DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2...
Transcript of DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2...
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CHAPTER 2 DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIES
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Demand (Dd) Definition
Buyer/consumer willing and able to buy goods/services at certain price level (P).
Law of Dd (inversely)
P Dd c.p.
P Dd c.p.
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Factors Influence Dd
It’s own price(Pd)
Price of other goods(Pn)
Consumer taste (T)
Consumer income (I)
Price speculation (J)
Population size and structure (S)
Government policy (G)
Season (M)
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Cont. It’s own price (Pd)
INVERSELY RELATED TO ITS PRICE (LAW OF Dd)
Price of other goods (Pn)
3 types: (substitution, complementary & unrelated goods)
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Cont.
Price of substitution goods (Pbutter Qdmargerine )
Price of complementary goods (Pcoffee Qd sugar )
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Cont.
Price of unrelated goods
- Not indirect relationship with other goods.
Eg. (Tea and shoes)
P tea or , Qd shoes unchanged
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Cont. Consumer taste (T)
advertisement have an important role in consumer taste changing.
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Cont. Consumer income (I)
determine purchasing power
direct relationship between income and Dd
curve will shift to the right when DD increase and vice versa.
Price speculation(J)
when consumer expect price will increase, so consumer will increase their buying now.
Dd curve shift to the right & vice versa.
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Cont.
Population size and structure (S)
Population, Dd of goods Dd shift to the right .
Govt policy (G)
through tax – tax to the imported goods , Qd of domestic goods increase.
subsidize by G to control or to reduce P Qd of that particular goods increase.
Seasonal (M)
depends on type of seasons eg. Festival season, Dd for clothing, foods will increase.
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Change In Qd And Shifting In Dd
Qd change
along the curve.
influenced by Pd itself
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Cont.
Shifting in Dd
curve shift to the right(expansion)@ to the left
(reduction)
influenced by other factors (not Pd)
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Supply(Ss)
How much of the good producers are willing and able to offer for sale in a given time period at each possible price, other things constant.
directly or positively related between P & SS)
Law of Ss
P Ss c.p.
P Ss c.p.
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Faktor-faktor Mempengaruhi Ss
It’s own price (Ps)
Price of other goods (Pn)
Price of FOP(Pf)
Producers’ objective(O)
Producers’ scale(S)
Level of technology(T)
Number of producers(B)
Government policy(G)
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Cont.
Harga
Barang itu sendiri (Ps)
P Qs (& sebaliknya )
Barang lain (Pn)
Harga brg pengganti P Qs
Harga brg penggenap
P Qs
Harga faktor-faktor pengeluaran (Pf)
Pf
Qs keluk beralih ke kiri & sebaliknya
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Cont.
Objektif pengeluar (O)
Untung maksimum
Qs kurang
pengeluaran maksimum
Qs bertambah
Skel pengeluar (S)
skel pengeluran besar
Qs bertambah keluk ke kanan dan sebaliknya
Tahap teknologi (T)
Tahap teknologi tinggi
Qs bertambah keluk ke kanan
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Cont.
Bilangan pengeluar (B)
Bilangan ramai
Qs bertambah keluk ke kanan dan sebaliknya
Dasar kerajaan (G)
Cukai tinggi Qs rendah keluk ke kiri dan sebaliknya
Subsidi diberi P rendah Qs tinggi keluk ke kanan
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Perubahan Qs dan Peralihan Ss Perubahan Qs
berlaku di sepanjang keluk shj.
dipengaruhi oleh Ps shj
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Cont. Peralihan Ss peralihan keluk ke kanan (pertambahan)@ ke kiri (pengurangan) dipengaruhi oleh faktor selain drpd. Ps
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MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
Berlaku bila permintaan pasaran = penawaran pasaran pd satu tingkat harga. (Dd = Ss)
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Ketidakseimbangan Pasaran
Lebihan Dd – bila harga rendah dr. PE (>Ss)
Lebihan Ss – bila harga tinggi dari PE (>Dd)
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Harga Tidak Berada di Titik Keseimbangan
Disebabkan oleh :
Perubahan citarasa
Harga barang pengganti
Harga barang penggenap
Pendapatan
Jangkaan
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Cont.
Perubahan citarasa
Berubah citarasa, Dd barangan/perkhidmatan juga berubah
Cth: Produk kesihatan - suplemen
Harga barang pengganti
perubahan harga, mengubah Dd pengguna
Cth: P teh naik, Qd kopi meningkat
Harga barang penggenap
perubahan harga, mengubah Dd pengguna
Cth: P teh naik, Qd susu menurun
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Cont.
Pendapatan
bergantung kepada jenis barangan (bawahan atau normal)
barang bawahan – pendapatan meningkat, pengguna cenderung guna barang normal yg baik mutunya.
Cth : beras hancur – beras wangi
Jangkaan
jangkaan harga naik, pengguna akan beli banyak sekarang
Cth: Susu Nestle naik – pengguna beli banyak sekarang.
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PERUBAHAN KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN
Pertambahan Dd
Pengurangan Dd
Pertambahan Ss
Pengurangan Ss
Perubahan kedua-dua Dd dan Ss
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Cont.
Pertambahan Dd (P naik, Q bertambah)
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Cont.
Pengurangan Dd (P turun, Q kurang)
P
D1 D S
P E
P1 E1
Q1 Q Qty
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Cont.
Pertambahan Ss (P turun, Q bertambah)
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Cont.
Pengurangan Ss (P naik, Q kurang)
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Cont.
Perubahan Dd & Ss (Dd , Ss dgn kadar sama)
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Cont.
Perubahan Dd & Ss (Dd , Ss dgn kadar sama)
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Cont.
Perubahan Dd & Ss (Dd , Ss dgn kadar sama)
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KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN
Mengukur kesan perubahan harga barangan ke atas
kuantiti yang diminta sebagai akibat daripada perubahan
dalam sesuatu pembolehubah.
Pembolehubah :
Harga barang itu sendiri
Pendapatan pengguna
Harga barang lain
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JENIS-JENIS KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN
Keanjalan permintaan harga (Ed)
Keanjalan permintaan pendapatan (Ey)
Keanjalan permintaan silang (Ec)
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Keanjalan Permintaan Harga (Ed)
Mengukur sejauhmana kuantiti yang diminta akan berubah apabila terdapat perubahan dalam harga sesuatu barangan.
Formula :
Ed = % kuantiti diminta
% harga
= (-) Q X P
Q P
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Cont.
Ed = (-) Q1 – Q0 X P0
Q0 P1 – P0
Di mana : Q0 = Kuantiti asal yang diminta
Q1 = Kuantiti baru yang diminta
P0 = Harga asal
P1 = Harga baru
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JENIS-JENIS KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN
HARGA (Ed)
Ed = 0 –tidak anjal sempurna
Ed < 1 – tidak anjal
Ed = 1 –anjal uniti/satu
Ed > 1 – anjal
Ed = - anjal sempurna
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KEANJALAN BERLAINAN DI SEPANJANG
KELUK Dd
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI Ed
Barang pengganti
Jika banyak barang pengganti, maka Dd adalah anjal
Nisbah pendapatan yang dibelanjakan terhadap sesuatu barang Semakin besar pendapatan dibelanjakan ke atas sesuatu brg,
maka Dd semakin anjal.
Kepentingan/Keperluan Barang Anjal jika barang itu tidak perlu Tidak anjal jika barang itu perlu
Kegunaan barang Anjal jika barang mmepunyai banyak kegunaan
Kegemaran Anjal jika kurang gemar sesuatu barang
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Cont. Jangkamasa
Pendek – Dd tidak anjal
Panjang – dd anjal
Pengguna baru
anjal jika hil. Pengguna baru ramai
Bilangan firma
Anjal jika ramai penjual/pengeluar
Jumlah hasil TR = P x Q
Perubahan harga mempengaruhi hasil jualan dan bergantung kpd bentuk keanjalan yang terlibat.
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KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN PENDAPATAN
(Ey)
Mengukur sejauh mana kuantiti yang diminta akan
berubah apabila terdapat perubahan dalam pendapatan
pengguna.
Formula :
Ey = % kuantiti diminta
% pendapatan
= (-) Q X Y
Q Y
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Cont.
Ey = (-) Q1 – Q0 X Y0
Q0 Y1 – Y0
Di mana : Q0 = Kuantiti asal yang diminta
Q1 = Kuantiti baru yang diminta
Y0 = Pendapatan asal
Y1 = Pendapatan baru
![Page 42: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
DARJAH KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN
PENDAPATAN
Keluk Engel – keluk yg menerangkan hubungan di antara perubahan dlm pendapatan (Y) dengan perubahan dlm kuantiti diminta (Qd).
A) Ey = 1
Contoh : pakaian
![Page 43: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cont.
B) Ey > 1
Contoh : barang mewah
![Page 44: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cont.
C) 1>Ey > 0 Contoh : barang keperluan biasa
![Page 45: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Cont.
D) Ey = 0 Contoh : barang mesti
![Page 46: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cont.
E) Ey < 0 (-ve) Contoh : barang bawahan
![Page 47: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN SILANG (Ec)
Mengukur peratus perubahan kuantiti diminta apabila berlaku perubahan harga satu barang lain.
Formula :
Ec = % kuantiti diminta barang A
% harga barang B
= (-) QA X PB
QA PB
![Page 48: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Cont.
Ec = (-) QA1 – QA0 X PB0
QA0 PB1 – PB0
Di mana : QA0 = Kuantiti asal yang diminta barang A
QA1 = Kuantiti baru yang diminta diminta barang A
PB0 = Harga asal barang B
PB1 = Harga baru barang B
![Page 49: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
JENIS-JENIS KEANJALAN PERMINTAAN
SILANG (Ec)
1) Ec = nilai +ve (barang pengganti)
Hubungan +ve (terus) antara P barang pengganti dgn Qd bagi barang lain.
![Page 50: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Cont.
2) Ec = nilai –ve (barang penggenap)
Hubungan -ve (songsang) antara P barang pengganti dgn Qd bagi barang lain.
![Page 51: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Cont.
3) Ec = 0 (barang tiada kaitan)
perubahan harga tidak mengubah kuantiti diminta bagi barang lain.
![Page 52: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
KESIMPULAN
Hukum permintaan menyatakan bahawa wujudnya hubungan yg songsang antara P dan Dd.
Perubahan di sepanjang Dd dipengaruhi oleh Pd manakala peralihan keluk dipengaruhi faktor selain Pd.
Hukum penawaran menyatakan bahawa wujudnya hubungan yg langsung antara P dan Ss.
Perubahan di sepanjang Ss dipengaruhi oleh Ps manakala peralihan keluk dipengaruhi faktor selain Ps.
Keseimbangan pasaran bila Dd = Ss.
Ketidakseimbangan pasaran – berlakulah >Ss (P naik) dan >Dd (P turun)
![Page 53: DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITIESvodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/3000 CHAPTER 2 DEMAND SUPPLY EQUILIB AND... · Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022022808/5d3de33a88c993f8068d33ef/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cont.
Keanjalan permintaan dipengaruhi oleh harga barang itu sendiri, pendapatan & harga barang lain.
3 jenis keanjalan permintaan Ed, Ey, Ec
5 jenis Ed tidak anjal sempurna (Ed = 0), tidak anjal (Ed< 1), uniti (Ed = 1), anjal (Ed > 1), anjal sempurna (Ed =
5 jenis Ey Ey = 0 (barang mesti), 1>Ey>0 (barang keperluan biasa), Ey = 1 (pakaian), Ey > 1 (barang mewah), Ey < 0 (bawahan)
3 jenis Ec Ec = +ve (barang pengganti), Ec = -ve (barang penggenap) dan Ec = 0 (barang tiada kaitan)