DesignandClimate-ResponsivenessPerformance...

Research ArticleDesign and Climate-Responsiveness PerformanceEvaluation of an Integrated Envelope for ModularPrefabricated Buildings

Junjie Li 1 Shuai Lu 2 Wanlin Wang1 Jie Huang1 Xinxing Chen1 and Jiayi Wang1

1School of Architecture and Design Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China2School of Architecture and Urban Planning Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Shuai Lu lyushuaiszueducn

Received 26 February 2018 Accepted 5 May 2018 Published 7 August 2018

Academic Editor Abılio De Jesus

Copyright copy 2018 Junjie Li et al-is is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Modular prefabricated buildings effectively improve the efficiency and quality of building design and construction and representan important trend in the development of building industrialization However there are still many deficiencies in the design andtechnology of existing systems especially in terms of the integration of architectural performance defects that cannot respond tooccupantsrsquo comfort flexibility and energy-saving requirements throughout the buildingrsquos life cycle -is research takes modularprefabricated steel structural systems as its research object and sets the detailed design of an integrated modular envelope systemas the core content First the researcher chose two types of thermal insulation materials high insulation panels and aerogelblankets in order to study the construction details of integrated building envelopes for modular prefabricated buildings Focusingon the weakest heat point the thermal bridge at the modular connection point this work used construction design and research tobuild an experimental building and full-scale model the goal was to explore and verify the feasibility of the climate-responsiveconstruction technique called ldquoreverse installrdquo Second as a response to climate change building facades were dynamicallyadjusted by employing different modular building envelope units such as sunshades preheaters ventilation air filtration pestcontrol and other functional requirements in order to improve the buildingrsquos climate adaptability Finally based on the abovestructural design and research this study verified the actual measurements and simulation as well as the sustainability per-formance of the structure during the operational phase and provided feedback on the design -e results highlight the envi-ronmental performance of each construction detail and optimized possibilities for an integrated envelope design for modularprefabricated buildings during both the design and renovation phases

1 Introduction

11 Research Background -e energy and environmentalcrisis of the 1970s gave birth to a global awareness of andwidespread attention to the issue of sustainable development[1] In this context the field of architecture has also expandedand sustainable architecture has become an important andrapidly developing research proposition [2] Owing to theenvironmentrsquos potential for sustainability societyrsquos needs andcertain economic aspects (such as saving construction timeimproving building quality reducing material waste allevi-ating environmental loads and reducing cost) [3ndash5] pre-fabricated buildings have become an important research

topic in sustainable architecture now playing an essential rolein Western urban construction [6 7]

Modularization is one means of operation in the manu-facture of industrial products Its production efficiency anddelicacy are well established in production [8 9] If we look atthe problem of building industrialization with an eye towardsproduct manufacture modular design and the overall con-struction methodology most components are prefabricated atthe factory and assembled on-site In such cases building spaceis integrated construction time is minimized and on-siteconstruction errors are reduced (as shown in Figure 1)[10 11] Modular design also embodies the concept of sus-tainable development and ldquogreenrdquo construction However

HindawiAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2018 Article ID 8082368 14 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520188082368

there are currently many deciencies in both the design andcertain technical aspects of the existing system [12] especiallywith regard to defects in architectural performance and in-tegrated design (as shown in Figure 2) Currently they cannotrespond to occupantsrsquo requirements for comfort exibilityand energy-saving throughout the buildingrsquos life cycle [13]

shye form of the building envelope has a decisive inuenceon building performance during the operating phase it is alsoone of the most important elements of modular prefabricatedbuildings [14] shyerefore this research focused on thesustainability-related performance of modular prefabricatedbuildings mainly exploring the construction details of in-tegrated building envelopes and their climate responsiveness

A master of modernist architecture Le Corbusier rstproposed the idea of a ldquodrawer-type residencerdquo in 1947 shyisserved to introduce the topic of modularization and stan-dardization in building design (as shown in Figure 3) [15] Inthe 1960s a Dutch scholar named Habraken proposed thenotion of open architecture creating the SI housing system forresidential architecture [16] shye eective separation of S (theskeleton) and I (the inll) led to houses that oered structuraldurability exibility in the indoor space and quality lling[17] shye German and American architects Konard Wachs-mann and Walter Gropius respectively jointly developed theassembly-type General Panel System in 1945 According to themodules these buildings were decomposed into compositepanels thermal insulation inside and outside walls oorsceiling roofs and so on shyese architects also developed

a connection node system between the plates to meet therequirements of rapid development and system expansion[18 19] Ochs invented a prefabricated timber structural en-velopemodule to integrate active equipment such asmicroheatpumps and full heat exchangers into single building compo-nents [20] shye design not only saved time and labor duringthe construction phase but also satised the energy-savingand thermal comfort aspects of building performance [21]

12 Objective of is Study shyis research focused on theconstruction details design and eective evaluation ofintegrated building envelopes for modular prefabricatedbuildings shyree goals were pursued (1) to use a rationalintegrated building envelope design to improve the physi-cal environment and energy-saving performance duringa modular prefabricated buildingrsquos operational phase (2) toresolve weaknesses related to thermal bridges at the con-nection points of modular prefabricated buildings and ad-vance their sustainable performance during the operationalphase and (3) to improve the climate adaptability capacity ofthe overall building environment by optimizing the design ofintegrated building envelopes

2 Methodology

shyis research examined modular prefabricated buildingswith steel structural systems and set the details of an in-tegrated module design for an envelope system as the corecontent Buildings with steel structures oer advantagesduring prefabrication transportation modular hoisting andinstallation and thus are the preferred structural system inprefabricated architecture [22] However compared with PCand wooden structural systems the heat transferability ofsteel structures is stronger and faster obvious disadvantagesin terms of thermal insulation performance [23] shyereforethis research chose two types of thermal insulationmaterialshigh insulation panels (HIPs) and aerogel blankets (ABs)to study the construction details of integrated buildingenvelopes for modular prefabricated buildings Focusing onthe weakest heat points the thermal bridges at modularconnection points this study employed construction detaildesign and research to build an experimental building andfull-scale building model shye goal was to explore and verifythe feasibility of the climate-responsive construction detailtechnique called ldquoreverse installrdquo Moreover the envelopersquosstructural component system featured modularization

6

7

1

2 4

5

3

Figure 1 Modular prefabricated building prototype (source au-thorsrsquo own data)

Figure 2 Hoisting and installation of a modular prefabricatedbuilding prototype (source authorsrsquo own data)

Figure 3 Le Corbusier drawer-type residence (source [15])

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

standardization and prefabrication [24] characteristicsthat can be optimized for climate responsiveness To ac-commodate new needs stemming from climate changebuilding facades were dynamically adjusted by using dif-ferent modular building envelope units including sun-shades preheaters ventilation air ltration pest controland other functional requirements shye goal was to im-prove the buildingrsquos performance related to climateadaptability Based on the above structural design andresearch this study veried the actual measurements andsimulation as well as the sustainability performance of theconstruction during the operational phase and provideddesign feedback

21 e Reverse Install Integrated Building InsulationEnvelope Technique

211 Using HIPs to Improve Heat Preservation and Solve theermal Bridge Problem Research on ultra-thin vacuuminsulation panels began in Europe in 1972 At rst this typeof insulation was primarily used for heat preservation intransportation equipment sophisticated cold storage ma-chinery and so on As the research developed the panelswere increasingly applied in the eld of architecture tooors doors and windows roofs interior walls andbuilding exteriors [25] HIPs are composed of two partsa high barrier composite lm and the core material shyehigh barrier composite membrane comprised inorganicber cloth a multilayer aluminum foil and a multilayercompact material that protects and ayenxes the HIPs shyehigh-quality barrier diaphragm guarantees the service lifeshye core material is made up of porous inorganic sub-stances such as nanometer-superne silica shye porousstructure of the vacuum is benecial in facilitating lowthermal conductivity [26]

shye wall construction details for the building used inthis research from inside to outside were as follows theinterior panel was a 9mm thick OSB panel that served asa structural layer shyere was also a light steel structuralinll with an 80mm thick rock wool insulation panel

shyere was another 18mm thick OSB panel that also servedas a structural layer and a waterproof layer composed ofa 15mm thick double-layer HIP with a wood keel and anair gap exterior panel [27] as shown in Figure 4 shyebuilding used a 300mm module which included the axissize of the openable doors and windows and verticaldimensions of the buildingshyerefore the HIP dimensionswere also controlled according to the following four types300mm times 300mm 300mm times 600mm 300mm times 400mmand 400mm times 600mm (as shown in Figure 5)

Dierent from the other ordinary aspects of envelopeconstruction modular connections must be installed afterthe module is transported to the site Installation relies onan integrated envelope panel to improve construction ef-ciency shyerefore an integrated envelope unit must rstbe constructed in a factory according to the followingsteps the OSB panel is used as the basement materialand the HIPrsquos insulation layer is attached to the OSB withthe keel frame in between It is then covered with a layerof nishing material while the other side of the OSB iscovered with a waterproof layer shyen the integrated en-velope units (including the structural insulation moisture-proong and nishing layers) are installed entirely asa hanging board at the modulersquos connection point (asshown in Figure 6)

Finishing layers

Waterproof layer9 mm thick OSB panel

80 mm thick rock woolInsulation panel

C-shaped steelcolumn

5

25 mm thickbamboo plywood

TO structure3410

9 mm thick OSB panel

9 mm thick OSB panel 9 mm thick OSB panel9 mm thick OSB panel

Light steel columnFinishing layers

Finishing layers

Air gap

HIPs


9 mm thickOSB panel80 mm thick rockwool insulation panel

Light steel columnSteel beam

HIPs

Wood beamHIPsHIPs

2

G

Figure 4 Exterior wall construction detail using the HIPrsquos insulation layer (source authorsrsquo own data)

Figure 5 Buildingrsquos exterior wall with HIPs employed during thebuilding process (source authorsrsquo own data)

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

212 Using ABs to Improve Heat Preservation and Solve the)ermal Bridge Problem

(1) Integrated Building Envelope Using ABs In 1931 theAmerican researcher S Kistler developed silica aerogels viaan ethanol-based supercritical drying technique In the1970s and 1980s aerogel was used in Cherenkov detectorsand to store rocket fuel In the 1990s the material wasemployed as heat insulation for the space shuttle and in USjet propulsion laboratories [28] In architecture aerogel is ofinterest because of the microvoid nanometer-restrained heattransfer of air molecules Also the refractive index of silicaaerogel is close to 1 and the ratio of the extinction coeffi-cient to infrared and visible light is more than 100 theresult is the effective pass-through of sunlight preventinginfrared radiation and related increases in ambient tem-perature -erefore aerogels have become an ideal trans-parent insulation material applied in both solar energyutilization and building energy conservation [29] Bymeans of synthetic methods aerogel can be combined withglass fiber cotton or preoxidized fiber felt ABrsquos thermalconductivity can be as low as 0015W(mmiddotK) at a normaltemperature and atmospheric pressure Compared withtraditional materials the thermal conductivity of AB is threeto five times better than rock wool of the same thickness [30]In addition AB offers certain advantages such as A1 fireprotection it is also easy to cut lightweight and has a highhydrophobicity and thus is the insulation material mostsuitable for prefabricated buildings (as shown in Figure 7)

-e construction details of the building envelope usingAB as insulation were as follows a 15mm thick OSB panelwas used as the basement material and a 10mm thick ABwas attached to the OSB structural layer -e other side ofthe OSB was attached with a waterproof layer an upper layercovered with keel and an exterior finishing layer (as shownin Figures 8 and 9) Since the AB layer had no size con-straints the size of the thermal insulation material could beadjusted according to the modular buildingrsquos modules

(2) Design for )ermal Bridge Prevention at Module Con-nection Points When the four corners of a module aresupported by steel columns and double-steel columns areused at the connection points of a building module the twomodules must be spliced In the absence of a well-designed

thermal insulation the steel columns may be directly ex-posed to the outside on the integrated external wall -is canlead to weaknesses in the thermal bridge to the buildingenvironment A detailed construction plan designed to avoidthis weakness must be based on the basic modules of thebuilding and an integrated building envelope unit after thetwo building modules are assembled on-site these moduleswill hang on the construction In this case study the in-tegrated building envelope unit was 600mm at the twobuilding modulesrsquo connection points as determined by theexperimental buildingrsquos module size -e specific processused a reverse install technique to attach the AB waterprooflayer keel and exterior finishing layer to the OSB structurallayer After the integrated envelope unit was constructed itwas installed with the reserved connecting piece of the mainsteel beam structure and fastened with self-tapping nails-is method integrated the structural thermal insulationmoisture-proofing and exterior finishing layers into a singleunit which will be beneficial in the multiple assemblies anddisassemblies that often accompany prefabricated buildings(as shown in Figures 10 and 11)

22 Replaceable Modules Based on Climate Adaptation-ere are two kinds of climate regulation characteristicsrelated to building envelopes and the spaces they form cli-mate defense and climate utilization Climate defense reflectsthe ldquobufferrdquo strategy of auxiliary functional space while cli-mate utilization refers to the dynamic regulation of the jointactions of the buildingrsquos envelope and space -omas Herzogbelieved that architecturersquos form can be conceptualized assimilar to human skin and the internal function can beunderstood like bones -e clothing people wear its differentstyles and materials expresses human diversity and societalindividuality Clothing and building envelopes are similar inthat they are both public and private ldquointerfacesrdquo [32] Abuildingrsquos envelope contains a variety of mass flows andtherefore requires multiple functions [33] According to thetime climate status of use and other factors a buildingskin incorporates a combination of functions some com-plementary and some in competition with one another in-cluding sight penetration sight view natural lightingshading heat preservation heating ventilation air filtrationnatural risk barriers sound insulation and climatic buffers

-e southern-facing outer layer of a buildingrsquos double-skin facade (DSF) was designed and studied in this researchVarious replaceable modular designs based on climate ad-aptation and occupantsrsquo requirements were imparted to theouter interface [34 35] In the southern facadersquos verticaldirection the outer interface of the DSF was divided intothree segments from bottom to top (according to the humanscale and occupant requirements) these included the pro-tected sight and shading zones (as shown in Figure 12)-e aluminum material panel provided the possibility ofnumerically controlling the machined processing of theouter layer -rough a computer parameterization algo-rithm the bottom of the facadersquos outer layer (called theprotected zone) was designed to be the smallest aperturethis was to guarantee the sturdiness and compactness of the

Figure 6 Reverse install integrated building insulation envelopetechnique (source authorsrsquo own data)


buildingrsquos envelope and also to prevent natural creaturesnear the ground from entering into the building through thehole shye middle of the outer layer 60 degrees up and downto a height of 17m was considered the sight zone withlarger holes to ensure users have an adequate view shyesouthern facade also needed to consider shading during the

summer shyerefore the hole size was reduced at the upperpart of the interface which prevented excessive solar radi-ation from entering

shye climate adaptation design is also embodied in theopening mode of the DSF interface shye outer interface couldturn from 0 to 90 degrees by using an intermediate axis (asshown in Figure 13) In addition in order to maximize theexibility of the usage mode the detailed design combineda middle axis rotating shaft together with a horizontal push-and-pull railshyus the standard-sized outer interface could becompletely retracted at both the western and eastern ends ofthe building in order to provide an unshielded view ormultiple interface forms (as shown in Figure 14)

Important aspects of prefabricated buildings are thestandardization and modularization of their design [36]Besides the outer layer of the DSF this design tested in thisresearch was also based on the building componentsrsquostandardization with multiple functions in order to realizevarious approaches to climate responsibility and adapt-ability To achieve goals such as sight penetration and oc-clusion natural lighting shading thermal insulationpreheating ventilation air ltration the provision of naturalrisk barriers sound insulation and climate buering vebasic facade treatments were designed perforated aluminumplates glass panels air lter membranes mosquito netpanels and AB insulation panels shye ve interfaces formeda dynamic building interface with dierent functions thatreplaced more climate-orientated arrangements (as shownin Table 1) Each interface module was designed to t thesame component size could be prefabricated as standard-ized in the factory and was installed on the metal frameshyere were also three trough-cable rails that could beinserted into the metal frame With a single-slice double-layer or three-layer combination arrangement users couldset up these prefabricated interface modules according totheir requirements ultimately achieving a higher buildingenvironment performance (as shown in Figure 15)

3 Results and Discussion

31 ermal Environment Performance Evaluation of theIntegrated Building Envelope

311 Comprehensive ermal Performance of the IntegratedBuilding Envelope shye heat transfer coeyencient of a materialcharacterizes its heat transfer capacity and the compre-hensive heat transfer coeyencient of a wall indicates the

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 7 Contrast of infrared imaging with the rock wool panel and AB as insulation materials (source [31]) (a) Pipe photo (b) infraredthermal imaging of the pipe (c) rock wool panel as the insulation layer and (d) AB as the insulation layer

Bamboo veneer (16 mm)

Wood joist (20lowast20 mm)

Water-resistive weather barriers

OSB board (15 m)

OSB board (15 mm)

Wallpaper

ermal insulation aerogel (10 mm)


ermal insulation (80 mm)

Figure 8 Construction design detail of an exterior wall using AB asthe insulation material (source authorsrsquo own data)

Figure 9 Full-scale model (source authorsrsquo own data)


(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Figure 10 Installation instructions for an integrated building envelope using AB (source authorsrsquo own data) (a)shye foundation wall at thejunction of two modules (b) integrated wall including exterior decoration heat preservation and structural plates (c) x integratedwallboard by self-tapping pin (d) install the upper (parapet) wall (e) nish

Figure 11 Full-scale model and connection details (source authorsrsquo own data)

1200 1200 1200

Shading zone

Sight zone

Protected zone

1200

3000

1100

700

Figure 12 Vertical division of the sample outer layer (source authorsrsquo own data)


thermal insulation performance of a building According tothe official Chinese standard in the Design Standard forEnergy Efficiency of Public Buildings if a buildingrsquos shapecoefficient is less than 030 the heat transfer coefficient of theexterior wall should be no higher than 050W(m2middotK) Ifa buildingrsquos shape coefficient is between 030 and 050 theheat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall should be nohigher than 045W(m2middotK) in cold climate zones [37] Ifa buildingrsquos shape coefficient is less than 030 the heattransfer coefficient of the buildingrsquos roof should be no higherthan 045W(m2middotK) If the buildingrsquos shape coefficient isbetween 030 and 050 the heat transfer coefficient of thebuildingrsquos roof should be no higher than 040W(m2middotK) incold climate zones [37] -e comprehensive heat transfercoefficient achieved by using two kinds of thermal insulationis shown in Table 2 As compared to the national standardthe heat transfer coefficient achieved when using HIPs as theinsulation material was calculated as saving 73sim76 -eheat transfer coefficient achieved by using ABs as the thermalinsulation material was 43sim49 as compared to the na-tional standard

-e equation for calculating the comprehensive heattransfer coefficient of a buildingrsquos exterior (nontranslucent)envelope is shown here as (1) -erefore the comprehensiveheat transfer coefficient K0 of the external walls and roofsbased on the two kinds of thermal insulation materials canbe calculated as shown in Table 2

K0 1

1113936R0

1

Ri + Rn + Re

1

Ri + δ1λ1( 1113857 + δ2λ2( 1113857 + δ3λ3( 1113857 + middot middot middot + δnλn( 1113857 + Re

(1)

where Ri is the heat transfer resistance value of the innersurface According to the shape relation of the buildingand climate conditions the value can be obtained as011m2middotKW -e variable Rn represents the comprehensiveheat transfer resistance of the wall and Re is the heat transferresistance value of the outer surface According to thesurface features of the building and the climatic conditionsthe value can be obtained as 005m2middotKW -e variable

Figure 13 Detailed design of a combined middle axis rotating shaft and horizontal push-and-pull rail (source authorsrsquo own data)

Figure 14 A combinedmiddle axis rotating shaft and horizontal push-and-pull rail to realize multiple interface forms (source authorsrsquo owndata)


δrepresents the thickness of the material (in mm) and λ isthe materialrsquos thermal conductivity (in W(mmiddotK))

32 Evaluation of the Indoor thermal Environment

321 Experimental Setup and Measurement Conditionsshye building used in this experiment was located in a coldclimate zone in Beijing China It was a net-zero independent

house that had adopted a modular prefabricated buildingsystem shye shape coeyencient was 044 and the buildingconstruction footprint was 82m2 (as shown in Figure 5)HIPs were used as the insulation material (as shown inTable 2) [38] To test the eectiveness of the insulationconstruction detail in dierent climate conditions over thecourse of an entire year the test period was divided into fourseparate phases Together the four phases lasted more than

Table 1 Dynamic combinations of replaceable interface modules

Layer Number Component Function

Singleslice

1 Perforated aluminum plate Building facade sun shading natural risk barrier sightpenetration and sight occlusion

2 Glass panel Buer layer forming a double curtain wall to preheat the indoorspace during winter

3 Mosquito net panel Insect barrier and ventilation

Doublelayer

4 Perforated aluminum plate +mosquito netpanel

Building facade sun shading insect barrier sight penetrationsight occlusion and ventilation

5 Perforated aluminum plate + air ltermembrane

Building facade sun shading natural risk barrier sightpenetration sight occlusion and air purication

6 Glass panel +mosquito net panel Moderate ventilation and heat preservation during transitionseasons

7 Perforated aluminum plate + perforatedaluminum plate Composite interface to adjust building illumination

Triplelayer

8 Perforated aluminum plate +AB insulationpanel + perforated aluminum plate

A buer layer to improve thermal insulation during winternights

9 Glass panel +mosquito net panel + air ltermembrane

Sight penetration moderate heat preservation air ltrationand an insect barrier for transition seasons

10 Perforated aluminum plate +AB insulationpanel + glass panel

Integrated design of the building facade sun shading heatpreservation and preheating buer zone

11 Perforated aluminum plate +AB insulationpanel + air lter membrane

Building facade sun shading heat preservation and airltration

12 Glass panel +AB insulation panel + glass panel Buer layer preheating and heat preservation suitable forwinter and nighttime in cold climate zones

Source authorsrsquo own data

Replaceable module

HingeSliderotatecomponent

Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame

Perforated aluminum plate

Fixed module

Figure 15 Replaceable modules based on climate adaptability (source authorsrsquo own data)


one year beginning in the December of 2013 and ending inthe January of 2015 -is research selected two physicalquantities temperature and heat flux which were de-termined to reflect the thermal environment quality of thebuilding-e goal was to test the actual thermal performanceof the structure during the operating phase (Table 3) [39]

322 Results and Discussion Figure 16 shows a comparisonof the buildingrsquos indoor and outdoor temperatures duringwinter transition seasons and summer -rough the tem-perature curve it can be seen that the outdoor temperaturefluctuated conspicuously in winter During the test period

the highest temperature was 16degC and the lowest was minus32degCWhile the amplitude of the indoor temperaturersquos fluctuationwas very small its actual fluctuation ranged plusmn3 degreesabove or below 5degC -e indoor temperature was influencedvery little by the external temperature indicating the goodinsulation ability of the building (as shown in Figure 16(a))During the transition season (spring) the highest outdoortemperature was 338degC and the lowest temperature was67degC the indoor temperature fluctuated within a range ofplusmn6 degrees above or below 18degC (as shown in Figure 16(b))In summer the highest outdoor temperature was 503degCwhile the lowest temperature was 141degC this meant that themaximum temperature difference in the outdoors reached

Table 2 Heat transfer performance of the integrated envelope

Construction details of theintegrated prefabricatedbuilding envelope

Position Construction details (from interior to exterior)Comprehensive heat transfercoefficient of the buildingrsquos

exterior (nontranslucent) envelope

Using HIPs asa thermal insulationmaterial

Exteriorwall

6mm bamboo exterior finished surface two 15mmlayers of HIP insulation waterproof layer 18mmOSB structural board light steel structural infill with80mm thick rock wool insulation panel 9mm

interior finished surface

0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof

20mm bamboo plywood surface layer waterproofingmembrane 20mm bamboo plywood surface layertwo 15mm layers of HIP insulation 18mm OSBstructural board light steel structural infill with140mm thick rock wool insulation panel 9mm


0105W(m2middotK)

Using ABs asa thermal insulationmaterial

Exteriorwall

12mm aluminum plastic panel with air gap 10mmAB insulation waterproof layer 18mm OSB

structural board light steel structural infill with80mm thick rock wool insulation panel 6mm ABinsulation 9mm OSB interior finishing board

0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof

20mm bamboo plywood surface layer waterproofingmembrane 20mm bamboo plywood surface layer10mm AB insulation 18mm OSB structural boardlight steel structural infill with 140mm thick rockwool insulation panel 6mm AB insulation 9mm

OSB interior finishing board

0194W(m2middotK)


Table 3 Building information

Climate zone Cold climate zone in ChinaBuild time 2013Surrounding environment In sculpture park surrounded by green spaceBuilding area 82m2

Building size 121m (L)times 72m (W)times 3 m (H)Building storey 1 FBuilding structure Steel frameGlazing size South 40m2 north 78m2

Details and parameters

(i) Four layers of low-e insulating glass with a thickness of 5mm42mm and aU-value of 048W(m2middotK)a shading coefficient of 0443 for the south glazing wall

(ii) Wall material 80mm mineral wool +HIP a U-value of 02W(m2middotK)(iii) Roof material 130mm mineral wool and HIP a U-value of 01W(m2middotK)

Other strategies

(iv) PV system 70m2 PV panels with a capacity of 115 kW thin film photovoltaic panels(v) Solar thermal solar vacuum tube collectors

(vi) HVAC WSHP (cop 6) and ASHP(vii) Water system membrane bioreactor water treatment technology



201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30

35 Transit-season spring

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25

North facadeWest facadeSouth facade

Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227

AVG ndash086AVG ndash0468

(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

South facadeWest facadeNorth facade

Summer

(e)

Figure 16shyermal environment test of a modular prefabricated building using HIPs as the insulation material (source authorsrsquo own data)(a) Winter temperatures (b) transitional season temperatures (c) summer temperatures (d) oating box line diagram of summer heat uxdensity (e) hourly curve diagram of summer heat ux density


362degC while the indoor temperature dierence was only85degC shyis indicates the buildingrsquos excellent thermal insu-lation performance (as shown in Figure 16(c))

shye curves in Figures 16(d) and 16(e) illustrate the heat owdensities for the test buildingrsquos southern western and northernwalls during summer weather conditions As can be seen inFigure 16(d) although the southern facade absorbed a consid-erable amount of solar radiation the dierence among theaverage heat ux densities for the three facades was very littlesouthern facade (227Wm2)gtnorthern facadegt (086Wm2)gtwestern facade (048Wm2) shyerefore the overall heatgain was relatively small Figure 16(e) illustrates thechanges in the hourly heat ux density curve and thus thedierences among the three facades shye uctuation wasmore obvious in the southern facade than in the northernand western facades due to the inuence of summer solarradiation

33 e Climate Adaptability of an Integrated Structurethroughout an Entire Life Cycle Section 22 addressed anintegrated changeable module facade based on a DSFCombining the dierent open and closed status modes of the

inner and outer layers simulated the usage pattern of thebuilding throughout an entire yearrsquos climatic conditionsFigure 17 illustrates the four modes and all statuses in-cluding the shadingair lter mode in the summer during theday natural ventilation mode in the summer at nightsunspace mode in winter during the day and sunspaceairlter mode during the transition season shye simulation ofthermal conditions focused on the typical climatic week ofan entire summer day and an entire winter day shyecomparisons of indoor and outdoor temperatures andcooling and heating loads before and after changes in thevariable interface are discussed below

During summer days the interface was used to blockexcess sunlight shye result was that the outer interface of thechangeable DSF facade had three layers of modules in-cluding (from outside to inside) a perforated aluminumplate an air lter and a mosquito net all of which playeda role in shading and air ltration Figure 18 shows thethermal environment data for the perforated aluminumplate shading in the experimental building (the buildingused in this experiment is shown in Figure 5 shye shape ofthe building was rectangular shye size ratio was 12m (L)times57m (W)times 3m (H) shye DSF facade was located on the

Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)

Figure 17 shye climate adaptation mode of the integrated changeable modules throughout the buildingrsquos entire life cycle (sourceauthorsrsquo own data) (a) Shadingair lter mode (summer day) (b) natural ventilation mode (summer night) (c) sunspace mode (winterday) (d) sunspaceair lter mode (spring and autumn days)


southern facade of the building) in the hot summer andwarm winter zones of Shenzhen during a typical work week(from July 1 to July 7) shye red curve indicates the interiortemperature environment without shading and the bluecurve illustrates the interior temperature when the sunshading board was in useshyis clearly illustrates that the sun-shaded plate inhibited heat transfer especially during high-temperature times (over 35degC) shye maximum temperaturedierence with and without sun shading was 3degC Figure 19shows the corresponding cooling load histogram whichshows that the cooling energy load saving was 105sim142from 7 am to 6 pm

During winter days the greenhouse eect in the sun-space will preheat the indoor space improving the indoortemperature and reducing the energy consumption de-mand shyerefore a single layer of glass or ETFE lm wasinserted into the outer interface of the DSF its eect isshown in Figure 20 shyis research simulated the combinedglass interface and corridor of the experimental buildingwhich were used as a sunspace shye building was located ina cold area Beijing during a typical work week (fromJanuary 1 to January 7) shye red curve illustrates the in-terior temperature environment without the glass interfaceand the blue curve indicates the interior temperature withthe combined glass interface and corridor Under the DSFpreheating function the indoor temperature improvedthroughout the day and had a positive eect on the indoorthermal environment Especially during the daytime whenthere was ample solar radiation the DSF mode was able toraise the indoor temperature by 2degC and the highesttemperature dierence between the interior and exteriorreached 57degC Figure 21 shows the corresponding heatingload in winter Depending on the daily solar radiationthere was a marked dierence in solar gain in the sunspaceUnder typical conditions this design mode saved heatingenergy consumption on average by approximately 246at its highest point these savings reached 383 during thedaytime from 7 am to 6 pm which obviously underscoresthe usefulness of preheating

4 Conclusions

shyis research designed and evaluated a modular pre-fabricated building in an eort to improve its performance interms of sustainability Certain prefabricated constructiondetails of the modular building envelope were studied be-ginning with the steel frame of the modular structuralsystem In order to improve construction eyenciency in thistype of modular prefabricated building as well as to enhancethe physical environment and reduce energy consump-tion during the operational phase via integrated thermalinsulation two basic prefabricated envelope units weredeveloped shye rst employed high-performance thermalinsulation materials to produce an integrated building en-velope and modular connection points the goal of whichwas to improve the buildingrsquos performance in terms ofsustainability shye second used the DSF principle to studyhow changeable module envelope units respond in terms of

010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

Without sunspaceWith sunspace

Figure 20 Temperature comparison with and without sunspacemode (source authorsrsquo own data)

Without shadingWith shading

0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date

Figure 19 Cooling load comparison with and without shadingairltration mode (source authorsrsquo own data)

070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Figure 18 Temperature comparison with and without shadingairltration mode (source authorsrsquo own data)


climate adaptability By constructing an experimentalbuilding full-scale model and computer simulation thisresearch veried the feasibility and eectiveness of severalintegrated building envelope units shyis research has con-tributed to the literature in three key ways

(1) shyis study selected two types of thermal insulationmaterials high insulation panels and aerogel blan-kets in order to study certain construction detailsof integrated building envelopes in modular pre-fabricated buildings shye comprehensive heattransfer coeyencients for the two integrated envelopeswere 0124W(m2middotK) and 0257W(m2middotK) Withenergy savings of 75 and 45 respectively bothoered insulation capacities signicantly better thanthe current national standard

(2) Focusing on the weakest heat point the thermalbridge that occurs at modular connection points thisstudy attempted to use construction detail designand research to build an experimental building andfull-scale building model shye goal was to exploreand verify the feasibility of the climate-responsiveconstruction technique called ldquoreverse installrdquo Long-termmonitoring of the physical environment provedthe eect of the integrated envelope on the con-nection points of two modules comprising a pre-fabricated building When the outdoor temperaturedierence reached 362degC during summer days theinterior temperature dierence was only 85degC shyisillustrates the excellent thermal insulation perfor-mance of the building envelopersquos design

(3) To address issues related to climate change buildingfacade units were dynamically adjusted via dierentmodular building envelope units these includedsunshades preheaters ventilation air ltration pestcontrol and other functional elements designed toimprove the buildingrsquos climate adaptability perfor-mance shye eects of the changeable building enve-lope units were veried by the computer simulation

Sun shading in Shenzhen was shown to save coolingenergy load consumption by 105sim142 during thedaytime similarly in Beijing sunspace was shown tosave the average daily heating load consumption byapproximately 246

Data Availability

shye data used to support the ndings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

shye authors declare that they have no conicts of interest

Acknowledgments

shyis work was supported by the Fundamental Funds forChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(Project no 2017T100035) and the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant nos 51708019 and 51678324)

References

[1] H Lin ldquoshye design and analysis of sustainable architecturesystemrdquo Architecture Journal vol 12 pp 15ndash17 2003

[2] O Oduyemi and M Okoroh ldquoBuilding performance mod-elling for sustainable building designrdquo International Journalof Sustainable Built Environment vol 5 no 2 pp 461ndash4692016

[3] L Caneparo Digital Fabrication in Architecture Engineeringand Construction Springer Dordrecht Netherlands 2014

[4] Y Wang L Wang E Long and S Deng ldquoAn experimentalstudy on the indoor thermal environment in prefabricatedhouses in the subtropicsrdquo Energy and Buildings vol 127pp 529ndash539 2016

[5] G Tumminia F Guarino S Longo et al ldquoLife cycle energyperformances of a Net Zero energy prefabricated building inSicilyrdquo Energy Procedia vol 140 pp 486ndash494 2017

[6] Y Teng K Li W Pan and T Ng ldquoReducing building lifecycle carbon emissions through prefabrication evidence fromand gaps in empirical studiesrdquo Building and Environmentvol 132 pp 125ndash136 2018

[7] E Bonamente M C Merico S Rinaldi et al ldquoEnvironmentalimpact of industrial prefabricated buildings carbon andenergy footprint analysis based on an LCA approachrdquo EnergyProcedia vol 61 pp 2841ndash2844 2014

[8] M Sonego M E S Echeveste and H G Debarba ldquoshye role ofmodularity in sustainable design a systematic reviewrdquoJournal of Cleaner Production vol 176 pp 196ndash209 2018

[9] K Salonitis ldquoModular design for increasing assembly auto-mationrdquo CIRP Annals vol 63 no 1 pp 189ndash192 2014

[10] H Zhang J Li L Dong and H Chen ldquoIntegration of sus-tainability in Net-zero House experiences in Solar DecathlonChinardquo Energy Procedia vol 57 pp 1931ndash1940 2013

[11] Z Chen J Liu Y Yu C Zhou and R Yan ldquoExperimentalstudy of an innovative modular steel building connectionrdquoJournal of Constructional Steel Research vol 139 pp 69ndash822017

[12] G Juanli Research on the Integration Performance of In-dustrialized Building Envelop Components of AordableHousing in the Severe Cold Zone of China Tianjin UniversityTianjin China 2013

0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

Figure 21 Heating load comparison with and without sunspacemode (source authorsrsquo own data)


[13] N Soares P Santos H Gervasio J J Costa and L Simotildees daSilva ldquoEnergy efficiency and thermal performance of light-weight steel-framed (LSF) construction a reviewrdquo Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 78 pp 194ndash209 2017

[14] H Sozer ldquoImproving energy efficiency through the design ofthe building enveloperdquo Building and Environment vol 45no 12 pp 2581ndash2593 2010

[15] W Boesiger and H Girsberger Le Corbusier-euvre CompleteVol 5 Birkhauser Basel Switzerland 1998

[16] J N Habraken Conversations with Form A Workbook forStudents of Architecture Routledge London UK 2014

[17] Y Yinjun L Dong Wei and X Lei ldquo-e development andapplication of integration technology and industrial interiordesign in SI residentialrdquo Architecture Journal vol 4pp 55ndash59 2012

[18] Z H Jingxiang ldquoSystem or individualityndashthe wooden housesof Konrad Wachsmann and Frank Lloyd Wright in the1930srdquo Architecture Journal vol 7 pp 22ndash27 2015


[20] F Ochs D Siegele G Dermentzis and W Feist ldquoPre-fabricated timber frame faccedilade with integrated active com-ponents for minimal invasive renovationsrdquo Energy Procediavol 78 pp 61ndash66 2015

[21] T Konstantinou and U Knaack ldquoAn approach to integrateenergy efficiency upgrade into refurbishment design processapplied in two case-study buildings in Northern Europeanclimaterdquo Energy and Buildings vol 59 no 4 pp 301ndash3092013

[22] Z Li M He X Wang and M Li ldquoSeismic performanceassessment of steel frame infilled with prefabricated woodshear wallsrdquo Journal of Constructional Steel Research vol 140pp 62ndash73 2018

[23] J-H Song J-H Lim and S-Y Song ldquoEvaluation of alter-natives for reducing thermal bridges in metal panel curtainwall systemsrdquo Energy and Buildings vol 127 pp 138ndash1582016

[24] L Zhenghao S Yehao S Jingfen et al ldquoClimate responsivemodular building skin design strategya case study ofthe-studiordquo Eco-City and Green Building vol 2 pp 54ndash612015

[25] R Baetensa B P Jellea J V-ueb et al ldquoVacuum insulationpanels for building applications a review and beyondrdquo Energyand Buildings vol 42 no 2 pp 147ndash172 2010

[26] httpjxjc88cnchinacn[27] L Junjie Z H Hong Z H Yuting and M Jiajian ldquoBuilding

envelop technology strategies in green building practices andits problemsrdquo Eco-City and Green Building vol 1 pp 19ndash242014

[28] I Smirnova and P Gurikov ldquoAerogel production currentstatus research directions and future opportunitiesrdquo Journalof Supercritical Fluids vol 134 pp 228ndash233

[29] U Berardi ldquoAerogel-enhanced systems for building energyretrofits insights from a case studyrdquo Energy and Buildingsvol 159 pp 370ndash381 2018

[30] K-J Lee Y-J Choe Y H Kim J K Lee and H-J HwangldquoFabrication of silica aerogel composite blankets from anaqueous silica aerogel slurryrdquo Ceramics International vol 44no 2 pp 2204ndash2208 2018

[31] )e Brochure of Tianjin Langhua Science and TechnologyDevelopment Co Ltd 2017 httpwwwtjhykjcom

[32] Master Series )e Works and Ideas of Herzog andMeuronndash)e Editing Department of the Master Series BooksChina Electric Power Press China 2004

[33] S Yehao W Jialiang L Caldas et al ldquoIndoor comfort andenergy saving building performance created by envelopmaterialsrdquo Time and Architecture vol 3 pp 77ndash81 2014

[34] Z Su X Li and F Xue ldquoDouble-skin faccedilade optimizationdesign for different climate zones in Chinardquo Solar Energyvol 155 pp 281ndash290 2017

[35] S B Sadineni S Madala and R F Boehm ldquoPassive buildingenergy savings a review of building envelope componentsrdquoRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 15 no 8pp 3617ndash3631 2011

[36] P Pihelo T Kalamees and K Kuusk ldquonZEB renovation withprefabricated modular panelsrdquo Energy Procedia vol 132pp 1006ndash1011 2017

[37] Chinese National Standard Design Standard for Energy Ef-ficiency of Public Buildings GB50189 Chinese NationalStandard Taiwan China 2015

[38] J Li Y Song and Q Wang ldquoExperimental verification andpair-group analysis study of passive space design strategiesrdquoin Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on CivilArchitecture and Hydrauic Engineering (ICCAHErsquo2015)Guangzhou China December 2015

[39] S Yehao L Junjie W Jialiang et al ldquoMulti-criteria approachto passive space design in buildings impact of courtyardspaces on public buildings in cold climatesrdquo Building andEnvironment vol 89 pp 295ndash307 2015


CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018


Journal of

Chemistry

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



Advances in Condensed Matter Physics


International Journal of

BiomaterialsHindawiwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

Applied ChemistryJournal of


NanotechnologyHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of


High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

TribologyAdvances in



ChemistryAdvances in


Advances inPhysical Chemistry


BioMed Research InternationalMaterials

Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls


Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

there are currently many deciencies in both the design andcertain technical aspects of the existing system [12] especiallywith regard to defects in architectural performance and in-tegrated design (as shown in Figure 2) Currently they cannotrespond to occupantsrsquo requirements for comfort exibilityand energy-saving throughout the buildingrsquos life cycle [13]

shye form of the building envelope has a decisive inuenceon building performance during the operating phase it is alsoone of the most important elements of modular prefabricatedbuildings [14] shyerefore this research focused on thesustainability-related performance of modular prefabricatedbuildings mainly exploring the construction details of in-tegrated building envelopes and their climate responsiveness

A master of modernist architecture Le Corbusier rstproposed the idea of a ldquodrawer-type residencerdquo in 1947 shyisserved to introduce the topic of modularization and stan-dardization in building design (as shown in Figure 3) [15] Inthe 1960s a Dutch scholar named Habraken proposed thenotion of open architecture creating the SI housing system forresidential architecture [16] shye eective separation of S (theskeleton) and I (the inll) led to houses that oered structuraldurability exibility in the indoor space and quality lling[17] shye German and American architects Konard Wachs-mann and Walter Gropius respectively jointly developed theassembly-type General Panel System in 1945 According to themodules these buildings were decomposed into compositepanels thermal insulation inside and outside walls oorsceiling roofs and so on shyese architects also developed

a connection node system between the plates to meet therequirements of rapid development and system expansion[18 19] Ochs invented a prefabricated timber structural en-velopemodule to integrate active equipment such asmicroheatpumps and full heat exchangers into single building compo-nents [20] shye design not only saved time and labor duringthe construction phase but also satised the energy-savingand thermal comfort aspects of building performance [21]

12 Objective of is Study shyis research focused on theconstruction details design and eective evaluation ofintegrated building envelopes for modular prefabricatedbuildings shyree goals were pursued (1) to use a rationalintegrated building envelope design to improve the physi-cal environment and energy-saving performance duringa modular prefabricated buildingrsquos operational phase (2) toresolve weaknesses related to thermal bridges at the con-nection points of modular prefabricated buildings and ad-vance their sustainable performance during the operationalphase and (3) to improve the climate adaptability capacity ofthe overall building environment by optimizing the design ofintegrated building envelopes

2 Methodology

shyis research examined modular prefabricated buildingswith steel structural systems and set the details of an in-tegrated module design for an envelope system as the corecontent Buildings with steel structures oer advantagesduring prefabrication transportation modular hoisting andinstallation and thus are the preferred structural system inprefabricated architecture [22] However compared with PCand wooden structural systems the heat transferability ofsteel structures is stronger and faster obvious disadvantagesin terms of thermal insulation performance [23] shyereforethis research chose two types of thermal insulationmaterialshigh insulation panels (HIPs) and aerogel blankets (ABs)to study the construction details of integrated buildingenvelopes for modular prefabricated buildings Focusing onthe weakest heat points the thermal bridges at modularconnection points this study employed construction detaildesign and research to build an experimental building andfull-scale building model shye goal was to explore and verifythe feasibility of the climate-responsive construction detailtechnique called ldquoreverse installrdquo Moreover the envelopersquosstructural component system featured modularization

6

7

1

2 4

5

3

Figure 1 Modular prefabricated building prototype (source au-thorsrsquo own data)

Figure 2 Hoisting and installation of a modular prefabricatedbuilding prototype (source authorsrsquo own data)

Figure 3 Le Corbusier drawer-type residence (source [15])








Finishing layers




5


TO structure3410




Finishing layers

Air gap

HIPs




HIPs

Wood beamHIPsHIPs

2

G




















(a) (b) (c) (d)





OSB board (15 m)

OSB board (15 mm)

Wallpaper







(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)



1200 1200 1200

Shading zone

Sight zone

Protected zone

1200

3000

1100

700





K0 1

1113936R0

1

Ri + Rn + Re

1


(1)











Singleslice




Doublelayer







Triplelayer











Replaceable module


Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame


Fixed module











Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls










Finishing layers




5


TO structure3410




Finishing layers

Air gap

HIPs




HIPs

Wood beamHIPsHIPs

2

G




















(a) (b) (c) (d)





OSB board (15 m)

OSB board (15 mm)

Wallpaper







(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)



1200 1200 1200

Shading zone

Sight zone

Protected zone

1200

3000

1100

700





K0 1

1113936R0

1

Ri + Rn + Re

1


(1)











Singleslice




Doublelayer







Triplelayer











Replaceable module


Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame


Fixed module











Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




















(a) (b) (c) (d)





OSB board (15 m)

OSB board (15 mm)

Wallpaper







(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)



1200 1200 1200

Shading zone

Sight zone

Protected zone

1200

3000

1100

700





K0 1

1113936R0

1

Ri + Rn + Re

1


(1)











Singleslice




Doublelayer







Triplelayer











Replaceable module


Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame


Fixed module











Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)



1200 1200 1200

Shading zone

Sight zone

Protected zone

1200

3000

1100

700





K0 1

1113936R0

1

Ri + Rn + Re

1


(1)











Singleslice




Doublelayer







Triplelayer











Replaceable module


Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame


Fixed module











Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls






K0 1

1113936R0

1

Ri + Rn + Re

1


(1)











Singleslice




Doublelayer







Triplelayer











Replaceable module


Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame


Fixed module











Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls










Singleslice




Doublelayer







Triplelayer











Replaceable module


Changeablemodule

component

Bottom pulley

Mosquito net

Air filter

Glass

Metal frame


Fixed module











Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls












Exteriorwall



0124W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0105W(m2middotK)


Exteriorwall



0257W(m2middotK)

Buildingroof



0194W(m2middotK)








Other strategies





201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




201411 201413 201415 201417 201419ndash10

ndash5

0

5

10

15

20 Winter

IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(a)

20144112014492014472014455

10

15

20

25

30


IndoorOutdoor

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(b)

2014531 201462 201464 201466 201468

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IndoorOutdoor

Summer

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

(c)

ndash25

0

25


Summer

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )

AVG 227


(d)

201463 201464 201465 201466 201467 201468 201469 2014610

ndash50

0

50

100

Hea

t flu

x de

nsity

(Wm

2 )


Summer

(e)








Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls









Outerlayer (closed)

Innerlayer (closed)


Air filter

Mosquito net

(a)

Outerlayer (open)

Innerlayer (open)

(b)

Innerlayer (closed)

Glass

Outerlayer (closed)

(c)

Innerlayer (open)


Air filter

Mosquito net

Outerlayer (closed)

(d)





4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls






4 Conclusions


010

1

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

010

2

010

3

010

4

010

5

010

5

010

6

010

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

0

0

5

10

15

20

25




0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 07072000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

Coo

ling

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


070

1

070

2

070

3

070

4

070

5

070

5

070

6

070

7

200

0

160

0

120

0

080

0

040

0

240

0

200

0

160

020

25

30

35

40


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls









Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References













0101

200400600800

1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000

Hea

ting

load

(kJm

2 )

Date


0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107

































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls


































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




DesignandClimate-ResponsivenessPerformance...

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