Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology
-
Upload
mary-figueroa -
Category
Documents
-
view
49 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology
![Page 1: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Descriptive Grammarof English
Part 1:Phonetics
and Phonology
dr Iwona Kokorniak
(with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth)
17th January 2009
![Page 2: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Connected speechYou can’t go with us
ju: kɑ:nt gəʊ wɪð ʌsjə kɑ:ŋk gəʊ wɪð əs kɑ:ŋ gəʊ
![Page 3: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Connected speech
Ten past ten
ten pæst tentem pæs ten
![Page 4: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Connected speech
I can buy it
aɪ kən baɪ ɪtaɪ kəm baɪ ɪt
![Page 5: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Connected speech
do you think
du: ju: θɪŋkdə jə θɪŋkdʒə θɪŋk
![Page 6: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Connected speech
we should go
wi: ʃʊd goʊwi ʃʊg goʊ
![Page 7: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Why reduced vowels and stuff?
Typical for …… stressed times languagesIsochrony: Intervals between stresses …… tend to be similar …… irrespective of how many syllables
there are in between
![Page 8: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Stress timing in English
That’s the house that Jack built
And this is the edifice that Jason constructed
![Page 9: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Stress timing in English
![Page 10: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Compare
Spanish is an example of a syllable timed language
Here, each syllable occupies more or less the same amount of time
![Page 11: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Compare
Juan habla con Fidel
Juanita hablaba con el comandante
![Page 12: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Syllable timing
Malicious English phoneticians …
… call it ‘machine gun speech’
Polish is not a typical member of any of the two classes
![Page 13: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Physical correlates of stress
PitchStressed syllables have higher pitch
LengthStressed syllables are longer
![Page 14: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Physical correlates of stress
LoudnessStressed syllables are louder
QualityStressed syllables have full vowels,
unstressed syllables may have reduced vowels
![Page 15: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
English stress placement
May fall on any syllable in the word (is free)
characterdevelop
employee
![Page 16: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
English stress placement
Rules are complex, with many exceptionsBest to memorise with each new word
![Page 17: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Polish stress placement
In a vast majority of casesStress is fixed on the penultimate syllable (second from the end)Sometimes may cause problems for Polish learners of English
![Page 18: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Polish stress placement
Traditionally not stressed on the penultimate syllable:muzyka, etc.zrobiliśmy, etc.zrobilibyśmy, etc.siedemset, etc.
![Page 19: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
English stress
Stress placement:
There are some rules for complex words
![Page 20: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Secondary stress
In words of 3+ syllables …… if the main stress is on the third (or further)…… then one of the first two syllables carries secondary stress
![Page 21: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Secondary stress
![Page 22: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Secondary stress
In complex words
Falls on the same syllable where main stress falls in the ‘root’ word
![Page 23: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Secondary stress
because
![Page 24: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Secondary stress
because
![Page 25: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Tertiary stress
In very long words
There may be tertiary stress in the middle
![Page 26: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Tertiary stress
![Page 27: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Stress & suffixes
Some suffixes attract stress to themselves
Refugee, trainee, employee,Engineer, volunteer, pioneer,Chinese, Japanese
![Page 28: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Stress & suffixes
Some suffixes attract stress to a defined syllableorganisation, constribution, intuition, reflectionability, acceptability, possibility, capability
![Page 29: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Stress & suffixes
photography, geography, bibliography, geology, meteorologybiological, technical, political, historical
![Page 30: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Stress & suffixes
Some suffixes are partially regularphotographic, optimistic, terrific, historicBUTArabic, Catholic, heretic, choleric, politic, rhetoric, lunatic
![Page 31: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Stress & suffixes
potential, fundamental, essential, initial,
BUT
rational, federal, cardinal
![Page 32: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Stress & suffixes
instinctive, prospective, reflexive, explosiveBUTalternative, demonstrative, conservariveBUTcommunicative, imaginative
![Page 33: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Stress & suffixes
dangerous, hazardous, humorous, glamorousBUTadvantageous, corageous, malicious
![Page 34: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Stress & suffixes
Some do not affect stress placement at all
organising, associating, communicating, imagining, characterising, developing, influencing
![Page 35: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Stress & suffixes
associated, alternated, interrogated, influenced
influences, etc. etc.
These are usually very problematic for Poles
![Page 36: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Stress & suffixes
Compare Polish:
telewizortelewizora
telewizorowi
![Page 37: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Compounds & phrases
English teacher ‘a teacher from England’ (may teach
e.g. biology) ‘a teacher of English’ (may be e.g.
Japanese)
![Page 38: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Compounds & phrases
CompoundsEnglish / biology / art. / chemistry
teacher
PhrasesEnglish, short, thin, boring, black,
bald teacher
![Page 39: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Compounds & phrases
Compare Polish:Pociąg osobowy, pospieszny,
towarowy (like compounds)Długi, czysty, pachnący, szybki pociąg
(phrases)
![Page 40: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Compounds & phrases
Compounds carry early stress (on the 1st element)
‘English teacher‘hot dog
‘moving van‘White House
![Page 41: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Compounds & phrases
Phrases carry late stress (on the last element)
English ‘teacherhot ‘dog
moving ‘vanwhite ‘house
![Page 42: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Compounds & phrases
Compound verbs, adjectives and adverbs usually have late stress
grow ‘up, double-’checkcold ‘blooded, old-’fashioned
down-’hill, north-’west
![Page 43: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Compounds & phrases
Place names (if not with ‘Street’) carry late stress
Fifth ‘Avenue, Park ‘Lane,Leicester ‘Square,
Hyde ‘Park, New ‘York, Melrose ‘Road
![Page 44: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Stress shift
English avoids two stressed syllables next to each otherTherefore, if such a thing would result in a phrase …… the stress in the first word is moved forwards
![Page 45: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Stress shift
ˌJapa'nesebut
ˌJapanese 'carnot
Japa‘nese ‘car
![Page 46: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Stress shift
ˌNew 'Yorkbut
ˌNew York ‘Citynot
New ˌYork ‘City
![Page 47: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Stress shift
A very good description in Wells’s dictionary
![Page 48: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
The syllable
How many syllables?Do you know?
![Page 49: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
The syllable
Usually there’s a vowel in each syllableThe vowel plus the consonants around it form the syllableWhich consonants???
![Page 50: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Syllabification
Consider:extra
![Page 51: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Syllabification
e.kstrəekstr.ə
BAD! WHY?
![Page 52: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Syllabification
Rules of syllable structureLanguage-specific i.e. different in each languageConsider: BrdaNo similar example in English
![Page 53: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
English syllable structure
![Page 54: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
English syllable onsets
All consonants before the vowelMax. 3If 3, then:/s/ + voiceless plosive + approximant, e.g. /skr/
![Page 55: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
English syllable onsets
So e.kstrə bad because the onset is not allowed
![Page 56: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Polish syllable onsets
Compare Polish:wzglądwzdłużmgła, etc. etc.
![Page 57: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
English syllable onsets
In particular no clusters of:Plosive + plosivePlosive + nasalPlosive + fricative
![Page 58: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
English syllable onsets
Thus:ptolemy /'tɒləmi/knee /ni:/psycho /'saıkəʊ/xerox /'zıroks/
![Page 59: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
English syllable onsets
Homework:
Look up ‘Gdansk’ in Wells’s dictionary
![Page 60: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
English syllable peaks
Syllable peak = nucleus
Usually a vowel
Sometimes a syllabic consonant
![Page 61: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Open and closed syllables
Closed (checked) syllables
Those that have consonants after the vowel (a coda)
All English vowels allowed
![Page 62: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Open and closed syllables
Open syllables
No coda
Only ‘tense’ vowels allowed:
Long vowels and diphthongs
![Page 63: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Open and closed syllables
Short (‘lax’) vowels:
ı e æ ʌ ɒ ʊOnly allowed in closed syllables
![Page 64: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Open and closed syllables
Thus:
Are impossible in English
![Page 65: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Syllabic consonants
n lMay act as syllable peaksIf another consonant precedes
![Page 66: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Syllabic consonants
Transcription convention in Wells’s dictionary:
![Page 67: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Syllabic consonants
IPA
![Page 68: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Syllabic consonants
In rhotic varieties, /r/ may be syllabic
![Page 69: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Syllabic consonants
As a result of assimilation /m/ and /ŋ/ may become syllabic
![Page 70: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Syllabic consonants
![Page 71: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
What we’ve done
Described the sound system of English
![Page 72: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
What we’ve coveredBasic articulatory phonetics
Details of English consonants and vowels (British and American standards)
![Page 73: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
What we’ve covered
Comparison of some aspects of English phontics & phonology with Polish
English connected speech, also compared with Polish
![Page 74: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
What we’ve covered
English word stress, with special emphasis on complex words
English syllable structure
![Page 75: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
What for?
So that you know what you’re doing as a professional language user
![Page 76: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
What for?
So that you can decode actual pronunciation from an entry in a dictionary...
...and use it in your English
![Page 77: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
What for?
So that you can detect and address the problems of your own future students
![Page 78: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
What for?
To make learning the pronunciation of other languages easier
![Page 79: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
What for?
To make you aware that language works as a system
Polish, too!
![Page 80: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
What now?
Don’t throwthis knowledge away
![Page 81: Descriptive Grammar of English Part 1: Phonetics and Phonology](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56812ae8550346895d8ecf7f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
What now?Remember about sources!
etc. etc.