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DESIGN AND LIFE CYCLE ENERGY

ANALYSIS OF A PASSIVE BUILDING: SODHA

BERS COMPLEX

VIKRAM SINGH

CENTRE FOR ENERGY STUDIES

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

JUNE 2015

DESIGN AND LIFE CYCLE ENERGY

ANALYSIS OF A PASSIVE BUILDING: SODHA

BERS COMPLEX

by

Vikram Singh

Centre for Energy Studies

Submitted

in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

to the

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

June 2015

Dedicated

to

Solar Scientists and Engineers

i

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Design and Life Cycle Energy Analysis of a

passive Building: SODHA BERS COMPLEX”, submitted by Mr. Vikram Singh to

the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi is worthy of consideration for the award of the

degree of ‘Doctor of Philosophy’ and is a record of the original bonafide research work

carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. The results contained in the thesis

have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of

any degree or diploma.

Date: (Dr. G.N. Tiwari)

Place: Professor

Centre for Energy studies

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is my immense pleasure to express the deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor,

Prof. G.N. Tiwari for his constant inspiring guidance and utmost cooperation at every

stage that helped me in successful completion of this research work. I am also very

thankful to Prof. V. Dutta, Head, CES and Prof. T.S. Bhatti of Centre for Energy Studies

for their kind advice and assistance from time to time. My sincere thanks go to Prof. A.D.

Rao, Head, CAS for academic discussion and encouragement.

I have no befitting words to express deep sentiments towards my grandparents

(Late Shree Baldev Singh and Late Smt. Gulabo Devi) my parents (Shri Govind Singh

and late Smt. Jagwati Devi), Spouse (Mrs. Seema Singh), son (Sushant Singh) and

daughter (Vishakha Singh) for their whole hearted support and patience during the period

of study.

My special thanks go to my seniors, colleagues and friends Dr. Arvind Tiwari, Dr.

Rajeev Mishra, Mrs. Deepali Atheiya, Mr. Shyam, Mr. Vivek Tomar, Mr. Madhusudan,

Mr. Sumit Tiwari, Ms. Poonam Joshi and others for their cooperation and moral support. I

also convey my sincere thanks to Mr. Lakhmi Chand, and staff members of IIT, Delhi for

their kind support during experimental work and help in completing this research work.

I am grateful to Shri Amitabh Srivastava, Vice Chairman (Moradabad

Development Authority- Moradabad) and Govt. of Uttar Pradesh (Housing & Urban

Planning Department) Lucknow, India for providing financial assistance and no

objection-cum-service certificate to carry out this research work. Last but not least I am

thankful to Bag Energy Research Society (BERS) for giving me opportunity to do

research work.

Date: (Vikram Singh)

iii

ABSTRACT

India is a developing country hence due to growing economy and prosperity, the

energy demand in India is rising sharply so the country is facing a challenge to meet the

energy needs. In various booming economic sectors, new buildings are being constructed.

They require a large amount of energy to construct and operate. This causes the energy

shortage and at the same time has an impact on the environment. Building energy

efficiency is the most economical, feasible and easiest way to generate electricity by

saving in deed.

In India there is a potential to reduce energy consumption by up to 50 percent. In

2007, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of the Government of India came up with

an energy code for new buildings. The code focuses on the implementation of minimum

energy efficiency standards for the design of new buildings. This code, however, is not

mandatory in India. Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious

environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural

resources. With energy intensive solutions for construction as well as demands for

heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting etc. the entire process, energy is consumed by

the building throughout its life cycle.

In view of this, SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC) has been designed and

constructed for providing thermal comfort throughout year with passive concepts. Based

on the following parameters measured/evaluated namely

(i) Embodied energy

(ii) Cost of construction

(iii) CO2 emission

(iv) Monthly performance in terms of energy saving (kWh) and

iv

(v) Life of SBC (years) etc.

The energy matrices have been developed. The energy matrices are energy

payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion

efficiency (LCCE) of SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC). CO2 mitigation and CO2

credits for SBC for varying the life of building have also been determined.

Total embodied energy and CO2 emission for SBC is calculated as 1120753.83

kWh and 2288.579 tonnes respectively. Total energy saving for SBC is 24932.208 kWh

when average temperature difference between room air and ambient air temperature is 40

C. Net CO2 mitigation and carbon credit earn by SBC for 300 years life span and 40

C

average temperature difference between room air and ambient air temperature are

12972.17 tonnes and US$ 129721.7 respectively. For the same parameters Energy

Payback Time (EPBT), Energy Production Factor (EPF) and Life cycle conversion

efficiency (LCCE) are 44.95 years, 6.67 and 14.64% respectively with 950 kWh/m2

solar

radiation.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

CONTENTS v

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF TABLES xiv

NOMENCLATURE xvii

Chapter – I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Trombe Wall 2

1.3. Partition Wall 9

1.4. Air Cavity Wall 10

1.5. Ventilation/ Infiltration 11

1.6. Wind Tower 12

1.7 Earth Air Heat Exchanger 12

1.8. Height of a Room 13

1.9. Green Roof 15

1.10. Sky Irradiative Cooling 18

1.11. Natural Day Lighting 18

1.12. Organization of Chapters 20

vi

Chapter–II: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SODHA BERS COMPLEX

(SBC)

2.1. Introduction 22

2.2. Layout Plan and Design of SBC 22

2.2.1. Basement 23

2.2.2. Ground floor 23

2.2.3. First and second floor 24

2.3. Construction of SODHA BERS COMPLEX 25

2.3.1. Foundation 25

2.3.2. Column 26

2.3.3. Beam and slab 26

2.3.4. Walls 29

2.3.5. Wind tower 30

2.4. Commissioning of SBC 31

2.5. Material Used 35

2.5.1. Embodied energy 35

2.5.2. Cost of construction 37

2.5.3. CO2 Emission 39

Chapter-III: MONTHLY PERFORMANCE OF SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC)


3.2. Calibration of Copper-Constantan Thermocouples 41

3.2.1. Preparation of copper-constantan thermocouples 41

3.2.2. Experimental setup 41

3.2.3. Experimental observations 42

3.3. Hourly Variation of Room Air Temperatures 46

3.3.1. Location of each thermocouple 46

vii

3.3.2. Instruments 47

3.3.3. Experimental hourly variation 48

3.3.4. Monthly variation 52

3.4. Result and Discussion 54

3.4.1. Hourly variation 54

3.4.2. Monthly variation 54

Chapter-IV: LIFE CYCLE ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SODHA BERS COMPLEX

(SBC)


4.1.1. Energy matrices 59

4.2. Annual Energy Saving 61

4.3. Net CO2 Mitigation 68

4.4. Energy Payback Time (EPBT) 69

4.5. Carbon Credit Earned By SBC 70

4.6. Energy Projection Factor (EPF) 72

4.7. Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency (LCCE) 73


Chapter-V: PERIODIC ANALYSIS FOR TERRACE ROOF OF SODHA BERS

COMPLEX (SBC)


5.2. Basic Thermal Modelling 77

5.2.1. Periodic model 78

5.3. Methodology 78

5.4. Thermal Modeling 79

5.4.1. Energy balance equations for bare surface 80

viii

5.5. Thermal Load Levelling (TLL) 85

5.6. Decrement Factor (DF) 85


5.8. Validation of Results 91

5.9. Conclusions 92

Chapter-VI: EFFECT OF EARTH AIR HEAT EXCHANGER ON

PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING


6.2. Thermal Modelling 95

6.2.1 Temperature distribution for semi-infinite surface 95

6.2.2 Outlet air temperature of earth air heat exchanger 96

6.3. Methodology 98


6.5. Conclusions 109

Chapter-VII: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1. Conclusions 110

7.2. Recommendations 110

REFERENCES 111-121

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 122

BRIEF BIO-DATA 123

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Description Page No.

Chapter – I

Fig. 1.1 Pattern of energy consumption in a residential building 1

Fig. 1.2 (a) Conventional Trombe wall 3

Fig. 1.2 (b) Concept of Trombe wall used in India long time back 4

Fig. 1.3 Photograph of Housing complex at Jaipur 8

Fig. 1.4 Photograph of a rural house for hot and humid condition 9

Fig. 1.5 View of clerestory window (Roshan dan) in New Delhi for

day lighting and ventilation 14

Fig. 1.6 Various configuration of green roof 15

Fig. 1.7 Hourly variation of room air temperature for wetted surface 17

Chapter – II

Fig. 2.1 Layout plan of the purposed site 22

Fig. 2.2 Isometric view of basement showing position of WT-1 and

trombe wall 23

Fig. 2.3 (a) Isometric typical view of first and second floor 24

Fig. 2.3 (b) View of natural cross ventilation in first and second floor at

SBC 25

Fig. 2.4 Foundation for basement 26

Fig. 2.5 (a) View of column 27

x


Fig. 2.5 (b) Reinforcement detail 27

Fig. 2.6 (a) The design of beam used for SBC 28

Fig. 2.6 (b) Typical Stirrups arrangement & lap detail in beams &

curtailment of bars 28

Fig. 2.7 (a) A view of trombe wall in basement 29

Fig. 2.7 (b) Trombe wall on upper floors 30

Fig. 2.8 (a) View of wind tower 2 (WT-II) from the ground floor at

SBC 30

Fig. 2.8 (b) View of wind tower 1 (WT-1) from the basement 31

Fig. 2.8 (c) Actual photograph of SODHA BERS COMPLEX (SBC) 32

Fig. 2.8 (d) Front L-Sectional view of SBC 32

Fig. 2.8 (e) Front Rear-Sectional view of SBC 33

Fig. 2.8 (f) Left and Right X-Sectional view of SBC 33

Fig. 2.8 (g) 3-D view of SBC with cross ventilation, RWH and

proposed solar systems 34

Fig. 2.8 (h) Top aerial view of SBC 34

Fig. 2.9 Percentage breakup of material used at SBC 36

Fig. 2.10 Percentage breakup of embodied energy of materials used in

SBC 36

Fig. 2.11 Percentage cost breakup of each material used in

construction of SBC 38

xi


Fig. 2.12 Percentage breakup of CO2 emissions due to each material 40

Chapter – III

Fig. 3.1 The photograph of the experimental set-up 42

Fig. 3.2 Plan of first and second floor showing different zone 47

Fig. 3.3 Solarimeter/suryamapi 48

Fig. 3.4 Digital thermometer 48

Fig. 3.5

Hourly variation of solar intensity I(t) and ambient

temperature Ta for a typical day of January 28, 2014,

Varanasi, India

49

Fig. 3.6 (a) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and basement

air temperature 50

Fig. 3.6 (b) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and ground

floor air temperature 50

Fig. 3.6 (c) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and first floor

air temperature 51

Fig. 3.6 (d) Hourly variations of ambient air temperature and second

floor air temperature 51

Fig. 3.7 (a) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and

average basement air temperature 52

Fig. 3.7 (b) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and

average ground floor air temperature 52

Fig. 3.7 (c) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and

average first floor air temperature 53

xii


Fig. 3.7 (d) Monthly variations of average ambient air temperature and

average second floor air temperature 53

Chapter – V

Fig. 5.1 Cross-sectional view of a room without building integrated

semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal system above it 84

Fig. 5.2

Hourly variation of solar intensity I(t) and ambient

temperature Ta for a typical day of January month,

Varanasi, India

85

Fig. 5.3 (a) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 86

Fig. 5.3 (b) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 87

Fig. 5.3 (c) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 87

Fig. 5.3 (d) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 88

Fig. 5.3 (e) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 88

Fig. 5.3 (f) Hourly variation of | and | for bare surface 89

Fig. 5.4 Hourly variation of room air temperature for various

thickness 89

Fig. 5.5 Hourly variation of temperature for various thickness 90

Fig. 5.6 Variation of TLL with roof depth 90

Fig. 5.7 Variation of DF with roof depth 91

Fig. 5.8

Hourly variation of room air temperature for bare roof

(0.40m roof thickness) at second floor of SODHA BERS

COMPLEX

92

xiii


Chapter – VI

Fig. 6.1 Flow direction of air through an elemental length ‘dx’ inside

earth air heat exchanger 97

Fig. 6.2 Hourly variation of solar intensity and ambient temperature

(08/10/2013) 100

Fig. 6.3 Ground Temperature at different depth (Experimental) 100

Fig. 6.4 Ground Temperature for bare surface and wetted surface at

different depth (Theoretical and Experimental) 101

Fig. 6.5 Monthly variation of solar intensity and ambient

temperature 102

Fig. 6.6 Monthly ground temperature at different depth (Theoretical) 103

Fig. 6.7

Variation of outlet air temperature with length for pipe

diameter 0.10 m and different number air changes (N=05,

15)

103

Fig. 6.8

Variation of outlet air temperature with length for pipe

diameters 0.05 m and 0.10m for different number air

changes (N=05)

104

Fig. 6.9 Variation of useful energy with length for pipe diameter

0.10m and different number air changes (N=05, 15) 105

Fig. 6.10 Plan view of EAHE tubes arrangement in series and

parallel. 108

Fig. 6.11 Layout for single room connected with earth air heat

exchanger 108

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Description Page No.

Chapter – I

Table 1.1 Criteria for the classification of climates based on

monthly average 2

Chapter – II

Table 2.1 Breakup of materials used in SBC 35

Table 2.2 Breakup of embodied energy of materials used in

SODHA BERS Complex (SBC) 37

Table 2.3 Cost of materials used in SBC (1$=Rs 60) 38

Table 2.4 Breakup of CO2 emission of each material used in SBC 39

Chapter – III

Table 3.1 The photograph of the experimental set-up 43

Table 3.1 (a) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 220C 43

Table 3.1 (b) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 240C 44

Table 3.1 (c) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 280C 44

Table 3.1 (d) Experimental observations of each thermocouple at 310C 45

Table 3.2 Average experimental observations of each thermocouple

at different zeal thermometer (reference temperature) 45

Table 3.3 The numerical values of ‘m’ and ‘c’ for each

thermocouple 46

Chapter – IV

Table 4.1 The embodied energy per year for different life span of

SBC 62

Table 4.2 Annual CO2 emission for different life of SBC 63

xv


Table 4.3 (a) Embodied energy for L=100 years 63

Table 4.3 (b) Embodied energy for L=100 years 64

Table 4.3 (c) Embodied energy for L=200 years 64

Table 4.3 (d) Embodied energy for L=300 years 64

Table 4.4 (a) CO2 Emission for L=100 years (kg) 64

Table 4.4 (b) CO2 Emission for L=100 years (kg/Year) 65

Table 4.4 (c) CO2 Emission for L=200 years (kg/Year) 65

Table 4.4 (d) CO2 Emission for L=300 years (kg/Year) 65

Table 4.5

Total annual thermal heat gain for complete building for

different average temperature difference (∆T) between

room air and ambient air temperature

68

Table 4.6 For different ∆T, the total annual energy saving for SBC

( ) 69

Table 4.7 The net CO2 mitigation over the lifetime of the system

(For L=100, 200,300) 69

Table 4.8 The energy payback time of SODHA BERS CONPLEX

(SBC) 70

Table 4.9 (a) Carbon Credit Earned By SBC for L= 100 Years 71

Table 4.9 (b) Carbon Credit Earned By SBC for L= 200 Years 71

Table 4.9 (c) Carbon Credit Earned By SBC for L= 300 Years 71

Table 4.10 Calculation for Energy Production Factor (EPF) for

different life of SBC building 72

Table 4.11 (a) Calculation for Annual Solar Energy for SBC building 73

Table 4.11 (b)

Calculation for Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency

(LCCE) for different life of SBC building when solE =

99073 kWh (650kWh/m2)

73

xvi


Table 4.11 (c)



114315 kWh (750kWh/m2)

74

Table 4.11 (d)



129557 kWh (850kWh/m2)

74

Table 4.11 (e)



144799 kWh (950kWh/m2)

74

Chapter – V

Table 5.1 Design parameters of the system considered 79

Table 5.2 Fourier coefficient of: (a) total solar intensity falling on

roof and (b) ambient air temperature 83

Chapter – VI

Table 6.1 Values of different parameters used in analysis 99

Table 6.2 For a given number of air changes the optimized length,

power required and RPM of fan 106

xvii

NOMENCLATURE

Thermal ⁄ ̇ ass flow rate of air in pipes ⁄

Density of soil ⁄ Specific heat of r

Specific heat of soil

round Temperature (0C) (0

C)

ngular frequency umber of air changes

umber of hormonics

Solar intensity ⁄

mbient temperature (0C)

temperature (0C)

(0C)

temperature (0C)

eat transfer coefficient from he r

Thermal ⁄

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