Developing the Logical Frame Work …………….

Murali KrishnaPublic Health Foundation of India

Learning objectives

• After this lecture participants will be able to – Understand the difference between LFA and LFM– build a logical framework matrix/PPM/Log frame

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Log frame

Logical frame work AnalysisLogical frame work matrix

Project Planning Matrix

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LFA and Logical Framework Matrix

• LFA is a project preparation methodology

• LFM is a document with a special structure, produced as the result of LFA.

• LFA is the process and LFM is the product.

• LFM is sometimes called Project Planning Matrix (PPM)/ Log Frame

Why LFA in projects?

• It takes the planners through a series of steps to define clearly what the project or program will accomplish and how

• It provides in-depth analysis of project objectives, outputs, and activities.

• It provides a structured, logical approach to setting priorities and determining the intended results and activities of a project.

• It helps to identify possible risks to project implementation.

• It uses Quantity, Quality and Time indicators FOR measuring achievement of objectives

• It provides a useful basis for project appraisal

Steps in LFA

LFA consists of 4 steps:

1. Situation analysis

2. Strategy Analysis

3. Project Planning Matrix

4. Implementation

Participation of the stakeholders is a prerequisite

1. Situation Analysis

The analysis phase is the most critical, yet most difficult, phase of the log frame approach. The analysis phase consists of three stages

a. Stakeholder analysis: Identify biases, expectations, and concerns of the people, groups, or organizations that may influence or be influenced by the problem or a potential solution to the problem.

b. Problem analysis

c. Objective analysis

b. Problem Analysis

Identify the root cause and effects of the problem: Cause and effect link• Problem Tree Method

Main Problem

Effect Effect

Cause

Cause

CauseCause

Cause

c. Objective Analysis

Build on ‘Problem Tree’: The negative statements

– It is ‘Objective Tree’: The positive statements

– ‘Means-Ends’ relationship

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2. Strategy Analysis

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Strategy Analysis• A strategy analysis (also known as or alternatives

analysis) involves an analysis of the ‘objective tree’. • Each of the ‘roots’ is examined as a possible means of

strategy for achieving the core objective of the project.

• Criteria are selected by which each possible strategy is to be judged and, either through a ‘ranking system’ or a consensus through discussion,

3. LFM: Introduction

• The logical framework Matrix was developed in the late 1960s to assist the US Agency of International Development (USAID) as a tool for:

– Detailed planning with clearly defined objectives that can be monitored

– Clear management responsibility– Pre-determined evaluation process

Terminology

• Inputs• Process• Outcome (output,

effect & impact)• Objectives and goal

System frameworkInputs Outcomes Process

Output Impact Effect

Targets(immediate results in

numbers)

Objectives(Coverage)

Goal (planned impacts)

The M & E framework (logic model)

Monitoring and Evaluation

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT EFFECT

MonitoringEvaluation if we can attribute of inputs/process

Resources put into a program

Activities which convert program inputs to outputs

Products or services produced by program

OBJECTIVE

The logical framework matrix

• Also known as the log frame• Provides the documented product of the analytical process• It consists of a matrix with four columns and four rows (or

more), which summarize the key elements of a project plan

– The project's hierarchy of objectives• Project description or intervention logic

– The key external factors critical to the project’s success• Assumptions

– How the project’s achievements will be monitored and evaluated• Indicators and sources of verification

Logical Framework (Log Frame)

The Summary outlines the project’s objectives: what it hopes to achieve and how.

The Goal refers to the overall

problem we are trying to address

What change or benefit we want the project to achieve so that the goal can be reached

What outputs are needed to achieve the Purpose?

How will the outputs be delivered or produced

General sequence of completion

Log Frame – Filling the matrix

Filling tips:

• There should be only one or two purposes

• The main problem gives the project Purpose

• The “causes” help in identifying the Outputs and Activities

• Eg. What causes (outputs) increased immunization coverage (Purpose)

• Use the “If Then” test to ensure logical links

• Working from Activities as IF the activity was carried out THEN will the output be produced/result.

• Similarly for other levels

Log Frame – Filling the matrix (e g Measles immunization)

SUMMARY INDICATORS EVIDENCE / SOURCE OF VERIFICATION

ASSUMPTIONS

GOAL Decrease incidence and mortality from measles

OBJECTIVE Increased coverage of measles immunization (MV)

OUTPUTS (1) Increased awareness about MV(2) Increased number of vaccination days(3) Increased availability of MV at health centers

Log Frame – Filling the matrix

Assumptions/Risks:

• We can never be 100% sure that the activities we plan or outputs the project will produce will actually happen. This because we live in a world of uncertainties. The log frame explicitly acknowledges this.

• Risks which can affect planned activities and expected outcomes include:

• Climate changes (floods, rain, drought etc.)

• Health worker strikes or bandhs

• Fluctuations in the economy or changes in economic policy

• Changes in government policy

• Contractors not fulfilling obligations

Log Frame – Filling the matrix

Assumptions/Risks:

• Starting with each activity, list the potential and plausible risks which might prevent it from being carried out.

• Rank the risks in order of importance and select only the most important ones (e.g. top two or three)

• Write these risks into the Assumption column. Since risks are typically negatively worded, you might consider writing it as a positive statement such that it reads like an assumption.

• For example – Risk : Health workers are not willing to work

Assumption: Health workers are willing to work

• If there is a risk reducing measure available then it is important to include it as an activity since this will ensure greater success of the project.

• Check the logic of your assumptions using the “IF – AND – THEN’ technique

Assessment of assumptions

Log Frame – Filling the matrixSUMMARY INDICATORS EVIDENCE ASSUMPTIONS

ACTIVITIES 1.1 Train CHW about importance of MV

CHW apply the training

1.2 Conduct IEC campaign for MV

Community responds to IEC

2.1 Recruit CHWs CHWs come regularly to workIncentives adequate for accepting job

2.2 Inform community about additional vaccination day

Community responds to additional day

3.1 Establish functional cold chain

Cold chain is maintained

3.2 Train health center staff in better logistic mgmt.

Health workers apply the training

AND

Log Frame – Filling the matrix

SUMMARY INDICATORS EVIDENCE ASSUMPTIONS

GOAL Decrease incidence and mortality from measles

PURPOSE Increased coverage of measles immunization (MV)

Mortality due to measlesMV are effective

OUTPUTS (1) Increased awareness about MV(2) Increased number of vaccination days(3) Increased availability of MV at health centers

MV is culturally acceptable

Additional vaccination days made use of by communities

Additional vaccines used

THEN

Log Frame – Filling the matrix

Indicators

• COVERED IN EARLIER

Evidence (Means of Verification)

• the type of data needed, such as a survey

• the source of the data – whether secondary (collected by someone else) or primary (collected by our organisation)

• frequency and dates of data collection. For example, monthly, quarterly, annually.

Data sources

Source: Adapted from MEASURE Evaluation( 2007). M&E Fundamentals - A Self-Guided Minicourse.

Exercise