DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PORTABLE WATER SAVING FOR

ABLUTION

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia

Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing

Process) (Hons.)

By

MUHAMAD HAKIMI BIN ROMELI

B051310259

940727-06-6247

FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

2017

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

Tajuk: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PORTABLE WATER SAVING FOR ABLUTION Sesi Pengajian: 2016/2017 Semester 1 Saya MUHAMAD HAKIMI BIN ROMELI (940727-06-6247) mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM) ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran

antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. *Sila tandakan (√)

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysiasebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

_____________________________ ______________________________

Alamat Tetap: Cop Rasmi: MR68, KAMPUNG JENGKA BATU 13, JALAN MARAN TEMERLOH, 28000 TEMERLOH, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR.

Tarikh: _______________________ Tarikh: _______________________

*Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “Design and development portable water saving for

ablution” is the results of my own research except as cited in reference.

Signature : …………………………………………

Author’s Name : MUHAMAD HAKIMI BIN ROMELI

Date : 1 July 2017

APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of Universiti

Teknikal Malaysia Melaka as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Process) (Hons.).

………………………………………

Dr. MOHD SHAHIR BIN KASIM

(Principal Supervisor) – Signature & Stamp

i

ABSTRAK

Wuduk adalah aktiviti kebersihan di kalangan umat Islam sebelum melakukan ibadah dengan

membasuh beberapa bahagian anggota badan. Sistem terkini yang digunakan untuk

berwudhu adalah dengan menggunakan paip air dan kebiasaanya botol spray digunakan jika

melakuan aktiviti luar. Namun, beberapa masalah telah didapati seperti kadar pembaziran air

yang tinggi apabila menggunakan pili air manual. Selain itu, ketetapannya pada suatu tempat

juga memberikan masalah kepada pengguna untuk berwudhu. Selain itu, penguna juga

menghadapi kesukaran dengan cara penggunaan botol spray. Jadi, penghasilan sistem wuduk

jimat air mudah alih mampu membantu untuk menyelesaikan masalah kesukaran dan

pembaziran air serta membolehkan aktiviti wudhu dilakukan di mana-mana sahaja. Projek

ini telah bermula dengan kajian di sekitar Masjid Al-Kauthar di Maran, Pahang dengan

mengumpul data daripada 30 responden dan hasilnya telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan

Rumah Kualiti (HOQ) bagi mencari keperluan produk. Pugh Matrix telah digunakan bagi

pemilihan reka bentuk yang terbaik. Untuk ukuran yang lebih terperinci dan Rang Undang-

Undang Bahan (BOM), lukisan terperinci dan lukisan agihan telah disediakan untuk

maklumat lebih khusus mengenai reka bentuk produk. Projek ini diteruskan ke peringkat

fabrikasi dimana proses mengukur, menanda, memotong, prototaip dan pembangunan sistem

elektronik telah berlaku. Pembuatan sistem wudhu jimat air mudah alih ini berlaku dengan

mengaplikasi muncung kabus yang menggantikan muncung paip biasa dan ini membolehkan

sistem menimatkan lebih banyak air berbanding output normal. Reka bentuk projek ini

adalah untuk menjimatkan air dengan menukarkan aliran air yang normal kepada kabus dan

ia juga mampu mengawal aliran kabus dengan menggunakan sensor. Selain itu, ciri-cir i

mesra pengguna dan bahan yang digunakan mampu memudahkan pengguna untuk

menggunakannya. Tambahan pula, produk yang telah siap dibina telah dianalisis mengikut

kadar aliran jisim air dan analisis masa terhadap penggunaan air. Dari analisis yang dibuat,

ia menunjukkan produk yang membolehkan untuk menghasilkan kadar aliran air yang

rendah iaitu 0,079 L/min dan mampu mengurangkan air sehingga 94% dan berupaya untuk

mengawal output juga menjimatkan sehingga 40%. Mengikut keupayaan hasil produk dan

analisis yang menyatakan 94 ml purata air yang digunakan untuk 1 kitaran wuduk, produk

ini boleh digunakan sehingga 32 orang bagi setiap 3L untuk berwuduk. Jadi, ia menunjukkan

produk mampu menyimpan banyak air dan sesuai untuk aplikasi yang berkadar besar.

ii

ABSTRACT

Ablution is the cleanliness activity among Muslims before doing the ritual activity that

involved with washing the several parts of the human body. The latest system that used to

perform ablutions is by taps water and for outdoor activities, usually using a spray bottle.

However, some problems have been found as high levels of water wastage when using

manual taps water, resolutions at a place that gives problems to users and the difficult ies

faced by consumers when doing outdoor activities if using a spray bottle. So, developments

of portable water saving able to resolve difficulties and water wasting problem and enabling

ablution activities to be performed in anywhere. The project was started by surveying at

around Masjid Al-Kauthar at Maran, Pahang by collecting data from 30 respondents and the

result had analysed using House of Quality (HOQ) for finding the product requirement. After

that, the product requirement received has been referred for sketching 3 the design idea and

had analysed all the sketches using Pugh Matrix for selecting the best design. For detailed

dimension and Bill of Material (BOM), detail and exploded drawing was prepared for more

specific about the product. The project is proceeding to development stage that occur by

measuring, marking, cutting, prototyping and electronic system development. The

development of portable saving water ablution system is occurring by making it with mist

nozzle that replaced the normal pipe nozzle and enable to saving more water against normal

output. The design of this project is technically to save water by converting strong flow of

water to become mist and it is also controlling the mist flow by applying sensor. Moreover,

its user-friendly properties and material used can make people easier to deal with it.

Furthermore, finished product had analysed according to water mass flow rate and time

analysis against water usage. From the analysis stage, it is shown the product enable to

produce a low water flow rate, which is 0.079 L/min which can reduce until 94% of water

used and ability to control the output, the reducing on unnecessary water flow until 40%

could be occurring. According to the ability of a product and analysis result which is 94 ml

of average water used on 1 cycle ablution, the product could serve until 32 persons per 3L

for ablution. So, it shows the product able to save more water and suitable for mass

application.

iii

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to UTeM, my Main Supervisor,

Dr Mohd Shahir Bin Kasim,

My beloved parents who have always loved me unconditionally and whose good examples

have taught me to work hard for the things that I aspire to achieve,

Mr Romeli bin Mohamad & Mdm Sarimah binti Ya’akub,

My family who has supported me and also not forget to FKP Technicians and everyone

that helps me directly or indirectly in making of this project until its successfully finish.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ALLAH, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful. Alhamdulillah, praise

to ALLAH S.W.T that with His blessings had given me strength and perseverance to

complete this work successfully.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mohd Shahir bin Kasim

for his full support, expert guidance, patience and encouragement in guiding me throughout

the work. His understanding and kindness shall forever be appreciated and remembered.

Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents and family, and also my

housemate for helping me through this academic exploration. Thank you also to my other

friends who have been amazing in supporting and encouraging me to do my best in this

project.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstrak i

Abstract ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix

List of Abbreviations xi

List of Symbols xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of study 4

1.5 Chapter Overviews 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Original system 6

2.2.1 Original System Structure

2.2.1.1 Tap Water 7

2.2.1.2 Spray Bottle 13

2.2.1.3 Water Mist 14

2.2.1.4 Ablution Area 17

2.2.1.5 SmartWUDHU’ 18

2.3 Proximity sensor 19

vi

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project Flowchart 21

3.2 Project Research 23

3.2.1 Survey and Observation 24

3.2.2 Observation on current ablution system 24

3.2.3 House of Quality 26

3.2.3.1 Customer Requirement 26

3.2.3.2 Planning Matrix 27

3.2.3.3 Technical Requirement 27

3.2.3.4 Interrelationship Matrix 27

3.2.3.5 Technical Properties 28

3.2.3.6 Roof 28

3.3 Designing Stage 29

3.3.1 Design Concept 31

3.3.1.1 Design Concept A 31

3.3.1.2 Design Concept B 32

3.3.1.3 Design Concept C 34

3.3.2 Concept Design Matrix 36

3.3.3 Rating Scale 37

3.3.4 Scoring Table 38

3.4 Improvement on selected design 41

3.4.1 Detail Drawing 41

3.4.2 Exploded View of Product Design 41

3.5 Development Stage 41

3.5.1 Material Selection 41

3.5.2 Process Selection 42

3.5.3 Equipment Involved 42

3.5.3.1 Rapid Prototyping (3D Printing) 42

3.5.3.2 Hot Glue Gun 44

3.5.3.3 Digital Vernier Calliper 44

3.5.3.4 Digital Weighing Hanging Scale 45

3.6 Testing Procedure 46

3.6.1 Flow rate Test 47

3.6.2 Water Consumption Test 48

vii

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Detail Drawing 49

4.2 Exploded View of Product Design 50

4.3 Process Development 51

4.4 Electronic System Development 55

4.4.1 Arduino UNO Monitor Board 56

4.5 Bill of Material (BOM) 58

4.6 Product Specification and Operating System 60

4.7 Detail Function Simulation Flow 61

4.8 Water Flow Rate Analysis 62

4.9 Time Analysis Against Water Usage 63

4.9.1 Manual water sources (4 mm diameter hose) 64

4.9.2 Automatic water sources (4 mm diameter hose) 66

4.9.3 Total users available served by product analysis 67

4.10 Product Weight Analysis 68

4.11 Survey data analysis 69

4.12 Final results for House of Quality (HOQ) 75

4.13 Sustainable Development 77

4.14 Cost 78

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion and Recommendation 79

REFERENCES 81

AWARDS 85

APPENDIX 86

viii

LIST OF TABLE

2.1 Time spends and water used from mechanical knobs tap 9

2.2 Time spends and water used from automatic tap 10

2.3 Data Collected 11

3.1 Observation on current system flow rate 25

3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Design Concept A 32

3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Design Concept B 34

3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Design Concept C 35

3.5 Concept Design Matrix among Three Design Concept 37

3.6 Rating Scale for Scoring Table 37

3.7 Scoring Table among Three Design Concepts 38

4.1 Product development 52

4.2 Product Description 60

4.3 Water mass flow rate analysis 63

4.4 Time analysis on manual ablution system 64

4.5 Time analysis on automatic ablution system 66

4.6 Required time analysis for ablution using product 67

4.7 The result of House of Quality 76

4.8 Total cost of development 78

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Average time distribution in ablution from manual opening knob taps 12

2.2 Average time distribution in ablution from automatic taps 12

2.3 Bottle spray structure 13

2.4 The example of Altered Nozzle 14

2.5 Existed ablution product 15

2.6 Mist system for extinguishment 16

2.7 Mist system used for cooling homes and restaurant 16

2.8 Mist system used for keeping fruits and vegetables fresh in supermarket 17

2.9 Original ablution system 18

2.10 Example of Smart WUDHU’ recycling concept 19

2.11 Concept of Proximity Sensor 20

3.1 Project Flow Chart 22

3.2 Project research flow chart 23

3.3 Steps in HQC 26

3.4 Designing Process Flow Chart 30

3.5 Design concept A 31

3.6 Design concept B 33

3.7 Design concept C 34

3.8 PSM II stage 40

3.9 Rapid Prototyping Machine 43

3.10 Required Design 43

3.11 Hot Glue Gun Application 44

3.12 Vernier Calliper 45

3.13 Digital Weighing Hanging Scale 45

3.14 Flow rate test 47

3.15 Time analysis against water consumption test 48

x

4.1 Detail Drawing 50

4.2 Exploded Drawing 51

4.3 Schematic drawing of electronic system 55

4.4 Arduino UNO Monitor Board 56

4.5 Command for system 57

4.6 Bill of Material (BOM) 59

4.7 Final Product 61

4.8 Product Detail Function Simulation Flow 62

4.9 Question 1 69

4.10 Question 2 70

4.11 Question 3 71

4.12 Question 4 71

4.13 Question 5 72

4.14 Question 6 73

4.15 Question 7 73

4.16 Question 8 74

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PPBUH - Peace be upon him

MHM - “Meterai Hijau Melaka”

EXCO - State Executive Council

QFD - Quality Function Deployment

HOQ - House of Quality

MSW - Municipal Solid Waste

xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

% - Percent

s - Second

mm - Millimeter

ft. - Feet

in - Inch

v - Volume

t - Time

min - Minutes

ml - Millilitre

l - Litre

1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This section describes the background, objectives, problem statement and scope of

the project. Finally, this section ends with an overview about the end of the reporting year.

The background is discussing about the improving a portable ablution system or device that

solve the waste water and application compatibility problem during ablution activity among

Muslim patients at hospitals and the fundamental knowledge about it. Lastly, the objective

explained on the goals should be achieved in this subject and the scope encompasses

everything what should have been done in this project.

1.1 Background

This project is related to Muslims ritual activity in daily life which is ablution or

Wudhu and now days most people forgot that ablution also one of the sources of water waste

because of excessive water usage during ablution. Before that, ablution is a ritual washing

performing by Muslims that includes minimal of water usage to ensure cleanliness before

performing prayer or another ritual activity generally include washing of hands, face, mouth,

nose, arms, swabbing on head, ears and feet Johari N.H et al. (2012). Based on the Quran,

Sunnah and the Scholars consensus, the ritual ablution rituals have a few rules and manner

when performing the ritual. This ritual activity is involved by small amount of water usage,

which is referred on the Islamic historical records indicated that Prophet Mohammad [peace

be upon him] used to make ablution using one ‘‘Mudd’’ of water (Hadith from Bukhari and

Muslim). Other than that, Al Mamun et al. (2014) and another prove said the water usage

during ablution is equivalent to 0.544 L of water, anyhow the correct amount is less than 1

L.

2

To minimize the problem, this project also trying to follow the initiative of Malacca

Government that is “Meterai Hijau Melaka” (MHM) to achieve green technology city state

in 2020. This initiative is approved by the State Executive Council (EXCO) on 16th

December 2014. MHM is a certified green building rating method for new development in

Melaka. This initiative involves with six criteria and one of criteria that must be considered

is water efficient. Responding to the government within reach of the green technology city,

the analysis and design of the product must help on solving water waste problem during

ablution activity.

1.2 Problem statement

In this part, several problems had found based on research and observation. First,

some of the mosques have used the traditional system of ablution which is a courtyard with

a pool of clear water in the center, but in most mosques the ablutions are found outside the

walls means using the tap water. When used the tap water, there is too much water wasted

during ablution because the water flow from the tap is fast and flow continuously without

controlled it. So, it will waste the unnecessary water. Handle taps consume extra amounts of

water during the moments of opening and closing because of using hands in turning the tap

handles. Thus, cannot benefit of flowing water and related to the traditional ablution system

that cannot be control the water flow during ablution. Besides, Ghanem (2008) also had

confirmed that using slow closure mixer taps wastes about 30 % of the amount of water

consumed during ablution. In ablution process, the tap is usually left running, much good

water is wasted in the process Suratkon et al. (2014). It can be said that about half of the tap

water flows directly to the drain without any contamination Al Mamun et al. (2014).

Besides, the other ways for ablution is using bottle spray but it is not comfortable to

use according to forces required by pumping it for producing mist. Other than that, usually

portability of bottle spray can cause difficulties for carriers by increase the amount of goods

carried. Other than that, the usage of plastic bottle for ablution possibly can increase the

factor of solid waste as mention in EPA, U. (2009), 12.8% of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

is coming from plastic waste. Other than that, 50 billion and over the number of plastic

bottles had used, but only 23% of them had been recycled (Ban the bottle website, 2013).

According to water spray usage, it possibly can cause moisture in application place and

3

possible can cause dirty on that places according fungal growth. Because of that, it is quite

difficult for traveler in ablution especially when in airplane toilet due to a relative narrow

area and fulfill the people from another culture wants that concern about dry condition. The

other limitation of this device is the application is limited to the number of users and related

to scope, this current device is not suitable to use for mass application which is assumed 30

persons per 5L and wetting the application place.

In Malaysia, set of Malaysia Standard has been developed as a guideline for the

developer and designer to build public facilities which can be accessible by the vulnerab le

group such as elderly and disabled population to provide design specification. Therefore, it

is necessary for praying facilities designed to promote an adequate environment for the

elderly and disabled, considering their needs, capabilities, abilities and limitations. Even

though ablution space is considered as one of the important public facilities, especially in

countries with high Muslim populations, there are numbers of design guideline for mosque,

but still lacking in guideline, research or document specifically for ablution area. But the

design prepared for ablution facilities is fixed to the one place and it gives limitation to the

users to be more flexible for ablution.

Elderly people commonly referred as population having one or more illnesses other

than having movement or functional problem. Improvement in health care services in

existence of active elderly people, which prefer to live independently, demands the

development of facilities which able to adapt to their capabilities and abilities also increasing

to conduct their daily activity including praying facilities. As a Muslim, ablution facilit ies

must be considered as a daily activity that has been conducted wherever they are Siti Zawiah

(2015). Some of patient at the hospital have limitation on their movement because of their

illness. This situation is particularly difficult for them to carry out activities for ablution.

1.3 Objective

i) To design and develop the saving water portable ablution system

ii) To analysis the ability of product for saving water during ablution activity and

affordable for mass application

4

1.4 Scope of study

The project is focused on developing the new product according to the product

requirement that had translated based on public survey using House of Quality (HOQ)

method. Besides, this project followed by designing the product design and doing some

screening and scoring analysis to rank the design according to design requirement. The

chosen product will be redrawing using CATIA software for the detailed dimension. Other

than that, the CES Edupacks is used for the material selection for each part of the product

for several requirements. Besides, the project is focused on the analysis of water flow rate

against nozzle type and analysis on water consumption against times during ablution activity.

The limitation of this project is the water pressure from the water pump applied to the product

which is 143.4 kPa. Therefore, the project is following the scope of study below.

a) Design portable ablution system.

b) Fabricate portable ablution system.

c) Implement designed ablution system.

d) Rectification of designing ablution system

e) Compare the efficiency for saving water before and after applying misting and

sensor concept

f) The analysis uses a mass flow rate equation

1.5 Chapter Overviews

The final project covers five chapters that including introduction, literature review,

methodology, results and discussion and lastly conclusion. Chapter 1: Introduction;

introduces the need to study about wasting water during ablution that is divided in the

introduction of study, problem statement, objectives, scopes as well as the significance of

the study.

In chapter 2: Literature review; covers that the information that found from various

sources such as books, journals, articles and websites. Topics that related to the study of

water wasting during ablution activities included here. The experimental apparatus, methods

and procedures for data analysis will be discussed on chapter Methodology which is in

5

Chapter 3. The Chapter 4 will discuss about the survey result and the analysis on the product

which is the water flow rate analysis and water usage against times during ablution activity.

Here, the justification will be given with respect to the results obtained primarily related to

the objectives. Finally, the chapter of conclusion will summarize the report and suggest ions

for future work are also included in this chapter.

6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter 2 will explain about literature review. The issues that will be discussed are

about the original system of ablution and the disadvantages, cause and effect of

disadvantages, the method and the component involved.

2.1 Introduction

The aim of this study is to design the portable ablution system that's able to solve the

water waste problem during ablution activity and comfortable to use for mass application.

This chapter reviews and explains about the past study that had done. Literature review

examines respectively to the source and describes to justify the statement with proof of

research or study in related fields.

2.2 Original system

The initial system of the ablution ritual uses massive amount water, in Musholla and

mosques, especially where the water is permitted to run free and drain away during ablution

activity. As quotes in the Hadith, Prophet Muhammad reminded Muslims to avoid wastage,

even though when performing cleaning ritual or ablution prior to prayer. Wudhu’ requires a

Muslim to wash exposed body part with clean water but not excessively. The small amount

water that was used by the Holy Prophet Muhammad prayer and peace is upon him (PPBUH)

for the performance of ablution activity is similar with one full palm. Based on the Islamic

historical records state that Prophet Mohammad [peace be upon him] used one ‘‘Mudd’’ of

water to make ablution activity [Hadith from Bukhari and Muslim] which is equivalent to

7

about 0.544 L of water. (Al Mamun et al., 2014). Others prove slightly higher evaluations,

but, anyhow the correct amount is less than 1L.

Besides, saving water is very important nowadays according to an increasing

population of people in the world. Defra (2008) has said water is one of the most valuable

resources in the world and it is very important to sustain life. However, while the source of

water is practically constant in quantity, pressure on resources is set to rise due to increasing

demand because of population that increasing rapidly, especially in urban areas that because

of changing lifestyle as a main factor. (EA, 2009). In Malaysia, most ablution systems are

made up simply of the row of water taps with drainage through carry the water to the main

drains.

2.2.1 Original system structure

2.2.1.1 Tap water

Usually the traditional ablution system had used tap water as a main part of the

system. Tap water is water supplied with a tap (valve) that also used include drinking,

washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets. In ablution case, water tap is the main part that

can affect the rate of water flow during ablution activity. It is because, uncontrollably tap

causing the water flow out without in use increasing the rate of water become waste. Some

of the information had found based on the several journals which is the analysis on the

relationship between time and rate of water used during ablution. Based on the experiment

by Abu Rozaiza (2002), during ablution activity, Muslim have used high quantity of water

and it is a different evaluation of the average amount of water used had observed in previous

studies. The amount of water used had measured among 40 Masjids and 2 holy Masjids. As

a result, he found that 3-7L of water per person had used during ablution at a time. However,

the different results had determined from another study, which is 2.5–4.5 L/individual in

some masjids, schools and governmental buildings. State by Ghanem (2008) he confirmed

that 30% waste of water consumed when using slow closure mixer taps. In addition, extra

amounts of water consumed during the moments of opening and closing because of using

hands in turning the tap handles. It is cannot give benefit of flowing water.

8

Some innovations have done on tap water for example the standard tap water have

applied with electronic sensors to overcome the water waste problem. This project had done

by Besari et al. (2009) where the automation applied on ablution system which is built in

camera as a sensor and servomotor as an actuator. The improvement had done based on his

study which is can be able to save 1-7L of water during ablution. Their experiments revealed

that manual ablution consumes about 2–9 L/individual in about 40–80 s of time where, using

their automatic ablution machine decreased water consumption to about 2–3 L/individual in

about 55–70s.

The same case study also had been done by Roubi A. Zaied (2015) regarding to water

use and time analysis. From the study, his state that the washing of feet only used 22.7-28.8%

of ablution water and washing the facial portion is the largest water waste occurs. Moreover,

until 30-47% amount of wasting water consumed in ablution can be reduced if the water

release at the moment need. This statement had approved by analysis on 100 cases between

several types of tap water. As shown in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 below, the analysis of the

time spends and water used during every each of ablution activities from mechanical knobs

tap and automatic tap had done in his analysis.