil
cotto
nsee
dco
ffee_
was
tew
ater
coffe
e_pu
lpco
tton_
stal
kco
ffee_
husk
toba
cco_
was
teco
tton_
gin_
tras
hte
a_le
afto
bacc
o_w
aste
wat
erte
a_w
aste
toba
cco_
bio_
oil
cotto
nsee
d_de
_oile
d_ca
kesp
ent_
coffe
eco
tton_
was
teal
falfa
_for
age
alfa
lfa_p
owde
rsco
ttons
eed_
mea
lgu
ayul
e_re
sin
alfa
lfa_h
ayco
ffee_
proc
essi
ng_w
aste
wat
erco
tton_
fiber
toba
cco_
dust
cotto
n_te
xtile
_dye
ing_
was
tew
ater
cotto
nsee
d_hu
llslu
cern
e_ha
yco
ffee_
grou
nds
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.14: coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, lucerne, alfalfa, guayule
39
A.6.14 Non-food trees - castor, jatropha, neem
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
humus
organic_fertilizer
fertilizer
compost
mulch
animal_feed
bioadhesive
composite
resin
cellulose
oil
lignin
protein
glycerol
biodiesel
pyrolysis
fuel_oil
biofuel
ethanol_fuel
methane
biogas
anaerobic_digestion
cellulosic_ethanol
sugar
bioplastic
activated_carbon
ester
alcohol
aldehyde
acid
diesel
jatr
opha
_cak
e
jatr
opha
_was
te
neem
_lea
ves
neem
_cak
e
cast
or_b
ean_
cake
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.15: castor, jatropha, neem
40
A.6.15 Nut trees - pistachio, hazelnut, almond, walnut
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
organic_fertilizer
humic_acid
fertilizer
vermicompost
compost
surfactant
solvent
lignin
cellulose
hemicellulose
oil
starch
protein
levulinic_acid
methanol
biofuel
ethanol_fuel
gasification
pyrolysis
biodiesel
wood_fuel
glucose
activated_carbon
activated_sludge
alcohol
ester
methyl_ester
formaldehyde
acid
food_additive
haze
lnut
_oil
haze
lnut
_cup
ula
wal
nut_
shel
ls
pist
achi
o_hu
ll_w
aste
pist
achi
o_co
mpo
st
pist
achi
o_by
_pro
duct
alm
ond_
mea
l
alm
ond_
shel
ls
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.16: pistachio, hazelnut, almond, walnut
41
A.6.16 Oil crops - sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, peanut
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizer
compost
organic_fertilizer
humic_acid
green_manure
resin
cosmetic
composite
biofilter
bioremediation
solvent
biosorption
essential_oil
bioadhesive
lignin
starch
protein
oil
hemicellulose
cellulose
methanol
citric_acid
lactic_acid
hydrogen
glycerol
ferulic_acid
5_hydroxymethyl_furfural
levulinic_acid
furfural
biohydrogen
microbial_fuel_cell
biogas
combustion
incineration
methane
anaerobic_digestion
pyrolysis
wood_fuel
cellulosic_ethanol
biochar
ethanol_fuel
fuel_cell
biofuel
fuel_oil
synthetic_fuel
biodiesel
arabinose
fructose
xylose
glucose
sugar
syngas
sucrose
polysaccharide
biorefinery
bioplastic
activated_carbon
activated_sludge
alcohol
acid
acetic_acid
aldehyde
wax
diesel
phenolic
methyl_ester
ester
rape
seed
_str
aw
rape
seed
_cak
e
pean
ut_o
il
rape
seed
_res
idue
sesa
me_
bark
sunf
low
er_s
eed_
husk
s
pean
ut_s
kin
sunf
low
er_c
ake
pean
ut_s
hells
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.17: sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, peanut
42
A.6.17 Other Industrial Waste - tyre, rubber, sugar
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
vermicompost
animal_feed
organic_fertilizer
humic_acid
pesticide
fertilizer
compost
solvent
biofilter
surfactant
denitrification
bioremediation
composite
essential_oil
resin
oil
hemicellulose
lignin
protein
cellulose
lysine
citric_acid
lactic_acid
furfural
hydrogen
methanol
propionic_acid
methane
biogas
anaerobic_digestion
microbial_fuel_cell
ethanol_fuel
biohydrogen
combustion
incineration
pyrolysis_oil
biofuel
biodiesel
fuel_cell
pyrolysis
gasification
sugar
arabinose
xylose
glucose
sucrose
polyhydroxyalkanoate
polysaccharide
polymer
activated_sludge
activated_carbon
biorefinery
bioplastic
natural_rubber
acid
acetic_acid
aldehyde
reagent
alcohol
ester
food_additive
diesel
phenolic
butanol
gasoline
methyl_ester
resi
dual
_sug
ars
rubb
er_w
aste
rubb
er_s
eed_
oil
rubb
er_l
atex
_effl
uent
suga
r_in
dust
ry_w
aste
suga
r_m
olas
ses
rubb
er_f
acto
ry_w
aste
rubb
er_w
aste
wat
er
was
te_t
yre_
rubb
er
suga
r_in
dust
ry_w
aste
wat
ers
suga
r_m
ill_s
ludg
e
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.18: tyre, rubber, sugar
43
A.6.18 Palm - palm, coconut, sago, babassu
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
vermicompostcompostfertilizerhumic_acidherbicidepesticidemulchwindrow_compostingaquacultureanimal_feedorganic_fertilizer
chelating_agentbiosorptionsurfactantbioremediationbiofilterdenitrificationresinsolventcompositeplasticizer
oillignincelluloseproteinhemicellulosechitinstarch
propionic_acidglutamic_acidhydrogenlactic_acidmethanolfurfuralcitric_acidglycerol
microbial_fuel_cellbiogasfuel_cellmethaneanaerobic_digestionincinerationcombustionbiohydrogenethanol_fuelfuel_oilbiofuelbiodieselsynthetic_fuelbiocharbriquettepyrolysispyrolysis_oiltorrefactiongasificationwood_fuel
xylosearabinoseglucosesyngassucrosesugar
polyhydroxyalkanoatepolyvinyl_alcoholpolyurethanepolycarbonate
polymeractivated_sludgebiorefineryactivated_carbonbioplastic
acidacetic_acidaldehydealcoholesterbutanolacrylategasolinedieselwaxmtbeepoxidehydroxybutyrate
sago
_pith
_was
tesa
go_s
tarc
hpa
lm_w
aste
palm
_oil_
mill
_was
tepa
lm_f
iber
sago
_was
tew
ater
coco
nut_
husk
sago
_was
teda
te_s
yrup
_was
teoi
l_pa
lm_b
iom
ass
oil_
palm
_fro
ndpa
lm_f
atty
_aci
d_di
still
ate
coco
nut_
wat
erpa
lm_o
il_m
ill_e
fflue
ntoi
l_pa
lm_w
aste
palm
_ker
nel_
cake
oil_
palm
_em
pty_
frui
t_bu
nch
palm
_she
llco
conu
t_sh
ell
coco
nut_
fiber
palm
_ash
baba
ssu_
cake
palm
_ker
nel_
mea
lpa
lm_k
erne
l_pr
otei
noi
l_pa
lm_t
runk
date
_pal
m_l
eaf
oil_
palm
_sto
nesa
go_s
ludg
eco
co_p
eat
palm
_oil_
fuel
_ash
palm
_oil_
mill
_slu
dge
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.19: palm, coconut, sago, babassu
44
A.6.19 Paper - newspaper, paper, paper mill, kraft
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
organic_fertilizerpesticidecompostfertilizerhumusvermicompostherbicidemulch
resincompositebioremediationsolventbiosorptionsurfactantplasticizercosmeticchelating_agent
cellulosehemicelluloseproteinoilstarchlignin
succinic_acidmethanolhydrogengluconic_acidpropionic_acidfurfurallactic_acid
ethanol_fuelbiofuelgasificationcogenerationpyrolysis_oilmethaneincinerationbiohydrogentorrefactionbiogasanaerobic_digestioncombustionbiodieselpyrolysisbiocharmicrobial_fuel_cellfuel_cell
fructosesugarsucrosesyngasglucosexylose
polysaccharidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolyurethanepolyvinyl_alcohol
bioplasticpolymeractivated_sludgeactivated_carbonbiorefinery
gasolinediolformaldehydeacetic_acidacrylatephenolicfood_additivemethyl_esterthfaldehydediesellactatepolyethylene_glycolreagentacidpolyesteralcoholbutanolesterolefinwaxfuran_derivativeketone_derivativepropylene_glycolbutanediol1,4−butanediol
kraf
t_pu
lp
kraf
t_m
ill_l
igni
n
was
te_n
ewsp
aper
pape
r_pu
lp
was
te_p
aper
_pul
p
euca
lypt
us_k
raft_
pulp
was
tepa
per_
pulp
_effl
uent
s
pape
r_fib
er
kraf
t_m
ill_e
fflue
nt
pape
r_re
cycl
ing_
was
tew
ater
recy
cled
_pap
er_s
ludg
e
de_i
nkin
g_pa
per_
slud
ge
pape
r_sl
udge
pape
r_w
aste
was
te_p
aper
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.20: newspaper, paper, paper mill, kraft
45
A.6.20 Plant Crops - lettuce, mustard, okra, tomato, broccoli, cabbage, bean, mushroom,pineapple, cranberry, grape, guar
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
compostfertilizeranimal_feedpesticideherbicidemulchorganic_fertilizerhumic_acidhumusgreen_manurevermicompost
compositesurfactantresinbiofilterconstructed_wetlandbiosorptiondenitrificationbioremediationsolventcosmeticessential_oil
cellulosestarchhemicelluloseligninoilchitinprotein
methanolglycerolpropionic_acidhydrogenmalic_acidlactic_acidgallic_acidxylitollysine
methanebiogasincinerationbiodieselcombustionbiocharanaerobic_digestionbiofuelfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellpyrolysistorrefactionethanol_fuel
sugarglucosexylose
polysaccharidepolyvinyl_alcohol
activated_carbonactivated_sludgebiorefinerypolymer
dieselgasolineesterformaldehydeacidaldehydeacetic_acidpolyethylene_glycollactatealcoholphenolic
grap
e_se
edgr
ape_
mar
cto
mat
o_w
aste
pine
appl
e_pe
elbe
an_c
urd_
man
ufac
turin
g_w
aste
pine
appl
e_ju
ice
pine
appl
e_pu
lppi
neap
ple_
was
teto
mat
o_po
mac
eca
bbag
e_w
aste
guar
_gum
pine
appl
e_le
afgr
ape_
stal
kgu
ar_g
um_i
ndus
tria
l_w
aste
mus
hroo
m_w
aste
mus
hroo
m_c
ompo
stcr
anbe
rry_
pom
ace
grap
e_w
aste
spen
t_m
ushr
oom
_sub
stra
tebe
an_d
regs
okra
_gum
tom
ato_
peel
mus
tard
_tub
er_w
aste
wat
ercr
anbe
rry_
proc
essi
ng_w
aste
tom
ato_
proc
essi
ng_w
aste
wat
erbr
occo
li_re
sidu
ebe
an_p
ods
lettu
ce_s
eeds
exha
uste
d_gr
ape_
mar
c
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.21: lettuce, mustard, okra, tomato, broccoli, cabbage, bean, mushroom, pineapple, cranberry,grape, guar
46
A.6.21 Soy - soy, tofu
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
organic_fertilizer
compost
fertilizer
vermicompost
green_manure
animal_feed
bioremediation
surfactant
solvent
composite
resin
denitrification
bioadhesive
essential_oil
desiccant
cosmetic
humectant
hemicellulose
cellulose
starch
lignin
protein
oil
lactic_acid
hydrogen
propionic_acid
glycerol
threonine
lysine
methanol
anaerobic_digestion
biohydrogen
biogas
methane
biochar
pyrolysis
biodiesel
cellulosic_ethanol
ethanol_fuel
biofuel
briquette
glucose
sugar
sucrose
polyurethane
polysaccharide
polyhydroxyalkanoate
activated_carbon
biorefinery
polymer
activated_sludge
bioplastic
acid
ester
alcohol
acetic_acid
diesel
formaldehyde
hydroxybutyrate
polyester
butanol
dioxane
soy_
mol
asse
s
soyb
ean_
hull
soy_
cake
soy_
was
te
tofu
_was
te
soyb
ean_
stra
w
soy_
resi
due
soyb
ean_
was
tew
ater
soyb
ean_
was
te_c
ooki
ng_o
il
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.22: soy, tofu
47
A.6.22 Root Crops - onion, potato, cassava, beet, sugar beet
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
herbicidepesticideorganic_fertilizervermicompostfertilizercompostgreen_manureanimal_feed
surfactantresincompositesolventdenitrificationconstructed_wetlandbioremediationessential_oilbiosorption
proteinligninoilcollagenchitinhemicellulosecellulosestarch
glycerolsuccinic_acidpropionic_acidcitric_acidfumaric_acidmethanolhydrogenlysineglutamic_acidferulic_acidlactic_acid
biogasanaerobic_digestionmethanepyrolysisbiocharbiodieselincinerationgasificationcombustionbriquettebiohydrogenfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellethanol_fuelbiofuel
sugarsucroseglucosexylosefructose
polysaccharidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolyurethanepolyvinyl_alcohol
activated_sludgepolymeractivated_carbonbioplasticbiorefinerynylon
acidpolyesterlactategasolinedieselphenoliclactidefood_additiveacetic_acidalcoholbutanol
pota
to_j
uice
beet
_mol
asse
sca
ssav
a_w
aste
wat
erca
ssav
a_pu
lpca
ssav
a_st
arch
suga
r_be
et_w
aste
pota
to_p
eel
beet
_sug
ar_w
aste
wat
erdr
ied_
suga
r_be
et_p
ulp
beet
_pul
psu
gar_
beet
_pul
psu
gar_
beet
_vin
asse
beet
_vin
asse
suga
r_be
et_m
olas
ses
onio
n_pe
els
cass
ava_
hay
suga
r_be
et_s
ilage
cass
ava_
mea
lpo
tato
_pul
pca
ssav
a_pe
elca
ssav
a_ba
gass
epo
tato
_sta
rch
cass
ava_
star
ch_w
aste
wat
erca
ssav
a_fib
rous
_res
idue
pota
to_s
tarc
h_w
aste
wat
erca
ssav
a_w
aste
cass
ava_
dreg
ssu
gar_
beet
_pro
cess
ing_
was
tew
ater
onio
n_ju
ice
pota
to_w
aste
pota
to_p
roce
ssin
g_w
aste
wat
er
npmi0.80.60.40.20
Figure A.23: onion, potato, cassava, beet, sugar beet
48
A.6.23 Wood - wood, eucalyptus, forest, spruce, pine, poplar, sawmill, oak
Agriculture
Application
Biomass Feedstocks
Building Blocks
Energy
Intermediate Platforms
Intermediates
Materials
Secondary Chemicals
fertilizervermicompostcompostpesticidehumic_acidherbicideanimal_feedaquaculturehumusorganic_fertilizerwindrow_compostingmulchbiosorptionchelating_agentdenitrificationnanofiltrationsurfactantplasticizercosmeticbioremediationsolventconstructed_wetlandbiofilterresincompositeligninhemicellulosecelluloseoilstarchproteinchitinfurfurallevulinic_acidmethanolglycerolmixed_alcoholhydrogenfischer_tropsch_liquidspropionic_acidlactic_acidcitric_acidlysineacetoincombustioncellulosic_ethanolalcohol_fuelmethanol_fuelfuel_oilethanol_fuelgasificationbiofuelsynthetic_fuelhydrothermal_liquefactionbiodieselbiogasthermal_hydrolysisanaerobic_digestionbiohydrogenfuel_cellincinerationmethanehydrogen_storagepyrolysis_oilpyrolysisbiocharjet_fuelwood_fuelcofiringbriquettetorrefactioncogenerationsugarfructosesucrosesyngasxylosearabinoseglucosepolyamidepolyvinyl_alcoholpolyacrylatepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolysaccharidepolyurethaneactivated_carbonpolymeractivated_sludgebiorefinerybioplasticparticle_boardalcoholesteraldehydeacrylamideacidlactonepolyethylene_glycolethylene_glycolhydroxybutyratewaxmtbeolefinfuran_derivativedioxaneisosorbideisobutenegasolinebutanolpolyesterformaldehydephenolicdieselacetic_acid
woo
d_pe
llet
fore
st_w
aste
woo
d_ch
ipw
ood_
was
tepi
ne_c
hips
popl
ar_w
ood_
chip
sw
ood_
bark
pine
_oil
pine
_saw
dust
pine
_pul
ping
woo
d_pu
lpw
ood_
flour
woo
d_vi
nega
rw
ood_
fiber
woo
d_du
stw
ood_
mill
_effl
uent
pine
_nee
dle
woo
d_as
hoa
k_ba
rkw
ood_
char
woo
d_hy
drol
ysat
e_ef
fluen
tw
ood_
mea
loa
k_sa
wdu
stw
oodw
aste
_lea
chat
esa
wm
ill_w
aste
wat
erw
ood_
bloc
kseu
caly
ptus
_bar
kw
ood_
tar
euca
lypt
us_c
tmp_
efflu
ent
spru
ce_b
ark
woo
d_sa
wdu
stpi
ne_b
ark
woo
d_sh
avin
g
npmi0.60.40.20
Figure A.24: wood, eucalyptus, forest, spruce, pine, poplar, sawmill, oak
49