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ALL-CERAMIC RESTORATION

All-Ceramic Crowns

These are a type of cosmetic crown which are made purely from ceramic and no other material. This is in contrast to other types of crowns such as

the porcelain fused to metal variety and gold crowns.

The defining feature of these crowns is that they are made from a translucent material which is attractive to look at and blends in well with the rest

of your teeth.

Two types of ceramic crown:

1. ZIRCONIA - A zirconia crown is a popular type of all-ceramic crown which is worn to improve the appearance of a tooth which hasbecome stained or disfigured over the years. They are durable, easy to wear and long lasting.

2. E-MAX- The E-Max crown is a type of all-ceramic crown which is preferred for its longer lasting, aesthetic qualities. This crown andtheZirconia crownare worn due to their highly attractive appearance which ensures that they compliment the rest of your teeth.

This crown is considered to be the best match with your own natural teeth. The transparent colour and lifelike shape ensures that it is

unlikely to be noticed amongst your own natural teeth.It is considered a good option for damaged, stained or poor quality teeth.

ADVANTAGES OF ALL CERAMIC CROWNS

These crowns are ideally suited to people who have minimal space within their mouth for a crown or prefer something which has a

natural appearance.They are made from a thinner material which results in a lighter crown. Plus the material used is bio-compatible which is kind

to natural gum tissue and enables it to grow back alongside the crown.There is no risk of an allergic reaction or sensitivity to hot or cold foods.

DISADVANTAGES OF ALL CERAMIC CROWNS

There appears to be a tradeoff between aesthetics and strength: this type of crown is lifelike and pleasant to look at but there is a downside. It is

less durable than other types of crowns which mean it is more prone to cracking or breaking.The refinement needed to produce these crowns

makes them more difficult to fit. They require a high degree of expertise on the part of the dentist which increases their cost.

Veneers

Dental veneers (sometimes called porcelain veneers or dental porcelain laminates) are wafer-thin, custom-made shells of tooth-colored materials

designed to cover the front surface of teeth to improve your appearance. These shells are bonded to the front of the teeth changing their color,

shape, size, or length.

What to Veneers fix?

1. Teeth that is discolored.2. Teeth that are worn down3. Teeth those are chipped or broken4. Teeth those are misaligned, uneven, or irregularly shaped5. Teeth with gaps between them (to close the space between these teeth)

Ceramic Inlays

They are intracoronal restorations and are used primarily for small restorations of esthetic importance in posterior teeth.

Ceramic Inlays are fabricated either on refractory die or may be fabricated by computer technology. They are cemented and bonded to tooth by

means of acid etching and resin cements.

Porcelain Denture Teeth

The teeth are made by a factory and are not custom made for each patient. Rather, A variety of standard shades and shapes ( called molds) are available. The use of porcelain denture teeth has been largely replaced by plastic teeth.

http://www.myperfectdentist.com/zirconia.htmlhttp://www.myperfectdentist.com/zirconia.htmlhttp://www.myperfectdentist.com/zirconia.htmlhttp://www.myperfectdentist.com/zirconia.html

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The meninges is the system ofmembraneswhich envelops thecentral nervous system. In mammals, the meninges consist of three layers:

thedura mater, thearachnoid mater, and thepia mater. The primary function of the meninges and of thecerebrospinal fluidis to protect

thecentral nervous system

Dura mater

Thedura mater[Latin: 'tough mother'] (also rarely called meninx fibrosa orpachymeninx) is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull.

It consists of two layers, the periosteal layer which lies closest to the calvaria (skull), and the inner meningeal layer which lies closer to the

brain. It contains larger blood vessels which split into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner

surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid. The dura mater is a sac which

envelops the arachnoid and has been modified to serve several functions. The dura mater surrounds and supports the large venous channels

(dural sinuses) carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.

The dura has four areas of infolding which include :

Falx cerebri, the largest, sickle-shaped; separates the cerebral hemispheres. Starts from the frontal crest offrontal bone and the cristagalli running to the internal occipital protuberance.

Tentorium cerebelli, the second largest, crescent-shaped; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum. The falx cerebri attaches to itgiving a tentlike appearance.

Falx cerebelli, vertical infolding; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, separating the cerebellar hemispheres. Diaphragma sellae, smallest infolding; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica.

The dura materis the tough outer layer lying just inside the skull and vertebrae. Some characteristics follow: In the brain, there are channels within the dura mater, the dural sinuses,which contain venous blood returning from the

brain to the jugular veins.

In the spinal cord, the dura mater is often referred to as the dural sheath. A fat-filled space between the dura mater andthe vertebrae, the epidural space, acts as a protective cushion to the spinal cord.

Arachnoid mater

The middle element of the meninges is thearachnoid mater, so named because of its spider web-like appearance. It provides a cushioning

effect for the central nervous system. The arachnoid mater is a thin, transparent membrane. It is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia

mater, is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid. The arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the

brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac. In the region of the brain, particularly, a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid

trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater.

The arachnoid and pia mater are sometimes together called the leptomeninges.

The arachnoid(arachnoid mater) is the middle meninx. Projections from the arachnoid, called arachnoid villi, protrude through one layer of

the dura mater into the dural sinuses. The arachnoid villi transport the CSF from the subarachnoid space to the dural sinuses. Two cavities

border the arachnoid: The subdural space occurs outside the arachnoid (between the arachnoid and the dura mater). The subarachnoid space lies inside the arachnoid. This space contains blood vessels and circulates CSF. The fine threads of

tissue that spread across this space resemble a spider web and give the arachnoid layer its name (arachnid means spider).

Pia mater

Thepia mater[Latin: 'soft mother'] is a very delicate membrane. It is the meningeal envelope which firmly adheres to the surface of

the brain and spinal cord, following the brain's minor contours (gyri and sulci). It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue

covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid. The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels which travel

to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries are responsible for nourishing the brain.

Thepia materis the innermost meninx layer. It tightly covers the brain (following its convolutions) and spinal cord and carriesblood vessels that provide nourishment to these nervous tissues.

SpacesThe subarachnoid space is the space which normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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