Chapter 45 Common Commercial Construction Materials.
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Transcript of Chapter 45 Common Commercial Construction Materials.
![Page 1: Chapter 45 Common Commercial Construction Materials.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d985503460f94a82155/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 45
Common Commercial Construction Materials
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Links for Chapter 45
Wood
Concrete Block
Poured Concrete
Steel Construction
Common Connectors
Related Web Sites
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Wood
• Platform construction is similar to residential construction– Walls are framed the same but require a
different finish to obtain a specific fire rating
– Roof trusses or joists are 24” to 36” o.c.
– Purlins are smaller beams placed between larger beams
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Wood
1/2" GYP. BD.
2 x 4 STUDS
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
CEMENT PLASTER
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
2 x 4 SILL
7/8" EXTERIOR
TRUE1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALL WOOD SIDING
1/2" GYPSUMBOARD
EXTERIOR SIDING MATL.
2 x 4 STUDS
TYPE 'X' GYPSUM 2 LAYERS OF 5/8"
BOARD. EA. LAYER
EXT. SIDINGMATL. OVER5/8" TYPE 'X' GYP. BD.
RESIDENTIAL1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALLSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOUR EXTERIORSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOURINTERIOR SIDING
1/2" GYP. BD.
2 x 4 STUDS
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
CEMENT PLASTER
GYPSUM BD.5/8" TYPE 'X'
2 x 4 SILL
7/8" EXTERIOR
TRUE1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALL WOOD SIDING
1/2" GYPSUMBOARD
EXTERIOR SIDING MATL.
2 x 4 STUDS
TYPE 'X' GYPSUM 2 LAYERS OF 5/8"
BOARD. EA. LAYER
EXT. SIDINGMATL. OVER5/8" TYPE 'X' GYP. BD.
RESIDENTIAL1-HOUR WALL
1-HOUR WALLSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOUR EXTERIORSTUCCO SIDING
2-HOURINTERIOR SIDING
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Wood
• Heavy timber includes members 5” X 5” up to 12” X 12”– Used for appearance and structural reasons– Excellent fire-rating– Represent posts with lines similar to the walls– Represent beams with dashed lines– Use text to note both beams and posts
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Wood
1S11
6 x 14 DFL #16 x 14" DFL #1
S3
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Wood
• Laminated beams are smaller members glued together for a stronger beam– Used in open areas like churches and gyms
– Single-span beams are used in standard platform framing
– Tudor and three-hinged arch members are a post-and-beam system combined
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Wood
• Beams are represented in four different ways
A. B C. D.
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Concrete Block
• Concrete blocks are durable and relatively inexpensive to maintain and install
• Manufactured in 8 X 8 X 16 modules– Actual block is smaller to allow for mortar
– Walls even numbered should end in 0” or 8”
– Walls odd numbered long should end in 4”
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Concrete Block
• Bold lines represent edges of the masonry• Thin lines represent hatching the edge of the
wall at 45°• Dimension the size and location of blocks on
the floor plan• Pilasters are thick parts of the foundation
used to carry heavier loads
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Concrete Block
8 x 8 x 16 GRADE 'A' C.M.U. W/#4 VERT. @48" O.C. & #4 HORIZ.@24" O.C. SOLID GROUT ALL STEEL CELLS.
2 x 6 STUDS @ 16" O.C.
4" BRICK VENEER W/ 26 GA. MESH @ 24" O.C
4" MASONRY VENEER OVER 1" AIR SPACE & TYVEK
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Concrete Block• Steel reinforcement,
called rebar, improves resistance to tension forces
• Rebar ranges from 3/8” to 1 3/8” diameter and is deformed or smooth
MASONRY REINFORCEDMASONRY
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Concrete Block• Steel is centered in
the wall cavity
• Specify the quantity of bars, size, direction, and grade
• Steel is not drawn in floor plan
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Poured Concrete• Concrete is made of sand and gravel bonded
with cement and water• Steel reinforcement is used inside a form• Forms are used to pour concrete into• Show sizes and steel placement on the drawing• Floors are usually reinforced poured concrete
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Poured Concrete
SEE NOTE (2)(TYP.)
COLUMN SCHEDULE.SPACING PER ON COL. SECTION.SPIRALS AS SHOWN
SPACING @ ''S''/2 (TYP.)COL. SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON
SCHEDULE. SPACING ''S'' PER COL.CROSS SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON COL.
TYP. COLUMN SECTIONS
TYP. COLUMN ELEVATIONS
COLUMN TYPE BCOLUMN TYPE A
COLUMN TYPE A COLUMN TYPE B
3S10
2S10
N.T.S.
N.T.S.
1'-0''
1 1/2" CLR.TYP.
SEE NOTE (2)(TYP.)
COLUMN SCHEDULE.SPACING PER ON COL. SECTION.SPIRALS AS SHOWN
SPACING @ ''S''/2 (TYP.)COL. SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON
SCHEDULE. SPACING ''S'' PER COL.CROSS SECTION.TIES AS SHOWN ON COL.
TYP. COLUMN SECTIONS
TYP. COLUMN ELEVATIONS
COLUMN TYPE BCOLUMN TYPE A
COLUMN TYPE A COLUMN TYPE B
3S10
2S10
N.T.S.
N.T.S.
1'-0''
1 1/2" CLR.TYP.
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Poured Concrete
• Walls or other components are formed off site and transported to the job site
• Sections are joined with a metal flange
• Prestressed concrete has cables placed in them and they are pulled before the concrete hardens
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Poured Concrete
1 1/2" = 1'-0"
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Poured Concrete
• Tilt-up is a method of using preformed wall panels which are lifted in place
• Concrete is poured around the steel
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Steel Construction
• Steel studs meet requirements for Type 1, 2, and 3 construction methods– Designed for rapid assembly– Lightweight, noncombustible, and strong– Range in size from 3 5/8” to 10”– Produced with 12 to 20 gage steel– Specify as: 362SJ20 STEEL STUDS BY UNIMAST
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Steel Construction
• Steel joists offer the same advantages over wood as steel studs– Nested joists are placed around another joist
– Available in lengths up to 40’
– Can support greater loads over longer spans– Specify as:14K4 OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST@32” O.C.
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Steel Construction
• Corrugated steel decking is used for lightweight floors
• Steel decking is attached to the floor or roof with screws or welds
1 1/2" DEEP NARROW RIB
2" DEEP WIDE RIB
3" DEEP WIDE RIB
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Steel Construction
• Prefabricated steel structures are built in modular units with given spans, wall heights, and lengths
• Tapered members allow a minimum amount of material to be used
• Metal siding is screwed to girts to complete the wall
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Steel Construction
• The Manual of Steel Construction (AISC) is the code book for steel construction
BEAM A-6
+ 113'-0"EA. END
15'-3 1/2" TLT S3/8"
3/16" 6" TYP.
3/8"
W 16 X 67
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Steel Construction
• Steel is specified as a plate, bar, or a shape
• Specify sizes, steel type, and other information on drawings
• Joints for steel construction are either welded or bolted
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Common Connection Methods
• Nails are common connectors for wood less than 1 1/2” thick– Must penetrate a connecting member by half
of its thickness
– Nails are common, deformed, box, and spikes
– Measured as a penny (d)
– Specify as: 2 X 6 DFL SILL W/20d’s@4” O.C.
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Common Connection Methods
• Nailing is determined by how accessible the nail head is during construction– Face Nailing - Nail is driven through face of
one board into face of another
– End Nailing - Nail goes through face of one board into then end of another
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Common Connection Methods
• Nail placing methods– Toe Nailing - Nails are driven through faces
and are at 90° to each other
– Blind Nailing - Nails are not seen such as in flooring materials
• Edge, field, and boundary nailing refer to the placement of nails on the sheathing
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Common ConnectionMethods
3-16d's
FACE NAILING
3-16d's
TOE NAILING
END NAILING
3-16d's
BLIND NAILING
2-8d's
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Common Connection Methods
• Staples are used connecting asphalt roofing materials
• Power-driven studs are used to anchor wood or metal to masonry members
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Common Connection Methods
• Screws are twisted into the material and are resistant to withdrawal– Flathead, roundhead, and lag screws are
most common
– Specify the diameter, length, type, and if washers are used
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Common Connection MethodsCROSS PHILLIPS ROBERTSO SLOT
HEAD SHAPES
HEAD PROFILES
FLATCOUNTERSUNK
OVAL ROUNDHEAD
METAL SCREWS WOOD SCREWS
BOLTLAG
BOLTLAG
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Common Connection Methods
• Metal framing connectors are used to strengthen nailed connections– Specify on plans by listing model number and
type of connector
– Nails or bolts are used with the metal fastener for extra support
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Common Connection Methods8"1/4"
1 1/2"
9 1/2"6"
3/4" x 3/4"
@ EACH ANGLE
8" x 8" x 1/2" x 3" ANGLEEACH SIDE OF BEAM W/
HOLE HORIZONTAL IN 8" LEG.
EACH SIDE OF BEAM 5/16
BOTH
PLAN VIEW (LOWER ANGLE ONLY) 1" = 1'-0"
BEAM/WALL 1" = 1'-0"
9
TAPER BOLT3/4"¯ x 4 1/8"
(1) -3/4" x 9" A307BOLT W/ STD. WASHERS CENTERED IN
6 3/4" x 43 1/2"GLU-LAM BEAM
STD. WASHERS
SIDES
CHAMFERS
POLYURTHANESEALENTOVER 5/8"Ø BACKER ROD
S-4
1/2"
SLOTTED HOLE
L
13/16" x 1 7/8" LONG SLOTTED
9 1/2" x 9" x 5/16" x 1'-3 1/2"
(3)-3/4"Ø x 9 A307 BOLTS W/
7/8" x 6 7/8" x 9 1/2" BEARING P
1
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Common Connection Methods
• Bolts include anchor, machine, and carriage– Anchor bolts are L-shaped and are inserted
into the concrete to hold lumber down
– Machine bolts are used to attach steel and wood members
– Carriage bolts connect steel to other metal members
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Common Connection Methods
• Other bolts include stud, drift, expansion and toggle
• Washers keep the bolt head and nut from pulling through the wood
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Common Connection Methods
A B C D E F
G
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Common Connection Methods
• Welding provides a rigid connection between pieces of steel– Welded pieces become one
– Welding is stronger, greater resistance to shear or rotational forces, and can support greater loads
– Specify welds with a symbol and notation
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Common Connection Methods
1"=1'-0"
3/16"
3/16"
1/8"
3"x DFL#1 PLATE W/ 1/2"Ø STUDBOLT ANCHORS AT 24" O.C. NAIL PLY SHT'G. W/ 8d COMMONSHORTS AT 4" O.C.
T.S. 5" x 5" x 3/16"
8" x 8" x 1/4" STEELGUSSET PLATE T.S. 5" x 5" x 1/4"
STEEL TUBE COLUMN
15
S7
TUBE CONN3/16"CLOSUREPLATE
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Common Connection Methods
• Fillet welds are formed in the internal corner of two pieces of steel
• Square groove weld is used when the steel edges are perpendicular and joined end to end
• V-groove weld is when the steel forms a V shape
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Common Connection Methods
• Beveled weld is when one piece of steel has a beveled edge
• U-groove weld is when two mating pieces form a U
• J-groove weld is when one piece has a perpendicular edge and the other has a curved grooved edge
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Common Connection Methods
A. FILLET
B. SQUARE
C. V-GROOVE
D. U-GROOVE
E. J-GROOVE
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Common Connection Methods
A. FILLET
B. SQUARE
C. V-GROOVE
D. U-GROOVE
E. J-GROOVE
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Related Web Sites• American Institute of Steel Construction - www.aisc
.org• American Institute of Timber Construction - www.
aitc-glulam.org• American Welding Society - www.aws.org• Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute - www.crsi.org• Steel Joist Institute - www.steeljoist.org