Dent Gone DIY Dent/Ding Repair Kit - Interactive Instructions
Dent a Equipm
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Transcript of Dent a Equipm
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DENTAL ANESTHESIA &SURGICAL EQUIPMENT
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What is anesthesia?
Traditionally, it means
the condition of having
sensation blocked.
This allows patients toundergo surgery and
other procedures
without the distress and
pain they wouldotherwise experience.
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History of Anesthesia
Horace Wells, a dentist in
Connecticut, U.S.A. founded
anesthesia
Wells was astounded to see aman inhale Nitrous Oxide and
despite the mans injuries, the
latter apparently felt no pain. He
pursued his studies on nitrousoxide from whence general
anesthesia was born.
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GENERAL ANESTHESIA
1. Inhalation Anesthesia- nitrous oxide, ether,
chloroform, ethylene,
cyclopropane, ethyl
chloride- inhalation anesthesia
not widely used:
trichlorethylene &
divinyl ether
2. Intratracheal Anesthesia
3. Intravenous Anesthesia
4. Rectal Anesthesia
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Regional Anesthesia
injection near a cluster of nerves to numb thearea of your body that requires surgery
may remain awake, or you may be given a
sedative Spinal analgesia, (or commonly called spinal
anesthesia or sub-arachnoid block (S.A.B.))
is a form of regional anaesthesia involvinginjection of a local anaesthetic into thecerebrospinal fluid (CSF), generally through along, fine needle, usually 3.5 inches long.
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Local Anesthesia
drugs that have little or no irritating effects
when injected into the tissues, and that will
temporarily interrupt conduction when
absorbed into the nerve
produce a loss of function in pain,
temperature, touch, proprioception, and
skeletal muscle tone. anesthesia of a small part of the body
Infiltration and block anesthesia
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Infiltration Anesthesia
most commonly used local anesthetic
technique
infiltrated directly into the surgical site
by means of either intradermal
injection or subcutaneous injection
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Block Anesthesia
anesthetic agent is circumferentially
injected around the surgical site
without injecting the area to be
excised
prevents the nerve impulses fromentering the area
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Popularity of Local Anesthesia
1. Simplicity of use- economical and
nonexplosive; postoperative observation is
lessened
2. Undesireable side effects of general
anesthesia are avoided
3. Ideal method for ambulatory patients, for
short and superficial operations
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Why is local anesthesia not widely
used?
1. Lack of patient acceptance and the desire
to be unconscious during operation
2. Impracticality of anesthetizing some bodily
areas
3. Insufficient duration of local anesthesia
4. Rapid absorption of local anesthetics into
the blood stream
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Regional Anesthesia
injection near a cluster of nerves to numb the
area of the body that requires surgery
may remain awake or may be given a
sedative
Spinal anesthesia- form of regional
anesthesia involving injection of a local
anesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),generally through a long, fine needle, usually
3.5 inches long.
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IDEALISTIC ANESTHETIC
1. Its action must be reversible.
2. It must be non- irritating to the tissues &produce no secondary local reaction.
3. It should have a low degree of systemictoxicity.
4. It should have a rapid onset & be of
sufficient duration to be advantageous.5. It should be relatively free form allergic
reactions.
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IDEALISTIC ANESTHESIA
6. It should have a potency sufficient to givecomplete anesthesia w/o using harmful
concentrated solutions.
7. It should have sufficient penetratingproperties to be effective as a topical
anesthetic.
8. It should be stable in solution & readily
metabolized by the body.
9. It should be either sterile or capable of being
sterilized by heat w/o deterioration.
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ADVERSE EFFECTS
Localized prolonged anesthesia or
parasthesia
Systemic reactions
Lack of anesthetic effects
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INJECTABLE ANESTHETICS
1. Procaine Hydrochloride2. Lidocaine Hydrochloride
3. Mepivacaine Hydrochloride
4. Pyrrocaine Hydrochloride5. Tetracaine Hydrochloride
6. Propoxycaine Hydrochloride
7. Butethamine8. Metabu tethacaine Hydrochloride
9. Meprylcaine Hydrochloride
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Topical Anesthetics
form of anesthesia obtained by the
direct application of the drug to the
mucous membrane surface
Iodocaine, tetracaine, cocaine,
benzocaine, and dycloninehydrochloride
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VASOCONSTRICTORS
factors that cause the narrowing of the blood
vessels resulting from contracting of the
muscular wall of the vessels
added to injectable local anesthetics to
prolong and increase anesthesia, reduce
toxic effect, and reduce bleeding
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Antihistaminics
Tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine)
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
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Action of Local Anaesthesia
Blocks Sensation
Produces Numbness
Does not cause unconsciousness Reversible
Has a certain onset and duration
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Nerve Supply of the Dentures
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Dental Anaesthesia
Synthetic
Procaine
Chloroprocaine
Topical Anaesthesia
Pipeprocaine
Hexylcaine
Tetracaine
Non-ester compounds
Dibucaine
Lidocaine
Mepivacaine
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Cocaine
The first effective local anesthetic
An alkaloid originally extracted from the
leaves and bark of South American coco
Plants
Onset 1min
Duration 30mins
It is being prevented to use in clinical
operations
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COCAINE
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Procaine
First Synthetic Local
Anaesthesia
Mostly used in Dentistry
Ester base
Used for infiltration
anaesthesia
Rapid Onset
Short duration
Low potency
Lacks topical anesthetic
activity
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PROCAINE
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Chloroprocaine
Ester base
Similar in structure of procaine
Onset is 5 to 15mins Duration 30 to 45mins
Low potency
Very low toxicity
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CHLOROPROCAINE
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Pipeprocaine
Ester base
A derivation of bezoic acid
Topical anesthesia
Slow onset compared to
procaine
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Hexylcaine
Topical and infiltration anesthesia
Short duration (10mins)
Overdose can lead to headache, tinnitus,convulsions and respiratory arrest
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Tetracaine
Available in preparations for topical use
Ester Type
Potent but safe Onset 3-10mins
Long Duration
More toxic compared to other anesthetics Non-irritating when injected to the tissues
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TETRACAINE
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Dibucaine
Cinchocaine
Amide base
Rapid onset
Extremely potent
High toxicity
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LIDOCAINE
Most widely used
Amide base
Injected for local infiltration Onset 15mins
Duration 30-120mins
inherent Potency Moderate Toxicity
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LIDOCAINE
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MEPIVACAINE
Amide base
Used in Nerve block
and local infiltration
Indicated also inregional anaesthesia
Onset 15mins
Duration 60-140mins
Moderate Potency
Moderate Toxicity
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MEPIVACAINE
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Properties of Local
Anaesthesia
Properties Ester base Amide base
Metabolism rapid by plasmacholinesterase
slow, hepatic
Systemic toxicity less likely more likely
Allergic reaction possible - PABAderivatives form
very rare
Stability in
solution
breaks down in
ampules (heat,sun)
very stable
chemically
Onset of action slow as a generalrule
moderate to fast
pKa's higher than PH = 7.4(8.5-8.9)
close to PH = 7.4
(7.6-8.1)
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Abscess or pus A dental abscess is an
infection of the mouth, face,
jaw, or throat that begins as
a tooth infection or cavity.
caused by bacteria that
invade the soft tissue
surrounding your tooth or
at the root of your tooth.
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Abscess or pus
There are several symptoms of an abscessed tooth:
A sharp or shooting pain in the tooth
Chewing causes pain
Loose tooth
Tooth is sensitive to hot or cold fluids or food
Fever
Bad breath
Red and swollen gums
Swollen glands in the neck
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Equipment for drainage
Gauze and gauzedressing
Rubber drainage
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Waste containers
scissors
Cotton pliers
hemostats
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Hemorrhage
Excessive discharge of blood from the
blood vessels; profuse bleeding.
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Methods to stop the Hemorrhage:
1. Bite the gauze for a few minutes
2. Application of astringent substances on top
of the wound
3. The use of materials which provide a frame
or matrix for the blood clot
4. Clotting ingredients
5. Blood transfusion
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Surgery Armamentarium1. Anesthesia
2. Dental syringes for
block or infiltrationanesthesia
3. Syringes for possible
emergency
4. scalpel
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/DentalSurgicalExtraction.jpg -
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Surgical Paraphernalia
Mouth mirror scalpel
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Cotton pliers
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Sterile cotton
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Spatulas
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Flashlights
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Aspirator
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Bone files
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Saws
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Chisels
S i f i i i d
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Scissors for incising gums and
soft tissues.
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Cheek retractors, tissue retractors
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TISSUE FORCEP
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CURETTE
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HEMOSTATS
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ELEVATORS
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SURGICAL NEEDLE
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NEEDLE HOLDERS
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BONE RONGUER
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ASPIRATOR
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FORCEPS
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MAXILLARY FORCEP
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MANDIBULAR FORCEP
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FORCEP FOR THE ANTERIORS
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BONE CHISEL
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MALLET
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