Project Number: S-301

Title: DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND SAFETY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS FOR CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD PESTS

Duration: October 1, 2000 – September 30, 2005

Statement of the problem:

There is an urgent need to accelerate the development and implementation of cost-effective, environmentally safe alternatives to chemical pesticides for insect control. As more and more chemical pesticides show up in groundwater, are implicated in health problems and are no longer effective due to pest resistance, biological control as a pest control technology is becoming more desirable. There is an opportunity to immediately develop and implement entomopathogen technology that will significantly improve food safety and affordability, reduce the transmission of animal disease, protect biodiversity, enhance water quality and preserve the environment.

Effective control of noxious insects continues to be an overriding concern throughout all aspects of American agriculture. Over use of chemical pesticides associated with mitigating the damaging effects of agricultural pests and disease vectors, accelerated insect resistance to existing chemical pesticides and environmental pollution are world-wide problems. Current methods for insect control are not sustainable. The use of entomopathogens is a key component in IPM.

Justification:

Multistate research is essential to the development of entomopathogens for pest control. Microbial insecticides, nematodes and transgenic plants are registered for crop protection across state lines. This requires tests of efficacy, persistence, safety, resistance management and other parameters under different sets of environmental conditions. Entomopathogens and their host pest insects are not limited by artificial boundaries. Host insects, non-target organisms and entomopathogens must be exchanged among scientists for optimal development. Protocols must be developed and standardized for the diverse types of research being proposed which can best be accomplished through multistate cooperation. Therefore, the development of entomopathogens for pest management systems requires multi-state cooperative research among State Agricultural Experiment Stations, USDA research groups and industry to be successful in fulfilling the objectives of this project proposal.

Further development and implementation of entomopathogens for biological control of insects will directly benefit farmers, consumers and the environment. Use of entomopathogens as applied microbial insecticides or as classical biological controls will significantly lessen the use of chemical pesticides and therein reduce labor costs, potential health hazards to humans and wildlife, and pollution of soil and groundwater. In addition, the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act in 1996 is requiring progressive detailed review of existing pesticides, and will certainly reduce the variety of pesticides available for use.

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This project is a critical part of biological control and integrated pest management. ESCOP has established the development of pest management strategies as one of its highest-priority initiatives and has identified biological control, including the use of entomopathogens as a priority research objective. The discovery and development of entomopathogens and other biologically based pest management technologies have further been identified in the Southern Strategic Research Plan as requiring more focused effort within the Southern Region.

The proposed research will contribute significantly to greater implementation of entomopathogens as biological control agents for noxious insect pests and invasive species throughout the US. The work will further increase our basic fundamental knowledge of the physiological and ecological relationships among entomopathogens, their toxins and host insect populations including virulence, pathogenicity, transmission mechanisms, persistence, safety, and host resistance.

Related Current and Previous Work:

Most insect species can be afflicted by an assortment of entomopathogens mainly viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes (Lacey and Kaya, 2000). In many insect species, disease outbreaks occur routinely and serve as natural regulators of insect populations (Tanada and Kaya, 1993). Pathogens causing such disease outbreaks in insects include the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of forest pests such as the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, and the Douglas fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata, and many fungal entomopathogens that occur seasonally in grasshopper, fly, and aphid populations (Federici and Maddox, 1996). Less noticeable, but equally effective, are the population reductions resulting from pathogens that cause less acute diseases. Protozoan diseases, for example, in populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and in Eurasian populations of the gypsy moth, L. dispar, are effective in reducing the magnitude of pest infestation (Brooks, 1988). Bacillus thuriengiensis is the most used entomopathogen in the United States with thousands of tons of Bt applied annually to control pests of vegetable and field crops, ornamentals and forest and also to control mosquitoes and black flies in aquatic habitats (Federici and Maddox, 1996). Field applications with nematodes (mainly Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp.) have shown high efficacy for controlling numerous pest species when applied under favorable environmental conditions (Klein, 1990).

The importance of biological control as part of an integrated approach to the management of arthropod pests and weeds is reflected in the number of regional projects that are involved in this area of research. Since its inception in 1978, this project has played a significant and unique role in developing entomopathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, microsporidia and nematodes) as crucial components in integrated pest management programs (see attached critical review and references) and served as a model for the subsequent development of other regional projects on biological control.

The objectives in this proposal appears to parallel those in 4 other regional projects, but will actually complement the research in the other projects listed below:

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NC-125 Biocontrol of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens

S-267 Biological Control of Selected Arthropods, Pests and Weeds

S-268 Evaluation and Development of Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Weeds

S-269 Biological Control and Management of Soilborne Plant Pathogens for Sustainable Crop Production

Objectives for each of these projects appears to closely parallel the objectives of the current proposal, and there also appears to be considerable overlap in orientation. However, the proposed project focuses on entomopathogens for management of arthropod pests, while the emphasis of NC-125, S-268, and S-269 is on biocontrol of plant pathogens and weeds. The proposed project complements S-267, which concentrates on parasitoids and predators as biological control agents of arthropod pests. These 2 projects provide a coordinated framework in the Southern Region for biological control of arthropod pests without redundancy or overlap.

Several other regional projects involve some aspect of biological control in their overall objectives:

NC-205 Ecology and Management of European Corn Borer and Other Stalk-boring Lepidoptera

NE-171 Biological and Cultural Management of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

S-260 Biology, Ecology and Management of Riceland Mosquito Populations

S-274 Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests of Livestock and Poultry

W-185 Biological Control in Pest Management Systems of Plants

This project does not duplicate efforts of any of these five regional projects that have some component of biological control or integrated pest management incorporated in their objectives. Research conducted in this current proposal will compliment and provide new information to develop IPM strategies for control of stalk boring insects (NC-205), mosquitoes (S-260), livestock and poultry pests (S-274), and plant parasitic nematodes. The remaining project (W-185) contains no component addressing the development and use of entomopathogens as proposed within this project.

The objectives of the current proposal’s predecessors are listed in Table 1. The initial projects (S-135 and S-240) were focused primarily on discovery and evaluation of entomopathogens. The objectives of S-265 were broadened to reflect the widening interests in conservation and incorporation of entomopathogens into integrated pest management systems in the Southern Region. The objectives of the current proposal have been focused on specific target pests or habitats. They are further expanded to incorporate novel technologies such as transgenic varieties and specific needs such as

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suppression of invasive species and resistance management to promote economically and environmentally sound pest management in the Southern Region.

Table 1. Objectives for the four consecutive Southern Regional Research Projects, S-135, S-135 (revised), S-240, S-265, and Current Proposal______________________________________________________________________S-135 Development of Microbial agents for Use in Integrated Pest Management

SystemsObj. 1. Development and preparation of standardized test materialsObj. 2. Implementation and coordination of small and large scale efficacy evaluationsObj. 3. Development of methods for increasing the efficacy of microbial agentsObj. 4. Incorporation of microbial agents into integrated pest management systemsObj. 5. Develop and evaluate application systems, which will optimize microbial insect

control for agromonic and vegetable crops, forests, shade trees, man, and livestock

S-135 (revised) Entomopathogens for Use in Pest Management SystemsObj. 1. To identify, characterize, and standardize entomopathogens and

entomopathogenic formulations to be used in regional trials of efficacyObj. 2. To evaluate and optimize efficacy of entomopathogenic formulations prepared

under Objective 1Obj. 3. To determine and analyze the physical and biotic factors that regulate

epizootics of entomopathogensObj. 4. To establish regional procedures and protocols required to maximize the utility

of entomopathogens in pest management systems

S-240 Development of Entomopathogens as Control Agents for Insect PestsObj. 1. Characterize indigenous and exotic entomopathogens for use in regional pest

management systemsObj. 2. Monitor the environmental fate of naturally occurring and introduced pathogensObj. 3. Evaluate efficacy and establish criteria for use of entomopathogens in regional

pest management systems

S-265 Development and Integration of Entomopathogen Pest Management Systems

Obj. 1. Characterize indigenous, exotic and genetically altered entomopathogens for use in integrated pest management (IPM) systems

Obj. 2. Examine the population dynamics of entomopathogens and insect hosts as influenced by ecological conditions

Obj. 3. Incorporate entomopathogens into IPM systems______________________________________________________________________Current Project Objectives:

1. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of leaf feeding insect defoliators

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2. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of homopteran and other piercing-sucking insects

3. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens used in cryptic and soil habitats

4. Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of veterinary and structural arthropod pests

Procedures:

OBJECTIVE 1: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of leaf feeding insect defoliators

Procedures: Field crop pests. Many insect defoliators, especially species of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, are key pests of agriculture. Historically, development of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens for biological control of these pests has been constrained by low or inconsistent efficacy and competition from highly potent, low-cost chemical insecticides. Consequently, activities will focus on development of new technologies to increase the efficacy of these microbial control agents and enhance their economic competitiveness in field and greenhouse pest control. Studies will pursue development of novel formulation and application technologies and integrated-use strategies, including those designed to exploit newly discovered synergistic interactions between insect pathogens and between pathogens and low doses of synthetic chemical insecticides. Enactment of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in the US is leading to restrictions on the use of many of the chemical insecticides long relied upon for broad-spectrum pest control in food crops, and emphasis will therefore be placed on development of microbial control agents for use in vegetable crops. The Colorado potato beetle and the large complex of lepidopteran pests of vegetables, including armyworms, cutworms, fruit and stem borers, loopers and diamondback moth, will be primary targets. Studies will focus on common mass-producible or commercially available pathogens formulated as bioinsecticides, including the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, various nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) and several varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, research aimed at increasing our ability to utilize the great natural epizootic capacity of many fungal and viral pathogens will also be pursued, including studies of the difficult-to-mass-produce fungal pathogens Neozygites fresenii, Zoophthora radicans and Nomuraea rileyi. Project research will emphasize development of methods for integrated use of these microbial control agents in different regions of the country and strategies for resistance management. Safety concerns will be assessed by determining the potential impacts of these pathogens on field populations of beneficial insects and other nontarget invertebrates. Initiation of multistate investigations will include a cooperative effort to adopt standardized small- and large-scale field testing and evaluation protocols for the various microbial control agents. Work on resistance management will include developing strategies for managing resistance to Bt toxins applied as microbial insecticides and/or expressed in genetically modified crops such as potatoes. Collaborators will include AES-AL, CA, FL, ID, LA, ME, MS & SC; BTI-NY; and USDA/ARS-Beltsville, Ithaca, Tifton & Wapato.

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Forestry pests. Leaf-feeding insects also are among the most important pests of forest and shade trees. Investigations will focus on assessment and development of the biological control potential of several agents against gypsy moth, including the epizootic fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga, the gypsy moth NPV and its recently discovered chemical synergists, and a complex of microsporidia isolates from European gypsy moth populations. Specific projects include, for example, an international collaboration to describe several isolates of microsporidia enzootic in European populations of the gypsy moth, determine taxonomic relationships between microsporidian biotypes, study effects of the host to determine the most promising candidates for release in the US, study the feasibility and consequences of introducing more than one species of microsporidia into a single gypsy moth population, and assess nontarget effects. Collaborators on gypsy moth studies will include AES-CT, IL & NY; USDA/FS-Hamden & East Lansing; and USDA/ARS-Beltsville & Newark. A second effort will target the newly introduced Asian long-horn beetle. Although not defoliators, the adult long-horn beetles feed on leaf petioles and twigs, and recent studies in Asia indicate potential for managing beetle populations by wrapping tree boles and limbs with bands of fabric colonized by the fungal pathogens Beauveria brongniartii or B. bassiana. Research will include testing various strains of B. bassiana against the adult beetles, surveying for other natural pathogens in China and the US and conducting studies of the efficacy of several species of nematodes and the feasibility of developing these agents for control of the wood-boring larval stages. The safety of these pathogens for nontarget organisms and the environment will be assessed in laboratory and field studies. Multistate collaborators will include AES-IL & NY; USDA/FS-East Lansing; and USDA/ARS-Ithaca. Investigations of larval control agents will be conducted in cooperation with researchers developing microbial control agents for use in cryptic habitats (Objective 3).

Expected Outcomes: Insect pathogens will be developed as alternatives to the highly toxic and persistent synthetic chemical insecticides whose use on food crops, on ecologically sensitive forests and wetlands, and on public properties such as parks, school grounds and city streets is increasingly restricted by legislation and public opposition.

OBJECTIVE 2: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of homopteran and other piercing-sucking insects

Procedures: This objective will address the use of insect pathogens to control whiteflies, aphids, thrips, and mites. These pests attack a variety of crops, including cotton, ornamentals, vegetables, and greenhouse crops. They are considered separately from defoliators because their feeding habits uniquely protect them from pathogens that infect through the gut. Fungi, which infect through contact with host cuticle, are the most common pathogens of this group. These pests tend to have very short generation times, and as a result, often have a rapid population growth that leads to outbreaks. Frequently, they are secondary pests that outbreak after pesticide use has eliminated their natural enemies.

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Two main tactics will be taken for developing effective control strategies. The first tactic centers around improving existing, and developing new application methods, application rates, and spray formulations for entomopathogenic fungi that are amenable to mass production. The second tactic will be to develop a better understanding of the environmental and ecological factors involved in disease outbreaks among these pests. Epizootics are frequently observed in the field and better methods are needed to allow growers to initiate epizootics.

Research in this area will be conducted for both greenhouse and field cropping systems. Our approaches include:

(1) Optimizing the distribution, survival, and virulence of fungi sprayed onto crop plants. Poor spray coverage has been identified as a major limiting factor in the efficacy of fungal products applied against thrips and whiteflies. Using a variety of cropping situations, we will compare spray coverage and insect infection rates between different sprayer configurations and sprayer types using formulated materials. Growers also use adjuvants to improve leaf coverage, wetting, and persistence of pesticides, but the compatibility of many of these products with entomopathogenic fungi is uncertain. We will evaluate the effects of various adjuvants on the viability and efficacy of spores of different entomopathogenic fungi. In addition, various nutrient compounds, such as sugars and proteins, have been shown in the laboratory to increase the efficacy of fungal products by either changing host behavior (and thus exposure levels) or by enhancing germination of spores. However, field and greenhouse trials are needed to determine the effects of nutrient additives on pathogen activity and survival under more complex environmental conditions.

(2) Combining entomopathogenic fungi with biorational pesticides and other biological control agents. We will continue testing for interactive effects between microbials and biorational pesticides. Many of these products, such as insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, neem extracts, and insect growth regulators, have only moderate efficacy on this group of pests. Combining these products with entomopathogenic fungi may enhance the activity of both the pathogens and pesticides. For example, oils have been shown in the past to increase fungal spore survival and persistence, and combining microbial pesticides with insecticidal oils may give added benefits. We will screen various combinations of products in the laboratory and greenhouse to determine which combinations act synergistically. In addition, we will test for compatibility between parasitoids and microbial products in the greenhouse. In greenhouse production systems, parasitoids and predators are frequently introduced for mite, aphid, and whitefly control and compatibility is important. Laboratory studies have found that parasitized whitefly nymphs are resistant to infection by fungi, but adult parasites may be susceptible. Greenhouse trials are needed to develop strategies for best utilizing combinations of biological control agents for a given pest, and for combinations of pests.

(3) Determining ways to initiate epizootics with entomopathogenic fungi. In some cropping situations, natural epizootics frequently control pests. We would like to be able to better control the timing and occurrence of epizootics. For example, the introduction of Neozygites-infected aphids into uninfected fields can initiate an epizootic, but rates and timing of application still need to be better defined. We will also test the potential for using planting date and overhead irrigation to increase infection rates and initiate

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epizootics. Which host life-stage that is infected can also affect epizootic potential. Alate aphids and adult whiteflies play a very important role in the spread of fungus and we will be looking at how they might be used to initiation epizootics.

(4) Testing the feasibility of using a complex of fungi. Different fungi have different characteristic levels of virulence and transmission, and may act synergistically when applied together. For example, one pathogen species or strain may be highly virulent, but have low transmission rates in the greenhouse or field (thus providing short term control only), and a second fungus may act better to control the host only when it occurs at low population levels (say it has a high transmission rate, but only affects host fecundity or it takes a long time to kill the host). Also, different fungi have different environmental requirements for peak activity, and applications of fungal complexes may increase the reliability of a microbial pesticide under a variety of conditions.

(5) Integration of microbial control with transgenic, pesticidal crops. The use of transgenic plants to control primary pests could have an impact on secondary pests if pesticide applications are reduced. We will be looking at how Bollguard cotton, in combination with later pesticide applications, will affect aphid populations and Neozygites epizootics. This work will be done in collaboration with cotton entomologists in South Carolina.

Most of the research described here involves laboratory bioassays, field tests of application strategies, and careful measurement of natural population dynamics in the field. The safety of these pathogens for nontarget organisms and the environment will be assessed in laboratory and field studies. Due to the complexity of the questions addressed, expertise is needed from different areas within microbial control. For example, microbial culture techniques, crop management, field entomology, spray technology, and epizootiology. This research effort will involve collaborative efforts between AES and ARS scientists in VT, FL, AR, TX, TN, and GA. The institutions these scientists come from will add additional support for statistical advice in experimental design and analysis and for extension outreach.

Expected Outcomes: Our goals are to develop microbial control strategies that are more effective and cost-efficient than those currently available to growers, and to integrate pathogens with other control methods. Effective microbial control strategies could reduce grower dependence on insecticides such as imidacloprid. Imidacloprid can be very effective for whitefly and aphid control, but current use patterns may lead to insecticide resistance (as has already been documented for the silverleaf whitefly (Prabhaker et al. 1997)). Entomopathogenic fungi, either as microbial pesticides or through manipulation of natural epizootics, could provide a biological control alternative to imidacloprid and other chemicals now on the market. Biological control is not likely to eliminate the need for these insecticides, but if it reduces usage, it will reduce selection for insecticide resistance.

We plan to develop effective tactics for whitefly, aphid, thrips, and mite control in greenhouses (for both food crops and ornamentals). These pests have long plagued greenhouse production systems and few effective control strategies exist. For example, imidacloprid is very effective against aphids and whiteflies, but is not registered for use on greenhouse food crops. Greenhouse environmental conditions are generally very favorable for infection and sporulation of insect pathogenic fungi, and thus fungal control

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strategies are likely to succeed. Many laboratory studies have tested for compatibility between microbial products and other biological control agents, but actual greenhouse tests are badly needed in order to optimize control.

In addition, our research on the interaction between pathogens of secondary pests and pesticides used to control primary pests may help define a new role for microbials in cropping systems that use transgenic, pesticidal plants.

OBJECTIVE 3: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens used in cryptic and soil habitats

Procedures: Insects in the cryptic and soil habitats cause significant economic and ecological impact in the Southern Region and throughout the US. Due to the cryptic or subterranean nature they are more difficult to manage than the foliage feeding insects. Also the proposed ban on carbamate and organophosphate insecticides due to the implement of Food Quality Protection Act will leave few viable alternatives to manage soil borne insect pests. Therefore a major focus of the project will be a multistate-effort to develop microbial control strategies for pests such as molecrickets, white grubs (Japanese beetle, Southern and northern masked chafers, oriental beetle, Asiatic garden beetle, and European chafer), weevils (citrus weevil, pecan weevil, and black vine weevil) onion maggots, flea beetles and pests of stored products. The entomopathogens including nematodes, fungi, microsporidia, and bacteria, will be evaluated both for inundative and inoculative releases. The safety of these pathogens for nontarget organisms and the environment will be assessed in laboratory and field studies. A novel approach will be taken in this regard that the soil nematode community structure will be used to measure the non-target effects of biological control on the soil environment and nutrient cycling processes. Overall, the focus will be to identify and address hurdles in the implementation of promising entomopathogens and explore factors affecting their success in IPM systems. Multistate collaborators will include AES-AZ, CA, FL, GA, ID, MA, NJ, NC, OH, SC & VA; USDA/ARS-GA, CA, KS, & OH.

Expected Outcomes: Discovery, development, and implementation of new and existing entomopathogens will reduce over-reliance on chemical insecticides for pest control in the soil and cryptic habitats, thus protecting the environment.

OBJECTIVE 4: Development, evaluation and safety of entomopathogens for control of veterinary and structural arthropod pests

Procedures: The impact of native and introduced veterinary and structural pests in the Southern Region and throughout the US is tremendous. These pests have caused severe economic and ecological damage and safe, effective, control strategies have been slow to be developed. Important pests in this group are the imported fire ants, termites, litter beetles that are structural pests of poultry houses, Culex mosquitoes produced in agricultural wastewater that vector diseases (such as West Nile Virus and other encephalitis) and other biting and filth breeding flies. A major initiative of this objective will be a multi-state project on integrated control of fire ants and will involve

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introduction and evaluation of the entomopathogen Thelohania solenopsae throughout the region. This will be a collaborative effort with AES and other agencies from 10 southern states (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, & TN) and ARS Gainesville and Stoneville. ARS Gainesville will produce and distribute the pathogen and each AES will monitor and evaluate the introductions. Other projects will involve AES and ARS collaborations on fungi for control of litter beetles (darkling beetles, Alphitobius diaperinus and hide beetles, Dermestes maculatus) in poultry houses (ARS-GNV, AES-AR), viruses, microsporidia and bacteria for control of Culex and other important mosquitoes (ARS-Gainesville, AES-Connecticut, California) and fungi and nematodes for filth breeding flies (AES-NC, ARS-GNV). Surveys of these and other veterinary and structural pests will be conducted to identify new entomopathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria, microsporidia and nematodes), that will be evaluated for effectiveness and safety to non-target organisms. Promising new pathogens will be developed and evaluated in collaborative laboratory and field trials in different states and regions. The safety of these pathogens for nontarget organisms and the environment will be assessed in laboratory and field studies.

Expected Outcomes: The discovery, development and use of entomopathogens as applied microbial insecticides or as classical biological control agents will significantly lessen the use of chemical pesticides and therein reduce labor costs, potential health hazards to humans and wildlife, and pollution of soil and groundwater. Distribution of research findings: Results of collaborative research for each objective will be compiled by the production of technical bulletins, handbooks, videos and joint journal publications (see Critical Review for past examples). In addition, a project web page will be established to provide research results and other relevant project information.

Organization:

The organization will be as prescribed in the USDA Regional Research Manual (http://aster.uvm.edu/rr/rrman.htm#I). Research under this project will be planned and directed by the regional technical committee. The membership of the regional technical committee will include the regional administrative advisor (non-voting); one technical representative for each participating SAES, appointed by the directors; technical representatives from 1890 Universities, each participating USDA laboratory, and other research agencies appointed by an appropriate administrator; and a non-voting CSREES representative. Each participating SAES, 1890 University, and USDA-Agricultural Research Service laboratory and other cooperating research agencies are limited to one vote on matters of major importance regardless of the number of representatives that each agency has on the technical committee. All representatives are allowed to vote on matters that the voting members feel should be decided by all. Non-voting consultants may be invited by the administrative advisor as appropriate.

All members of the technical committee are eligible for office, regardless of sponsoring agency affiliation. The chair, in consultation with the administrative advisor, will notify the technical committee members of the time and place of meetings (according to the suggestions of the technical committee members), prepare the

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agenda, and preside at meetings of the technical committee and executive members. The chair will be responsible for preparing or supervising the preparation of an annual report of the regional project. The secretary will assist the chair and preside in the chair's absence, will record and distribute the minutes, and will perform other duties as requested by the technical committee or the administrative advisor. The secretary will be elected by the voting members of the technical committee and will succeed the chair.

Technical coordination among states and agencies will be accomplished by having subcommittees, as needed for appropriate research areas, e.g., The proposed administrative structure of the technical committee will be:

1. Experiment Station Administrative Advisor,2. CSREES Representative,3. Executive Committee: The Executive Committee will be composed of the past

chair, chair, secretary, and administrative advisor. The current development committee members involved in the proposal

preparation are: J. Becnel (Chair, ARS-FL), T. Andreadis (CT-AES), R. James (ARS-TX), D. Oi (ARS-FL), L. Solter (IL-AES), P. Grewal (OH-AES) and S. Wraight (ARS-NY). The executive committee has authority to conduct business between annual meetings and perform other duties as assigned by the technical committee.

The technical committee will meet at least once each year at which time summaries of the past year's research will be exchanged, research plans outlined, the next meeting location (and time) will be discussed, and a secretary will be elected. When possible and of benefit, annual meetings will be held jointly with related regional technical committees.

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SIGNATURES:

Regional Project Title: DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION AND SAFETY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS FOR CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD PESTS

David J. Boethel, LA 9/22/00________________________________________ ____________________Administrative Adviser Date

Vance H. Watson, MS 9/22/00________________________________________ ____________________Chair, Regional Association of Directors Date

________________________________________ ____________________Administrator DateCooperative State Research, Education, Economic, andExtension Service

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References to the Proposal

Brooks, W. M. 1988. Entomogenous Protozoa. In "Handbook of Natural Pesticides, Microbial Pesticides Part A. Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi." (C. M. Ignoffo, ed.), Vol. 5, pp. 1-149, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Federici, B. A. and Maddox, J. V. 1996. Host specificity in microbe-insect interactions. BioScience, Vol. 46, No. 6.

Klein, M. G. 1990. Efficacy against soil-inhabiting insect pests. In "Entomopathogenic nematodes in Biological Control." (R. Gaugler and H. K. Kaya, eds.), pp. 195-214. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Lacey, L. A. and Kaya, H. K. (eds.) 2000. Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology: Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Prabhaker, N., N. C. Toscano, and T. J. Henneberry. 1998. Evaluation of insecticide rotations and mixtures as resistance management strategies for Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 91:820-826.

Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H. K. 1993. "Insect Pathology." Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

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TABLE 1. PROJECT LEADERS SPECIALTY

State Agriculture Experiment Station Participant Specialty

Alabama W. Moar Insect PathArkansas S. Young Insect Path

D. C. Steinkraus Insect PathArizona D. Gouge Insect Path

K. Smith Insect Path.California H. Kaya Insect Path

B. Federici Insect PathL. Volkman Insect PathE. Platzer Nematologist

Connecticut T. Andreadis Insect PathC. Vossbrinck Mol. Biologist

Florida C. McCoy Insect PathD. Boucias Insect PathA. Hunsberger Insect PathJ. Maruniak VirologistK. Nguyen NematologistL. Osborne NematologistB. Adams NematologistP. Stansly Insect Path

Georgia W. Gardner Insect PathIdaho R. Stoltz IPMIllinois L. Solter Insect Path

D. Onstad EntomologistKentucky G. Brown Insect Path

J. Sedlacek Insect PathLouisiana J. Fuxa Insect PathMaine E. Groden Insect Path

F. Drummond Insect PathMississippi D. Inglis Insect PathMinnesota T. Kurtti Insect Path

V. Krischik Insect PathNew Jersey R. Gaugler Nematologist

A. Koppenhofer NematologistNew York A. Hajek Insect Path

M. VillaniNorth Carolina M. Barbercheck Insect PathOhio P. Grewal Insect PathSouth Carolina G. Carner Insect PathTennessee R. Pereira Insect PathTexas R. Crocker Insect PathVermont M. Brownbridge Insect PathVirginia E. Lewis Insect Path

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Other Cooperators

Agricultural Research Service, USDABeltsville, Maryland M. Shapiro Insect Path

R. Farrar Insect PathR. Webb Insect PathK. Thorpe Insect Path

Byron, Georgia D. Shapiro Insect Path

Fargo, ND R. Pingel Insect Path

Fresno, California P. Vail Insect PathJ. Siegel Insect Path

Gainesville, Florida J. Becnel Insect PathC. Geden EntomologistD. Oi EntomologistD. Williams Entomologist

Ithaca, New York R. Humber MycologistJ. Vandenberg Ins Path

S. Wraight Insect Path

Manhatan, KS J. Lord Insect Path

B. Oppert Insect Path

Mayaguez, Puerto Rico R. Pingel Insect Path

Peoria, Illinois R. Behle Entomologist

Shafter, CA M. McGuire Insect Path

Sidney, MT S. Jaronski Insect Path

Stoneville, MS J. Mulrooney Insect Path

D. Streett Insect Path

Weslaco, Texas R. James Insect Path

Wooster, Ohio M. Klein Insect Path

Yakima, Washington L. Lacey Insect Path

U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Forest ServiceEast Lansing, Michigan L. Bauer Insect Path

Hamden, Connecticut M. McManus Entomologist

Cooperating ScientistsUSDA-IR4 B. Biehn

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Administrative Adviser D. Boethel

CSREES Representative J. S. Yaninek

Cooperating IndustriesBiever Consulting K. BieverIntegrated Biocontrol System J. CatePace Consulting W. GelernterOcean Spray, Inc. D. WebberThermo Triology Corp M. Dimock

E. DickinsonWalt Disney World Y. FanAmerican Cyanamid B. StilesBecker Microbial T. Couch

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TABLE 2. RESOURCES:Agricultural Experiment Stations % Commitment Objectives

SY PY TY 1 2 3 4Alabama 0.78 0 0 XArkansas 0.2 0.4 0 X X XArizona 1.1 0 0 X XCalifornia 0.7 1.0 0.4 X X XConnecticut 1.0 0 0 XFlorida 5.0 2.5 2.5 X X XGeorgia 0.5 1.0 1.0 X X XIdaho 0.1 0 0 X XIllinois 1.0 0 1.0 X X X XKentucky 1.0 0 0.25 X XLouisiana 0.65 0.5 0.3 X XMaine 0.5 0 0.33 X XMississippi 0.2 0 0.2 X XMinnesota 0.5 1.0 0.2 XNew Jersey 1.0 0 1.0 XNew York 0.75 0 0.75 X XNorth Carolina 0.75 0 0.5 X XOhio 0.5 1.0 0.5 X XSouth Carolina 0.75 0 0.5 X X XTennessee 0.2 0 0.1 X XTexas 1.0 0 1.0 XVirginia 0.5 1.0 0.4 X

AES Totals 18.68 8.4 10.93 17 7 13 8

Agricultural Research Service, USDA % Commitment ObjectivesSY PY TY 1 2 3 4

Beltsville, Maryland 2.0 2.0 1.0 X XByron, Georgia 1.0 0 2.0 XFargo, North Dakota 0.75 0 0.5 XFresno, California 1.25 1.0 2.0 XGainesville, Florida 3.0 1.0 2.5 XManhattan, Kansas 0.75 0 0.5 XMayaguez, Puerto Rico 0.2 0 0.2 XIthaca, New York 2.5 2.0 2.5 X XPeoria, Illinois 1.0 0 0.5 X XShafter, CA 0.5 0 0.5 X XStoneville, Mississippi 1.0 1.0 1.0 X XSidney, Montana 0.75 0 0.5 XWooster, Ohio 0.2 0 0.2 XYakima, Washington 0.75 0 0.5 X XWeslaco, Texas 1.0 0 1.5 X X

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U.S. Dept of Agriculture -- Forest Service% Commitment Objectives

SY PY TY 1 2 3 4

East Lansing, Michigan 0.25 0 0.25 XHamden, Connecticut 0.25 0 0.25 X

Cooperator totals 17.15 7.0 16.4 11 6 5 2

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CRITICAL REVIEW

S-265 Regional Project, "Development and Integration of Entomopathogensinto Pest Management Systems" 1995-1999

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The three objectives emphasized in this project cover broad and diverse

activities important to the Southern Region. Within each of these areas, subcommittees were established to facilitate interaction. Originally, these subcommittees were taxonomically based but in 1998 the subcommittees were reformed to focus on particular target pests or habitats and to better meet the overall objectives of the group. Many participants were active in several of the subcommittees. The revised subcommittees were: (1) Utilization of Microbial Pathogens for Control of Fire Ants, (2) Evaluation of Microbial Pathogens for Control of Mosquitoes and Other Diptera of Medical Importance (3) Development of microbial pathogens for control of gypsy moth and other forest insects (4) Development of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Viruses for Management of Leaf-Feeding Insect Defoliators of Fruits and Vegetables (5) Development of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Management of Homopteran and Other Piercing-Sucking Arthropods (6) Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Soil and Cryptic Insects (7) Development of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Suppression Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (8) Insect Resistance Management with Transgenic Microbials (Bacteria and Virus) and Plants (9) Enhanced persistence and environmental fate of entomopathogens.

This project has been a critical part of biological control and integrated pest management in the Southern Region. The current project involves insect pathologists, entomologists, microbiologists, molecular biologists, biochemists, geneticists, bacteriologists, mycologists, nematologists and vector biologists from 21 State Agricultural Experiment Stations, 12 USDA/ARS laboratories and 2 USDA/FS laboratories throughout the US and Puerto Rico. Participation also includes scientists from commercial industries involved in agricultural biotechnology and biological control. This project has a proven record on the preparation and execution of collaborative research projects for the implementation of entomopathogens as effective and environmentally safe alternatives to chemical pesticides for insect control. From 1996 through 1999, members of S-265 have (1) published over 400 technical research papers, (2) published a handbook on the Web - “Microsporidia (Protozoa): a Handbook of Biology and Research Techniques” SAAESD, SCSB no. 387, August 1997, (3) produced and distributed an educational IPM video - “Insect Parasitic Nematodes: Tools for Pest Management” 1998, (4) prepared and distributed an educational IPM poster - “Entomopathogenic Nematodes” 1998. A summary of research accomplishments by objective are:

Objective I. Characterize indigenous, exotic and genetically altered entomopathogens for use in integrated pest management (IPM) systems.Participants of S-265 have characterized a diverse group of entomopathogens

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for use against a wide variety of pests. New entomopathogens (bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, nematodes and viruses) have been isolated and maintained in repositories for access by cooperating scientists. The biological activity of these entomopathogens have been assessed against target and nontarget pests and efforts have been made to identify determinants that regulate pathogen infectivity, virulence and host specificity. Prominent work addressing this objective include: Fifty-two isolates of Beauveria bassiana were screened against diamondback

moth, fall armyworm, European corn borer, and corn earworm. The screening program discovered and characterized the exceptionally broad lepidopteran host range of a new isolate of B. bassiana (Mycotech strain BB1200). Virulence of this fungus was strain GHA (Mycotrol) against each of these lepidopteran pests as well as beet armyworm, black cutworm, imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper.

Approximately 20 isolates of microsporidia from the Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar were compared using light microscopy, electron microscopy, rDNA sequences, host-pathogen interactions, and host specificity characteristics.

Steinernema carpocapsae (Sc) S. glaseri (Sg), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb) were isolated from diverse field habitats, and new Hb mutants were obtained to increase the genetic diversity of entornopathogenic nematodes.

The Cyt1A protein of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) extended the target spectrum of B. sphaericus (Bs) to Aedes aegypti . Furthermore, adding Cyt1A to Bs preparations at a 1:10 ratio enabled this combination to overcome high levels of Bs-resistance in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. These findings could improve the efficacy and operational longevity of bacterial larvicides used in integrated vector control programs throughout the United States.

Two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses from loopers in Indonesia were characterized and bioassayed against Trichoplusia ni and P. includens. A singly embedded NPV with tetrahedral polyhedra had low infectivity against P. includens but would not infect T. ni. A multiply embedded isolate was highly infective against P. includens. Both NPVs are distinct from previously described looper viruses.

A new baculovirus from Culex mosquitoes that vector encephalitis has been isolated from agricultural wastewater sites in Florida.

Ascoviruses were recovered from larvae of five noctuid hosts (H. zea, H. virescens, S. a exigua, S. ornithogalli, and Pseudoplusia includens) collected from the field at various locations in South Carolina. DNA analyses revealed that there were three distinct isolates. An ascovirus was found infecting S. exigua in Indonesia and this isolate has been characterized.

Twenty-one isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae were used in preliminary assays against the potato aphid (M. euphorbiae) on tomatoes. After application of suspension containing 107 conidia/ml, Abbott-corrected aphid mortality varied from 43 to 94 % in 6 days. Only 2 isolates

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caused more than 90% Abbott-corrected mortality and 12 isolates caused less than 80% mortality.

Naturally occurring fungal pathogens of Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis have been isolated, including numerous strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae.

Four species of nematodes were tested for infectivity to the Asian longhorn beetle. Mortality occurred due to invasion of two species.

Fifteen isolates of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, 11 from woodland and 4 from pastures, were isolated by baiting Louisiana soil samples with live formosan termites Coptotermes formosanus.

Forty-seven M. anisopliae isolates were tested against the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Isolates 38.97, 44.97, and 112.97 caused high mortalities in laboratory tests, but mortality in greenhouse tests was <50% when suspension with 108 conidia/ml was used.

Objective II. Examine the population dynamics of entomopathogens and insect hosts as influenced by ecological conditions.Practical and effective use of entomopathogens in production systems requires a basic fundamental knowledge of the physiological and ecological relationships among entomopathogens, their toxins and host insect populations including virulence, pathogenicity, transmission mechanisms, persistence and host resistance. Considerable advancements have been made in quantifying the ecological effects and environmental fate of indigenous, exotic and genetically altered entomopathogens. Progress has also been made in defining the interactions between entomopathogens and other biotic components within the ecosystem as well as the impact of abiotic factors on the survivorship and performance of entomopathogens. Specific projects in this area are: Nematode species, host size, temperature and soil type affect the

performance of entomopathogenic nematodes against Diaprepes. In corn, tillage favors Steinernema riobrave and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, is detrimental to S. carpocapsae. No short-term displacement of native nematodes was observed, and non-overlapping patchy distribution of all three nematode species probably contributes to co-existence.

The ecological host ranges of three genera of L. dispar microsporidia were studied in their aboriginal ranges in Bulgaria. Three populations of L. dispar have been monitored for the presence of microsporidia for the past 3-14 years; one genus of microsporidia occurs in each site.

The incidences of gypsy moth larvae and the fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga, were assessed in sites in eastern and middle Tennessee where gypsy moth adults had been present in previous years. Duff and soil samples were used to detect E. maimaiga which was not detected from any of samples, although some exposed larvae were infected with Metarhizium anisopliae

Two in vivo-produced and one in vitro-produced gypsy moth virus strains were evaluated for LD50 and speed of kill both with and without the viral enhancer, Blankophor BBH, in a field test using laboratory-reared larvae in

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sleeve cages. The two in vivo-produced strains were similar in LD50, but killed an average of two days faster. The LD50 of the in vitro-produced strain was about 20-fold higher than that of the in vivo-produced strains.

Studies of the celery looper, Autographa falcifera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AfMNPV), showed that it is a variant of the Autographa californica NPV (AcMNPV). Owing to the close relationship of the Af and AcMNPVs, it should be easier to both register and engineer the AfMNPV for greater efficacy.

Plants expressing the Cry2A Bt toxin in the chloroplast instead of the nucleus had 30-fold higher levels of Bt in the leaves resulting in 100% mortality of all insect species tested, including those highly resistant to Bt.

Wild-type HzSNPV (HzSNPV-WT) accumulated greater amounts in soil than a scorpion-toxin recombinant NPV (HzSNPV-LqhIT2, DuPont) due to greater replication in host insects after treatment of insects in cotton. Both viruses were detected at a depth of 26-38 cm in soil up to 8 mos after the initial application.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect baculovirus persistence and spread in Anticarsia gemmatalis and predatory hemipteran populations in soybean fields. Virus was detected in these insects from 1 to 45 days post application. Virus moved at a rate of 2-3 meters per day. We were able to distinguish genetic isolates of AgMNPV from field samples using PCR targeting the polyhedrin and hr4 genes.

Laboratory and field studies have been conducted with a new baculovirus isolated from Culex mosquitoes that inhabit agricultural wastewater sites in Florida. This virus causes repeated and extended epizootics in both the spring and late summer with up to 60% of the population infected. The host range of this pathogen is apparently restricted to Culex species.

The effect of combining B. bassiana and the chemical imidacloprid for whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) control was tested in the laboratory. Imidacloprid was much more effective in killing whitefly nymphs on melon plants than was B. bassiana, especially if applied as a soil drench. Combining imidacloprid with B. bassiana significantly increased mortality levels over using B. bassiana alone.

Objective III. Incorporate entomopathogens into IPM systems.The participants of S-265 have generated important new information and developed new strategies for the effective use of bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, nematodes and viruses in pest management systems. Advancements have been made in establishing pathogen efficacy against target pest insects and the development of delivery systems and formulations for pathogen introduction. Efforts have focused on implementing these pathogens as a management strategy in IPM systems. Examples of the progress are: Field inoculations of the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae were made,

in1998, in 10 southern states (AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, & TN) to assess the impact of T. solenopsae on fire ants under different climatic conditions. In 1999, infections have been detected in 7 of these states (AR, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC).

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A Cooperative Extension-based sampling service for determining the prevalence of Neozygites fresenii infections in cotton aphid populations served the 5 southern states Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi. Samples were analyzed from 77 counties and 119 agents and consultants participated. The service is used to avoid insecticide use when N. fresenii is causing epizootics.

The development of a video, slide set, fact sheets, web page, wall poster, workshop, and seminars on the use of entomopathogenic nematodes was completed as part of a large multistate, multi-discipline collaboration.

Neozygites fresenii-infected cotton aphids were introduced in the San Joaquin Valley, CA, in 1998 in classical biological control efforts in conjunction with other natural enemies. Infection levels of up to 12% were achieved on cotton.

Field applications were made using one microsporidian species, Nosema lymantriae (Vairimorpha-like), in Slovakia during the summer of 1997. These applications were made as foliar sprays at inoculative concentrations. Resulting rates of infection in the gypsy moth population were moderately high, but 1998 prevalences were much lower

A simulation model of Beauveria bassiana horizontal infection in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) populations was constructed and validated with field data. The model accurately predicts field levels of horizontal infection except at very low cadaver densities

Trials tested Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and two B. bassiana products separately and in combination for control of CPB larvae. Bt alone and half rates of Bt with Beauveria provided adequate control of beetle larvae.

Small-scale field tests were conducted in NY to assess the CPB-control potential of B. bassiana (Mycotrol ES) applied alone and in combination with B. thuringiensis (Bt) (Novodor®). Field tests conducted over two growing seasons demonstrated synergism between B. bassiana and Bt. Mixtures of low rates of Bt and the intermediate rate of B. bassiana produced levels of control 12-30% greater than predicted by the theory of joint, independent action.

Steinernema riobravis applied by air, ground, and irrigation was consistently better than Steinernema carpocapsae against pink bollworm larvae in Texas, and combinations of nematodes and pheromones successfully reduced pink bollworms. Sr is more efficacious against citrus weevil larvae than Sc or H. bacteriophora: two applications provided root protection. H. megidis (Hm) (Ohio) was more effective against white grubs than Hin (European) or Hb in the lab, and Hm (European) more effective than Hb in the field.

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DEGREE TO WHICH OBJECTIVES WERE ACCOMPLISHEDThis project has a record of considerable and significant achievements in

regional and state cooperative research to develop and utilize effective, environmentally safe entomopathogen technology. The objectives in this Project were broad based and ambitious and the accomplishments were diverse and significant. Substantial and important progress was made in the development and integration of entomopathogens into IPM systems. Excellent progress was made in isolating and assessing new bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, nematodes and viruses (Objective 1) providing new options and opportunities for pest control. Considerable progress and advances were also made in quantifying and defining the ecological effects and impacts of indigenous, exotic and genetically altered entomopathogens on the environment (Objective 2) demonstrating the specificity and safety of these beneficial microbial control organisms. Finally, data was generated that established the effectiveness of entomopathogens against target pest insects (Objective 3) by developing and evaluating delivery systems and formulations that are necessary prerequisites to the implementing these entomopathogens as part of a management strategy in IPM systems. AREAS REQUIRING FURTHER INVESTIGATION:

While considerable advancements have been made in utilizing entomopathogens for pest control, there is still an urgent need to accelerate the development and implementation of cost-effective, environmentally safe alternatives to chemical pesticides for insect control. There is a need to immediately develop and implement entomopathogen technology that will significantly improve food safety and affordability, reduce the transmission of animal disease, protect biodiversity, enhance water quality and preserve the environment. To accomplish this, new species and isolates of entomopathogens must be discovered for control of noxious insect pests throughout the US pests. As many of the pests species are regional problems, there is a requirement for continued collaborations between states to test the efficacy, persistence, resistance management and other parameters of entomopathogens and their hosts under different sets of environmental conditions. In addition, the continued introduction of invasive species requires that new entomopathogens be discovered and evaluated for control of these pests that are a threat to agriculture, wildlife and humans in the US.

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Barbercheck, M. E. & W. C. Warrick, Jr. 1997. Evaluation of trap cropping and biological control for management of southern corn rootworm in peanuts. J. Entomol. Sci. 32: 229-43.

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