Depressant

Depressants are very useful in hospital and medical research.

These kinds of medicine is use to make patient more calm, stop to be fidgety. But it make us get into habit of using it. So we must use it carefully.

Depressant affect on nervous system, some depressant affect on the dendrite and axon endings, to hold up the transport of neurotransmitters.

And some other depressant affect on the nerve receptors to stop the receipt of electronic signals.

The reason of you feel asleep after you have depressant is the depressant goes into your brain, and paralysis it.

• Depressants also has many side effects:

• It can make our breathe system become paralysis. So we could die of suffocated.

• And if we use it for a long time, it can feel headache, nausea, wakefulness, loss memory and see many megrims.

• Alcohol

• Barbiturates

• Benzodiazepines

• Cannabis

• Opioids

• Miscellaneous

•X.O

• And ………………this !!!

• Benzodiazepines

• Cannabis

• Opioids

• Opioids

One of the most widely abused drugs in the woeld today.

Where does it come from? --Various grains and fruits

How does alcohol influence our bodies? --Alcohol influences the release of neurotransmitters, also affects the interacting with receptors, we called cellular communication. --Influence the transmission of impulse and the release of neurotransmitters by blocking the movement of Na+, Ca2+ ions across the cell memberane.

Drinking too much alcohol will have heavy alcohol consumption,which is the tolerance to the effects of alcohol.

Addiction to alcohol can lead to the destruction of nerve cells and brain damage, named alcoholism.

Organ diseases among alcoholics --Cirrhosis: a chronic liver disease which harden the tissues of the liver, it causes the loss of liver function. --Don't stay up late!! Don't drink too much beer!! Have a good eating habit!!

-Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants.

-Barbituric acid is the basic structure of all barbiturates. -Barbiturates can use in sedation, anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, as soporifics, and as anticonvulsants. -Barbituric acid was first synthesized December 6, 1864, by German researcher Adolf von Baeyer. This was done by condensing urea with diethyl malonate.

Don’t Overdose!Symptoms of an overdose typically include incoordination, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, and in severe cases coma and death.

BarbituratesEthanol BenzodiazepinesCannabisOpioidsMiscellaneous

Barbiturates

• sluggishness • incoordination• difficulty in thinking• slowness of speech• faulty judgment• drowsiness• shallow breathing• staggering• coma and death.

Ethanol

• Pure ethanol will irritate the skin and eyes.[79] Nausea, vomiting and intoxication are symptoms of ingestion. Long-term use by ingestion can result in serious liver damage.

• Effects on the central nervous systemEthanol is a central nervous system depressant and has significant psychoactive effects in sublethal doses

Benzodiazepines

• Drowsiness, dizziness, and decreased alertness and concentration.

• Hypotension and suppressed breathing.• Aggression, violence, impulsivity, irritability and s

uicidal behavior

Cannabis

• Everyday use of Cannabis can in some cases be correlated with psychological withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and insomnia, and evidence could suggest that if a user experiences stress, the likeliness of getting a panic attack increases because of an increase of THC metabolites.However, Cannabis withdrawal symptoms are typically mild and are never life-threatening.

Opioids

• Nausea and vomiting• drowsiness• itching• dry mouth• miosis• constipation.• Effect the leukocyte m

igration.

Miscellaneous(Carvedilol)

• dizziness• fatigue• hypotension• diarrhea• asthenia• bradycardia• weight gain

• Allobarbital • Amobarbital • Barbital • Generic structure of

a barbiturate • CH2CH3 is the R1,R

2 stucture in barbital.

• A benzodiazepine (sometimes colloquially "benzo")is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

• The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roch.

• This kind of medicine makes a influence in reticular formation of brain stem by constrain some important neurons.

• Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter, which results in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic action.These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures.

• Panic disorder • Generalized anxiety disorder • Insomnia • Seizures • Alcohol withdrawal • Anxiety • Other indications

• In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur.Long-term use is controversial due to concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects, increased questioning of effectiveness and because benzodiazepines are prone to cause tolerance, physical dependence, and, upon cessation of use after long term use, a withdrawal syndrome.Due to adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines, withdrawal from benzodiazepines, in general, leads to improved physical and mental health.The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short- and long-term adverse effects. Withdrawal from a long term benzodiazepine addiction may cause Tinnitus as a side affect.

• There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure;they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. However, they are much less toxic than their predecessors, the barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken. When combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and opiates, the potential for toxicity increases. Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse. In addition, all benzodiazepines are listed in Beer's List, which is significant in clinical practice. Moreover, in geriatric medicine, if benzodiazepines are necessary, those with short half-lives (e.g. lorazepam & oxazepam) are preferred, as they do not require hepatic oxidation.[citation needed]