DESALINATIONDESALINATION

“…“…Water, water, everywhere, Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.”Nor any drop to drink.”

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Samuel Taylor Samuel Taylor ColeridgeColeridge

Shane WalkerShane WalkerCE 397 - Transboundary Water CE 397 - Transboundary Water

ResourcesResources20 OCT 0520 OCT 05

OverviewOverview

• Motivation/IntroductionMotivation/Introduction

• Current UseCurrent Use

• ProcessesProcesses

• Case StudiesCase Studies

MotivationMotivation

~0.008%

MotivationMotivation44 % of the world's population live within 150 44 % of the world's population live within 150 kilometers of the coast. kilometers of the coast.

In 2001, over In 2001, over halfhalf the world's population lived the world's population lived within 200km of a coastline. within 200km of a coastline. http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JmN0bl9pbmZvX3ZpZXdfc2l6ZT1jdG5faW5mb192aWV3X2Z1bGwmNj1lbiYzMz0qJjM3PWtvcw~~http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JmN0bl9pbmZvX3ZpZXdfc2l6ZT1jdG5faW5mb192aWV3X2Z1bGwmNj1lbiYzMz0qJjM3PWtvcw~~

IntroductionIntroduction

removal efficiency: removal efficiency: = 1 – c = 1 – cinfluentinfluent / / cceffluenteffluent

Recovery:Recovery: R = Q R = Qeffluenteffluent / Q / Qinfluentinfluent))

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water

IntroductionIntroduction

How salty is Salty?How salty is Salty?

• Fresh Fresh : : < 1‰< 1‰

• Slightly saline Slightly saline :: 1 to 3 ‰1 to 3 ‰

• Brackish Brackish :: 5 to 30 ‰5 to 30 ‰

• Average Sea salinity:Average Sea salinity: ~ 35 ‰~ 35 ‰

• Brine:Brine: > 35 ‰> 35 ‰

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water

Current Desalination UseCurrent Desalination Use

http://www.worldwater.org/waterData.htmhttp://www.worldwater.org/waterData.htm

50%

~25%

~20%

Current Desalination UseCurrent Desalination Use

• More than More than 12,00012,000 desalination plants desalination plants in the world supply in the world supply 5 to 7 BGD5 to 7 BGD..

• These desalination facilities will also These desalination facilities will also dispose of dispose of 2 to 3 BGD2 to 3 BGD..

http://wrri.nmsu.edu/conf/forum/Burnett.pdfhttp://wrri.nmsu.edu/conf/forum/Burnett.pdf

Current Desalination UseCurrent Desalination Use

• > 100 desalination plants in Texas > 100 desalination plants in Texas providing 40 MGD drinking water + providing 40 MGD drinking water + 5~10 MGD brine.5~10 MGD brine.

• In comparison, the oil & gas industry In comparison, the oil & gas industry re-injects more than 400 MGD of re-injects more than 400 MGD of brine in the Permian Basin alone.brine in the Permian Basin alone.

http://wrri.nmsu.edu/conf/forum/Burnett.pdfhttp://wrri.nmsu.edu/conf/forum/Burnett.pdf

Current Desal Current Desal UseUse

• Efficiency > 90%Efficiency > 90%

• Recovery ~ 50-75%Recovery ~ 50-75%

• Distillation ~ Distillation ~ MembraneMembrane

http://www.bv.com/news/brochures/desal/DesalBroch0205.pdf

Desalination ProcessesDesalination Processes

• DistillationDistillation– Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)Multi-Stage Flash (MSF)– Multiple Effect Distillation (MED)Multiple Effect Distillation (MED)

• MembraneMembrane– Reverse Osmosis (RO)Reverse Osmosis (RO)– Electro-Dialysis Reversal (EDR)Electro-Dialysis Reversal (EDR)

• Energy/Desal CombosEnergy/Desal Combos– SolarSolar– NuclearNuclear

http://www.oas.org/osde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch20.htmhttp://www.oas.org/osde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch20.htm

Process: MSFProcess: MSF

http://www.siwin.org/reviews/swr0004/Images/swi0004b111_32.jpg

Process: ROProcess: RO

• BenefitsBenefits– Space EfficientSpace Efficient– ScaleableScaleable

• ChallengesChallenges– PretreatmentPretreatment– Membrane foulingMembrane fouling– High PressuresHigh Pressures– High Energy UseHigh Energy Use

Process: ROProcess: RO

http://www.agioabadi.com/ro-info-2.htm

Process: EDRProcess: EDR

http://www.siwin.org/reviews/swr0004/Images/swi0004b111_33.jpg

Process: SolarProcess: Solar

http://www.siwin.org/reviews/swr0004/Images/swi0004b111_35.jpg http://www.aeg-solar.com/desalination.htm

Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts

• Brine DisposalBrine Disposal– OffshoreOffshore– Evaporation PondEvaporation Pond

• Energy ConsumptionEnergy Consumption

Environmental Impacts Environmental Impacts

Reduction in use of Reduction in use of stressed stressed surface/ground water surface/ground water sources; allow for sources; allow for environmental flowsenvironmental flows

Reduce need of Reduce need of reservoirs for reservoirs for municipal consumptionmunicipal consumption

Case Study: Jubail, Saudi Case Study: Jubail, Saudi ArabiaArabia

• World’s Largest World’s Largest DesalDesal(Construct. By 3 Japanese (Construct. By 3 Japanese Co.)Co.)

• 800 MGD, 5000 MW800 MGD, 5000 MW

(Persian Gulf) (Persian Gulf)

• Phase 3: 90 MGD, Phase 3: 90 MGD, 1100 MW, $1.4 B1100 MW, $1.4 B(2006-2010)(2006-2010)

http://web.umr.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge342/

http://www.wec.com.sa/

Case Study: Yuma, AZ, USACase Study: Yuma, AZ, USA

• 23.2 BGY Potential23.2 BGY Potential(World’s Largest RO @ time)(World’s Largest RO @ time)

• $250M Cost$250M Cost(17 yr construction)(17 yr construction)

• Opened 1992 (60 acres)Opened 1992 (60 acres)Closed 1993 (Flood)Closed 1993 (Flood)

• Potential ~$300/acftPotential ~$300/acft

• Ciénega de Santa Clara Ciénega de Santa Clara

http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.11/salt.html?pg=1&topic=salt&topic_set=

Case Study: Tampa Bay, FL Case Study: Tampa Bay, FL

• 25+10 MGD25+10 MGD(World’s Largest RO)(World’s Largest RO)

• $156M construction$156M construction(’01 – ’03)(’01 – ’03)

• 2250hp pump 2250hp pump 600 – 1000 psi600 – 1000 psi

• ~$800/ac-ft (~$800/ac-ft ( up to 3X) up to 3X)

• 3 companies bankrupt3 companies bankrupt

http://www.water-technology.net/projects/tampa/specs.htmlhttp://www.water-technology.net/projects/tampa/http://cdg-cm.com/cdg/our_projects/index.html

Case Study: Ashkelon, Israel Case Study: Ashkelon, Israel

• 70 MGD 70 MGD (Mediterranean)(Mediterranean)

• 32 RO trains (32 RO trains (>92%)>92%)

• $212M C / $800M R$212M C / $800M R

• $650/ac-ft (cheapest)$650/ac-ft (cheapest)

• Site Covers 18.5 Site Covers 18.5 acresacres

http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/

““We need a global approach to this from We need a global approach to this from all sides. We need to educate people, we all sides. We need to educate people, we need the scientists to create new need the scientists to create new technologies, we need the engineers to technologies, we need the engineers to create the networks, we need every create the networks, we need every human being to be aware of how human being to be aware of how precious water is and save it.” precious water is and save it.”

- Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist- Isabel Allende, Chilean novelist

http://www.fdu.edu/newspubs/magazine/03su/desalination.htmlhttp://www.fdu.edu/newspubs/magazine/03su/desalination.html

ConclusionConclusion