Chapter 45 Common Commercial Construction Materials.
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Transcript of Chapter 45 Common Commercial Construction Materials.
Chapter 45
Common Commercial Construction Materials
2
Links for Chapter 45
Wood
Concrete Block
Poured Concrete
Steel Construction
Common Connectors
Related Web Sites
3
Wood
• Platform construction is similar to residential construction– Walls are framed the same but require a
different finish to obtain a specific fire rating
– Roof trusses or joists are 24” to 36” o.c.
– Purlins are smaller beams placed between larger beams
4
Wood
1/2" GYP. BD.
2 x 4 STUDS
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
CEMENT PLASTER
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
2 x 4 SILL
7/8" EXTERIOR
TRUE1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALL WOOD SIDING
1/2" GYPSUMBOARD
EXTERIOR SIDING MATL.
2 x 4 STUDS
TYPE 'X' GYPSUM 2 LAYERS OF 5/8"
BOARD. EA. LAYER
EXT. SIDINGMATL. OVER5/8" TYPE 'X' GYP. BD.
RESIDENTIAL1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALLSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOUR EXTERIORSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOURINTERIOR SIDING
1/2" GYP. BD.
2 x 4 STUDS
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
CEMENT PLASTER
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
2 x 4 SILL
7/8" EXTERIOR
TRUE1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALL WOOD SIDING
1/2" GYPSUMBOARD
EXTERIOR SIDING MATL.
2 x 4 STUDS
TYPE 'X' GYPSUM 2 LAYERS OF 5/8"
BOARD. EA. LAYER
EXT. SIDINGMATL. OVER5/8" TYPE 'X' GYP. BD.
RESIDENTIAL1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALLSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOUR EXTERIORSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOURINTERIOR SIDING
5
Wood
• Heavy timber includes members 5” X 5” up to 12” X 12”– Used for appearance and structural reasons– Excellent fire-rating– Represent posts with lines similar to the walls– Represent beams with dashed lines– Use text to note both beams and posts
6
Wood
1S11
6 x 14 DFL #16 x 14" DFL #1
S3
7
Wood
• Laminated beams are smaller members glued together for a stronger beam– Used in open areas like churches and gyms
– Single-span beams are used in standard platform framing
– Tudor and three-hinged arch members are a post-and-beam system combined
8
Wood
• Beams are represented in four different ways
A. B C. D.
9
Concrete Block
• Concrete blocks are durable and relatively inexpensive to maintain and install
• Manufactured in 8 X 8 X 16 modules– Actual block is smaller to allow for mortar
– Walls even numbered should end in 0” or 8”
– Walls odd numbered long should end in 4”
10
Concrete Block
• Bold lines represent edges of the masonry• Thin lines represent hatching the edge of the
wall at 45°• Dimension the size and location of blocks on
the floor plan• Pilasters are thick parts of the foundation
used to carry heavier loads
11
Concrete Block
8 x 8 x 16 GRADE 'A' C.M.U. W/#4 VERT. @48" O.C. & #4 HORIZ.@24" O.C. SOLID GROUT ALL STEEL CELLS.
2 x 6 STUDS @ 16" O.C.
4" BRICK VENEER W/ 26 GA. MESH @ 24" O.C
4" MASONRY VENEER OVER 1" AIR SPACE & TYVEK
12
Concrete Block• Steel reinforcement,
called rebar, improves resistance to tension forces
• Rebar ranges from 3/8” to 1 3/8” diameter and is deformed or smooth
MASONRY REINFORCEDMASONRY
13
Concrete Block• Steel is centered in
the wall cavity
• Specify the quantity of bars, size, direction, and grade
• Steel is not drawn in floor plan
14
Poured Concrete• Concrete is made of sand and gravel bonded
with cement and water• Steel reinforcement is used inside a form• Forms are used to pour concrete into• Show sizes and steel placement on the drawing• Floors are usually reinforced poured concrete
15
Poured Concrete
SEE NOTE (2)(TYP.)
COLUMN SCHEDULE.SPACING PER ON COL. SECTION.SPIRALS AS SHOWN
SPACING @ ''S''/2 (TYP.)COL. SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON
SCHEDULE. SPACING ''S'' PER COL.CROSS SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON COL.
TYP. COLUMN SECTIONS
TYP. COLUMN ELEVATIONS
COLUMN TYPE BCOLUMN TYPE A
COLUMN TYPE A COLUMN TYPE B
3S10
2S10
N.T.S.
N.T.S.
1'-0''
1 1/2" CLR.TYP.
SEE NOTE (2)(TYP.)
COLUMN SCHEDULE.SPACING PER ON COL. SECTION.SPIRALS AS SHOWN
SPACING @ ''S''/2 (TYP.)COL. SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON
SCHEDULE. SPACING ''S'' PER COL.CROSS SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON COL.
TYP. COLUMN SECTIONS
TYP. COLUMN ELEVATIONS
COLUMN TYPE BCOLUMN TYPE A
COLUMN TYPE A COLUMN TYPE B
3S10
2S10
N.T.S.
N.T.S.
1'-0''
1 1/2" CLR.TYP.
16
Poured Concrete
• Walls or other components are formed off site and transported to the job site
• Sections are joined with a metal flange
• Prestressed concrete has cables placed in them and they are pulled before the concrete hardens
17
Poured Concrete
1 1/2" = 1'-0"
18
Poured Concrete
• Tilt-up is a method of using preformed wall panels which are lifted in place
• Concrete is poured around the steel
19
Steel Construction
• Steel studs meet requirements for Type 1, 2, and 3 construction methods– Designed for rapid assembly– Lightweight, noncombustible, and strong– Range in size from 3 5/8” to 10”– Produced with 12 to 20 gage steel– Specify as: 362SJ20 STEEL STUDS BY UNIMAST
20
Steel Construction
• Steel joists offer the same advantages over wood as steel studs– Nested joists are placed around another joist
– Available in lengths up to 40’
– Can support greater loads over longer spans– Specify as:14K4 OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST@32” O.C.
21
Steel Construction
• Corrugated steel decking is used for lightweight floors
• Steel decking is attached to the floor or roof with screws or welds
1 1/2" DEEP NARROW RIB
2" DEEP WIDE RIB
3" DEEP WIDE RIB
22
Steel Construction
• Prefabricated steel structures are built in modular units with given spans, wall heights, and lengths
• Tapered members allow a minimum amount of material to be used
• Metal siding is screwed to girts to complete the wall
23
Steel Construction
• The Manual of Steel Construction (AISC) is the code book for steel construction
BEAM A-6
+ 113'-0"EA. END
15'-3 1/2" TLT S3/8"
3/16" 6" TYP.
3/8"
W 16 X 67
24
Steel Construction
• Steel is specified as a plate, bar, or a shape
• Specify sizes, steel type, and other information on drawings
• Joints for steel construction are either welded or bolted
25
Common Connection Methods
• Nails are common connectors for wood less than 1 1/2” thick– Must penetrate a connecting member by half
of its thickness
– Nails are common, deformed, box, and spikes
– Measured as a penny (d)
– Specify as: 2 X 6 DFL SILL W/20d’s@4” O.C.
26
Common Connection Methods
• Nailing is determined by how accessible the nail head is during construction– Face Nailing - Nail is driven through face of
one board into face of another
– End Nailing - Nail goes through face of one board into then end of another
27
Common Connection Methods
• Nail placing methods– Toe Nailing - Nails are driven through faces
and are at 90° to each other
– Blind Nailing - Nails are not seen such as in flooring materials
• Edge, field, and boundary nailing refer to the placement of nails on the sheathing
28
Common ConnectionMethods
3-16d's
FACE NAILING
3-16d's
TOE NAILING
END NAILING
3-16d's
BLIND NAILING
2-8d's
29
Common Connection Methods
• Staples are used connecting asphalt roofing materials
• Power-driven studs are used to anchor wood or metal to masonry members
30
Common Connection Methods
• Screws are twisted into the material and are resistant to withdrawal– Flathead, roundhead, and lag screws are
most common
– Specify the diameter, length, type, and if washers are used
31
Common Connection MethodsCROSS PHILLIPS ROBERTSO SLOT
HEAD SHAPES
HEAD PROFILES
FLATCOUNTERSUNK
OVAL ROUNDHEAD
METAL SCREWS WOOD SCREWS
BOLTLAG
BOLTLAG
32
Common Connection Methods
• Metal framing connectors are used to strengthen nailed connections– Specify on plans by listing model number and
type of connector
– Nails or bolts are used with the metal fastener for extra support
33
Common Connection Methods8"1/4"
1 1/2"
9 1/2"6"
3/4" x 3/4"
@ EACH ANGLE
8" x 8" x 1/2" x 3" ANGLEEACH SIDE OF BEAM W/
HOLE HORIZONTAL IN 8" LEG.
EACH SIDE OF BEAM 5/16
BOTH
PLAN VIEW (LOWER ANGLE ONLY) 1" = 1'-0"
BEAM/WALL 1" = 1'-0"
9
TAPER BOLT3/4"¯ x 4 1/8"
(1) -3/4" x 9" A307BOLT W/ STD. WASHERS CENTERED IN
6 3/4" x 43 1/2"GLU-LAM BEAM
STD. WASHERS
SIDES
CHAMFERS
POLYURTHANESEALENTOVER 5/8"Ø BACKER ROD
S-4
1/2"
SLOTTED HOLE
L
13/16" x 1 7/8" LONG SLOTTED
9 1/2" x 9" x 5/16" x 1'-3 1/2"
(3)-3/4"Ø x 9 A307 BOLTS W/
7/8" x 6 7/8" x 9 1/2" BEARING P
1
34
Common Connection Methods
• Bolts include anchor, machine, and carriage– Anchor bolts are L-shaped and are inserted
into the concrete to hold lumber down
– Machine bolts are used to attach steel and wood members
– Carriage bolts connect steel to other metal members
35
Common Connection Methods
• Other bolts include stud, drift, expansion and toggle
• Washers keep the bolt head and nut from pulling through the wood
36
Common Connection Methods
A B C D E F
G
37
Common Connection Methods
• Welding provides a rigid connection between pieces of steel– Welded pieces become one
– Welding is stronger, greater resistance to shear or rotational forces, and can support greater loads
– Specify welds with a symbol and notation
38
Common Connection Methods
1"=1'-0"
3/16"
3/16"
1/8"
3"x DFL#1 PLATE W/ 1/2"Ø STUDBOLT ANCHORS AT 24" O.C. NAIL PLY SHT'G. W/ 8d COMMONSHORTS AT 4" O.C.
T.S. 5" x 5" x 3/16"
8" x 8" x 1/4" STEELGUSSET PLATE T.S. 5" x 5" x 1/4"
STEEL TUBE COLUMN
15
S7
TUBE CONN3/16"CLOSUREPLATE
39
Common Connection Methods
• Fillet welds are formed in the internal corner of two pieces of steel
• Square groove weld is used when the steel edges are perpendicular and joined end to end
• V-groove weld is when the steel forms a V shape
40
Common Connection Methods
• Beveled weld is when one piece of steel has a beveled edge
• U-groove weld is when two mating pieces form a U
• J-groove weld is when one piece has a perpendicular edge and the other has a curved grooved edge
41
Common Connection Methods
A. FILLET
B. SQUARE
C. V-GROOVE
D. U-GROOVE
E. J-GROOVE
42
Common Connection Methods
A. FILLET
B. SQUARE
C. V-GROOVE
D. U-GROOVE
E. J-GROOVE
43
Related Web Sites• American Institute of Steel Construction - www.aisc
.org• American Institute of Timber Construction - www.
aitc-glulam.org• American Welding Society - www.aws.org• Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute - www.crsi.org• Steel Joist Institute - www.steeljoist.org