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Densities

Radiation-related consulting and services from Integrated Environmental Management, Inc.

A variety of radiation-related assessments and analyses require an understanding of material densities,particularly when shielding and/or transmission issues arise. The following listing of the densities ofcommon materials has been prepared to facilitate those calculations.

The values shown below are in units of "grams per cubic centimeter".

Air (20 degrees C, 76 cm Hg) - 0.001205

Aluminum - 2.739

Ammonia (liquid) - 0.771

Ammonium Nitrate - 0.730

Amonium Sulphate

z Dry - 1.130z Wet - 1.290

Apples - 0.641

Asbestos - 2.2 to 2.8

Ashes

z Wet - 0.730 to 0.890z Dry - 0.570 to 0.650

Asphalt - 1.1 to 1.5

Asphalt (crushed) - 0.721

Bakelite (typical) - 1.20 to 1.70

Baking Powder - 0.721

Barium

z Barite (barium sulfate) - 4.5z Elemental - 3.5

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Bauxite

z Solid - 3.011z Crushed - 1.281

Beeswax - 0.961

Bentonite - 0.593

Benzene - 0.737

Beryllium - 1.85

Bismuth - 9.78

Bone - 1.7 to 2.0

Brick

z Common red - 1.922z Fire clay - 2.403z Silica - 2.050z Chrome - 2.803z Magnesia - 2.563

Butter - 0.86 to 0.87

Cadmium - 8.65

Calcium - 1.55

Carbon

z Carbon dioxide (at STP) - 1.79 grams per literz Carbon monoxide (at STP) - 1.25z Graphite - 2.25z Carbon steel - 7.84z Powdered - 0.080z Solid - 2.146

Cardboard - 0.689

Cellulose

z Amorph - 1.3 to 1.6z Wood - 0.5 to 0.9

Cement

z Clinker - 1.290 to 1.540

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z Portland - 1.506z Mortar - 2.162z Slurry - 1.442

Ceramic

z Alumina - 3.9z Aluminosilicate - 2.6z Boron Carbide - 2.5z Glass - 2.6z Iron Slag - 2.755z Graphitte - 2.163z Lead Glass - 2.8z Quartz Glass - 2.2z Sapphire - 3.99z Tungsten Carbide - 15.7z Zirconia - 5.75z Zirconium Carbide - 6.56

Cesium - 1.873

Charcoal

z Oak - 0.57z Pine - 0.28 to 0.44

Chalk

z Solid - 2.499z Lumpy - 1.442z Fine - 1.121

Charcoal - 0.208

Cinders

z Furnace - 0.913z Coal ash - 0.641

Clay

z Compacted - 1.746z Dry excavated - 1.089z Dry lump - 1.073z Fire - 1.362z Wet excavated - 1.826z Wet lump - 1.602

Coal

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z Bituminous - 1.2 to 1.5z Anthracite - 1.4 to 1.8z Coke - 1.201z Lignite - 1.25

Cobalt - 8.8

Concrete

z Gravel - 2.400z Light Weight (with pumice) - 1.920z Limestone w/Portland - 2.370z Normal Weight - 2.400

Copper - 8.93

Cork

z Solid - 0.240z Ground - 0.160

Crushed Stone - 1.600

Deuterium (H-2 at the boiling point of the liquid) - 0.0165

Diamond - 3.01 to 3.52

Dolomite

z

Solid - 2.899z Pulverized - 0.737z Lumpy - 1.522

Earth

z Dense - 2.002z Fullers, raw - 0.673z Loam, dry excavated - 1.440z Moist, excavated - 1.442z Packed - 1.522z Soft loose mud - 1.730z Soil (standard) - 1.6z Wet, excavated - 1.602

Ethyl Alcohol - 0.802

Fiberglass Insulation - 0.032

Film emulsion - 3.815

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Fuel oil (medium weight) - 0.89

Garbage (household rubbish) - 0.481

Garnet grit - 3.9 to 4.1

Gasoline - 0.721

Gelatin - 1.27

Glass

z Borosilicate - 2.23z Broken or cullet - 1.290 to 1.940z Crown - 2.5 to 2.8z Flint - 3.7 to 7.2z Fused silica - 2.2z Lead - 6.4

z Lead crystal - 3.1z Plate (avg.) - 2.4z Window - 2.579

Glue

z Animal, flaked - 0.561z Vegetable, powdered - 0.641

Gold

z

Pure - 19.32z Coin - 17.89

Graphite (flake) - 0.641

Gravel

z Loose, dry - 1.520z With sand , natural- 1.920z Dry, 1/4 to 2 inch - 1.682z Wet, 1/4 to 2 inch - 2.002

Gypsum

z Solid - 2.787z Broken - 1.290 to 1.600z Crushed - 1.602z Pulverized - 1.112z 3/8-inch Plaster Board - 0.76 g/m2z 1/2-inch Plaster Board - 1.02 g/m2z 5/8-inch Plaster Board - 1.27 g/m2

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Helium - 0.0001785

Hydrogen - 0.00008988

Ice

z Crushed - 0.593z Solid - 0.919

Indium - 7.43

Iron

z Cast (pig) - 7.208z Metal - 7.86z Ore (Hematite) - 5.206z Ore (Magnetite) - 5.046z Oxide pigment - 0.400

z Pyrites - 2.400z Sulphate (pickling tank), dry - 1.200z Sulphate (pickling tank), wet - 1.290z Wrought - 7.568

Ivory - 1.83 to 1.92

Lead - 11.389

Leather (common) - 0.946

Limestone - 2.739

Linoleum - 1.18

Lithium Fluoride - 2.64

Lumber (Framing, douglas Fir) - 0.561

Magnesium - 1.74

Manure - 0.400

Marble (calcium carbonate) - 2.5 to 2.9

Mercury - 13.55

Methyl Alcohol - 0.809

Mineral Oil - 0.914

Molybdinum - 10.3

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Mud

z Fluid - 1.730z Packed - 1.906

Muscle - ~1

Mylar - 1.39

Nickel - 8.8

Nylon - 1.09 to 1.14

Oil

z Cake - 0.785z Linseed - 0.942z Petroleum - 0.881

Oyster Shells (ground) - 0.849

Paper - 0.7 to 1.201

Paraffin - 0.898

Peat

z Dry - 0.400z Moist - 0.801z

Wet - 1.121

Plaster - 0.849

Plastic

z HDPE - 0.955z Kevlar (149) - 1.47z Kevlar (29) - 1.44z Polyurethane - 1z Rubber - 1.506

Platinum - 21.3

Plexiglass (Lucite) - 1.16 to 1.20

Plutonium - 17.35

Polyethylene - 0.92

Polymethyl methacrylate (Lucite) - 1.19

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Polystyrene - 1.03 to 1.07

Polystyrene Insulation

z Extruded - 0.029z Expanded - 0.024

Polyurethane Insulation - 0.024

Porcelain - 2.3 to 2.5

Potassium - 0.87

Pyrex glass - 2.23

Quartz

z Solid - 2.643

z Lump - 1.554z Sand - 1.201

Rip-Rap - 1.602

Rock salt - 2.18

Rock

z Excavated with shovel - 1.600 to 1.780z Sandstone - 2.40z

Limestone - 2.91z Granite - 2.45

Rubber

z Caoutchouc - 0.945z Ground scrap - 0.481z Manufactured - 1.522z Natural - 0.92z Butadiene copolymer - 0.915z Neoprene - 1.23

Sand

z Bank - 1.483z Dry - 1.602z Loose - 1.442z Torpedo - 1.602z Water-filled - 1.922z Wet - 1.922z Wet, packed - 2.082

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z With gravel, dry - 1.650z With gravel, wet - 2.020

Sea Water - 1.025

Sewage sludge - 0.721

Silicon dioxide - 2.32

Silicon - 2.42

Silver - 10.49

Slag

z Solid - 2.1 to 3.9z Broken - 1.762z Crushed, 1/4 inch - 1.185

Snow

z Compacted - 0.480z Freshly fallen - 0.160

Soap

z Solid - 0.801z Chips - 0.160z Flakes - 0.160z

Powdered - 0.368

Soil (see Earth)

Sodium

z Elemental - 0.971z Sodium Iodide - 3.67

Starch - 1.53

Steel

z 1% carbon - 7.83z Cold drawn - 7.83z Framing - 7.849z Soft (0.06% C) - 7.87z Stainless (Type 304) - 8.03z Stainless (Type 347) - 7.8z Stainless (27CR) - 7.47

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Stone

z Crushed - 1.602z Common, generic - 2.515

Sugar

z Brown - 0.721z Powdered - 0.801z Granulated - 0.801z Raw cane - 0.961

Talc - 2.7 to 2.8

Tantalum - 16.6

Tar - 1.153

Tobacco - 0.320

Tin (cast hammered) - 7.352

Titanium - 4.5

Thorium - 11.6

Tungsten - 19.3

Uranium - 18.74

Vegetable Oil - 0.93

Vernucykute 0 0.641

Water

z Pure (at 20 degrees C) - 1.00z Sea - 1.026

Wood

z Alder - 0.42 to 0.68z Apple - 0.66 to 0.84z Ash - 0.51z Balsa - 0.11 to 0.14z Bamboo - 0.31 to 0.40z Birch - 0.705z Cedar - 0.49 to 0.57z Dogwood - 0.76z Mahogany - 0.705

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z Oak - 0.77z Pressed pulp board - 0.19z Red Oak - 0.673z Southern Pine - 0.65z Sugar Maple - 0.689z Walnut - 0.593z White Pine - 0.67

Zinc - 6.92

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