Detail of Theodore Roosevelt leading his Rough Riders at the storming of San Juan Hill, Cuba, on July 1, 1898.

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Expansionism shapes U.S. foreign policy and leads to the acquisition of newterritories.

Becoming a World Power, 1880–1917

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The United States Continues to Expand

The Spanish-American War

U.S. Involvement Overseas

Becoming a World Power, 1880–1917

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The United States expands its interest in world affairs and acquires new territories.

Section 1

The United States Continues to Expand

Reasons for U.S. Expansion

• Imperialism—stronger nations extend control over weaker nations

1SECTION

• European nations have been establishing colonies for centuries

• 3 factors help fuel development of American imperialism:- economic interests- military interests- belief in cultural superiority

Chart

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The United States Continues to Expand

Seward and Alaska

• Secretary of State William Seward arranges purchase of Alaska (1867)

1SECTION

• Purchase is widely criticized, turns out to be great bargain for U.S.

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The Annexation of Hawaii

• By late 1800s, wealthy planters dominate Hawaii’s economy

1SECTION

• Hawaiian leader Queen Liliuokalani wants to limit planters’ power . So American planters depose (remove from office suddenly and forcefully) her.

Chart

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• Planters, U.S. Marines overthrow queen, set up own government

• Hawaii becomes U.S. state in 1898

Queen Liliuokalani resigned from her position as queen to protect her people against American sugar growers

Grover Cleveland

•Became President and did not approve of the planters’ actions and withdrew the treaty

•He opposed the annexation of Hawaii to the United States

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Independence movements in Spanish colonies lead to the Spanish-AmericanWar in 1898.

Section 2

The Spanish-American War

The Spanish American colonies at their maximum extent (after the Peace of Paris, 1783)

The Columbus balcony at the Alcazar in Segovia, Spain.

Columbus was an Italian who sailed for Spain.

Rebellion Against Spain

The Spanish-American War

• By 1890s, Spain has few colonies, Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico

2SECTION

• In 1895, Cubans revolt, Spain uses harsh methods to suppress revolt

• Methods anger Americans, rebellion disrupts U.S. trade with Cuba

• U.S. newspapers describe, sometimes exaggerate, Spanish cruelty

• Newspapers use sensational style of writing called yellow journalism

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One American’s Story•Jose Marti’s lifelong struggle for Cuba’s independence made him the symbol of liberty throughout Latin America.

The United States Goes to War

• President McKinley demands Spain stop harsh treatment of Cubans

2SECTION

• Sends U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to protect U.S. citizens there

• Maine explodes, killing 260 sailors, Spain blamed• “Remember the Maine!” becomes a call to arms

• McKinley demands Cuba’s independence, withdrawal of Spain’s troops

• Spain refuses, Spanish-American War begins

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President McKinley did not want the U.S. to go to war with Spain

The Media Had a Role in Causing the Spanish-American War

1. They shaped American public opinion in favor of Cuba

2. They exaggerated new stories about Spanish cruelty in Cuba

3. They blamed Spain for the sinking of the battleship U.S.S. Maine

The War in the Philippines

• Filipinos revolt against Spanish rule (1890s)

2SECTION

• U.S. Commodore George Dewey in contact with rebel leader

• Spanish-American War begins, Dewey, fleet head to Manila, Philippines

• U.S. fleet destroys Spanish fleet at battle in Manila Bay (1898) in the Philippine Islands. This was the 1st major battle of the Spanish-American War

• U.S. troops, Filipino rebels take control of Manilain August

Map

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The War in the Caribbean

• Theodore Roosevelt sets up 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry—Rough Riders

2

SECTION

• Rough Riders, and other soldiers capture San Juan Hill, near Santiago

• American ships destroy Spanish fleet inSantiago Harbor

• Santiago surrenders, U.S. forces take Puerto Rico, Spain signs truce

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•When the Spanish-American War began, Theodore Roosevelt resigned his government post and volunteered to fight.

•Rough Riders included cowboys, miners, college students, New York policemen, athletes, and Native Americans

Results of the War• Spain gives up colonies, signs peace treaty (1898)

2SECTION

• Philippines becomes U.S. colony, Filipino revolt against U.S. subdued

• U.S. leaders require Cuba to sign and add the Platt Amendment to its constitution:- it allows the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if life, property, liberty threatened- allows U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay

• Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory

• Grants U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans NEXT

Filipinos fought alongside American soldiers because they believed they were fighting for their independence

The Anti-Imperialist League

• Many people object to U.S. treatment of Spain’s former colonies

2SECTION

• Anti-Imperialist League members believe:- U.S. should not deny other people

self-government• League’s opinions lost in approval for Spanish-

American War

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Luis Munoz Rivera helped Puerto Rico to gain an independent government

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In the early 1900s, the United States expands its involvement in Asia and LatinAmerica.

Section 3

U.S. Involvement Overseas

A Power in the Pacific

U.S. Involvement Overseas

• U.S. acquires Hawaii, Guam, Philippines inthe Pacific

3SECTION

• Many Americans want profits from Asianmarkets, resources

• Others want U.S. to extend its democracy, culture to Asia

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The United States in China

• Japan, European powers expand their spheres of influence in China

3SECTION

• Spheres of influence—areas where foreign powers claim special rights

• Most foreign powers in China accept U.S. Open Door Policy (1899):-no single country should have monopoly on trade with China

• The people of China resisted foreign control in a violent uprising known as the Boxer Rebellion. NEXT

Commodore Mathew Perry opened U.S. trade with Japan in the 1850’s. It opened Japan to Western ideas.

John Hay responded to Japanese and European expansion of their spheres of influence in China by asking nations involved in the region to follow an Open Door Policy

The Panama Canal

• U.S. leaders want canal to connect Atlantic,Pacific Oceans

3SECTION

• Columbia refuses to grant the U.S. the right to build a canal across its territory.

• T. Roosevelt sent the U.S. Navy to Columbia to help a revolution succeed; new nation Panama created (1903)

• Panama gives U.S. strip of land—Canal Zone, U.S. pays Panama

• U.S. builds Panama Canal—shortcut connects Atlantic, Pacific

• In 1921, U.S. pays Columbia for loss of Panama NEXT

Building the Canal

• Building the canal is difficult, land swampy, malaria common

3SECTION

• More than 45,000 workers labor for years on canal, finished in 1914

• Canal cost $352 million, more than 5,000 workers die building it

Chart

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U.S. Involvement in Latin America

• U.S. buys food, raw materials cheap inLatin America:- bananas, coffee, copper

3SECTION

• Ship goods to U.S., sell for higher price• U.S. buys large amounts of land in Latin American

for farming, mining• Wants political stability, no European intervention

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Policing the Hemisphere

• President Roosevelt’s foreign policy, “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”

3SECTION

• Adds the Roosevelt Corollary to MonroeDoctrine (1904):- allows U.S. leaders to intervene in Latin

American affairs if needed and authorizes U.S. to act as “policeman” in the region

•

• President Taft urges U.S. investment in Latin America

• Sends troops to Nicaragua to protect investmentsContinued . . .NEXT

3SECTION

• President Wilson intervenes in Mexican revolution

continued Policing the Hemisphere

• Poncho Villa raids towns in the American Southwest causing the U.S. president to send troops into Mexico after him.

• Americans see U.S. as a good police officer inLatin America

• Latin Americans see U.S. as imperial power

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