CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION – COMPANY

1.1.1 COMPANY MILESTONES:

June 1993: “Diplast Plastics Limited” established Legal status of firm: Public Ltd. Co. Registered under Indian companies act 1956.

Trade & Market

Annual turnover: 2011-12    ( Rs. 4-30 Crore Approx.) 2010-11   ( Rs.3-90 Crore Approx.) 2009-10 ( Rs. 3-60 Crore Approx.)

1.1.2 COMPANY PROFILE:

Established in the year 1993,  “Diplast Plastics Limited”, are among the prestigious

organizations, engaged in manufacturing, supplying and exporting quality range of Plastic

Products. Owing to the quality standard of our products and manufacturing process, we are

awarded with ISO 9001 : 2008certificate. The product range offered by us consists of Pipes

& Fittings, Water Storage Tanks, Industrial Insulated Cables and many more names in

the catalogue.

 

In order to fulfill the growing need of the patrons across the region, we have developed a

sound infrastructure facility. Our manufacturing unit is well equipped with latest machinery

and tools that are essential for carrying out smooth and hassle-free production process. All

our machines are regularly calibrated and upgraded, which benefits us in having excellent

production rate. We are supported by a team of adroit professional, who monitor the entire

production process, with an aim to develop qualitative products. All our experts work in

harmony among one another to attain the organizational tasks within the given time frame

and with ease. Owing to the strong blend of our hardworking professionals and sophisticated

infrastructure facility, we have earned certification from International Organization for

Standardization and gained trust of our esteemed clients.

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we have occupied a commendable position in this highly competitive market. His detailed

knowledge, managerial skills, vibrant leadership and commitment towards clients'

satisfaction, have enabled us to muster numerous patrons across the region.

1.1.3 TEAM

DIPLAST organisation is blessed by a diligent and hard-working workforce, which assists us in all the stages of the trade process. The professionals working with holds detailed knowledge, domain expertise and ample qualification due to which our organization is able to undertake and successful meet the variegated requirements of the patrons. To attain the desired goals and objectives of organization with efficiency and on-time, all our experts work in sync with each other. Moreover, regular training and workshops are organized by us to keep our workforce updated with the contemporary technology and changing market trends. 

DIPLAST team is supported by the following members: 

Experienced professionals Quality controllers

Sales and marketing executives

Administrators

.

1.2.1 CORPORATE VISION

DIPLAST envisage becoming a single source supplier of molding, painting

requirements and any other outsourcing requirements”

1.2.2 MISION

Building up high quality of performance with team spirit

Meeting Customer Requirements by Zero defects

Continual Improvement

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1.2.3 CLIENTELE

Some of our valued clients, which are as follows:

Amravati Enclave, Panchkula JVS Developers (Guj.) Pvt. Ltd., Baddi

Alliance Biotech, Baddi

Late Smt. Vidyawanti Labhu Ram Foundation for Science Research & Social Welfare, Ganganagar

Chandigarh Medical Centre, Chandigarh

Quarkcity India (Pvt.) Ltd., Mohali

Golden Bell School, Mohali

Family Planning Associates Of India, Mohali

NIPER, Mohali

Dharam Hospital, Chandigarh.

Chataniya Hospital, Chandigarh

1.3. DIPLAST PRODUCT

Pipes & Fittings Water Storage Tanks

Plastic Dustbins

Plastic Planters

Saral Toilets

Plastic Trolleys

Diplast Sitting Bench

Baby Swimming Pool

Rain Water Harvesting System

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1.3.1 Manufacturing Capability

Diplast have total building area of 1 acres. Diplast has the capability to store raw

materials. Our manufacturing unit is designed in such a way that it has the capacity of

processing plastic of 15 tons per month.

1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

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Admin.& Account Manager

Production Engineer

Maintenance Executive

Store & Dispatch Executive

Supervisor Production

Electricians

Operators

HR- Assistant

Executive- QA & Customer Service

Store Assistant

QA-Inspectors

Chief Operating Officer

CHAPTER-2

NEED FOR THE STUDY

This analysis helps to pre estimate the demand about the plastic products.

This analysis helps concern to get the decision about the market and devise suitable

strategies for expansion.

Since forecasting considers being backbone of the Company sales, this progression

will lead to the success of the Company’s expansions strategy.

. This analysis helps to know the opportunities and threats of plastic product demand

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CHAPTER-3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

DEFINITIONS:

Demands are wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay. Many people

want a Mercedes; only a few are willing and able to buy one. Companies must measure not

only how many people want their product but also how many would actually be willing and

able to buy it

Forecasting the art of anticipating what buyers are likely to do under a given set of

conditions

MEANING:

Forecasting is the process of estimation in unknown situations. Prediction is a similar,

but more general term, and usually refers to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or

longitudinal data. In more recent years, Forecasting has evolved into the practice of Demand

Planning in every day business forecasting for manufacturing companies. The discipline of

demand planning, also sometimes referred to as supply chain forecasting, embraces both

statistical forecasting and consensus process.Forecasting is commonly used in discussion of

time-series data.

NATURE AND USE OF FORECAST

A forecast is an estimate of an event which will happen in future. The event may be

demand of a product, Rain fall at a particular place, population of a country or growth of a

technology. The forecast value is not a deterministic quantity. Since it is only an estimate

based on the past data related to a particular event, proper care must be given in estimating it.

In any industrial enterprise forecast is the first level decision activity. That is the demand of a

particular product must be available before taking up any other decision problem like,

material planning, scheduling type of production system ( Mass or batch production) to be

implement, etc,.

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So forecasting provides a basis for coordination of plans for activities in various part of a

company. All the functional managers in any organization will base their decisions on the

forecast value. so, it is a vital information for the organization. Due to these reasons, roper

care should be exercised while estimating forecast values.

In business, forecasts may be classified into technology forecast , economic forecasts and

demand forecasts.

TECHNOLOGY FORECAST:

Technology is a combination of hardware and software. Hardware is any physical

product while software is the know-how , technique or procedure. Technology forecast deals

with certain characteristics such as level of technical performance, rate of technological

advances.

Technological forecast is a prediction of the future characteristics of useful machines,

products, process, procedures or techniques. Based on the importance of this activity,

Government of India has established a “technology information forecasting and assessment

council (TIFAC)”, under the ministry of science and technology to promote action oriented

studies and forecasting in selected areas.

ECONOMIC FORECASTS:

Government agencies and other organizations involve in collecting data and

prediction of estimate on the general business environment. These will be useful to

government agencies in predicting future tax revenues, level of business growth, level of

employment, level of inflation, etc. Also, these will be useful to business circles to plan their

future activities based on the level of business growth.

DEMAND FORECAST:

The demand forecast gives the expected level of demand for goods or services. This is

the basic input for business planning and control. Hence, the decisions for all the functions of

any corporate house are influenced by the demand forecast.

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FACTORS AFFECTING FORECAST (DEMAND):

The factors affecting forecast are given below:

Business cycle

Random variation

Customer’s plan

Product’s life cycle

Competition’s efforts and prices

Customer’s confidence and attitude

Quality

Credit policy

Design of goods or services

Reputation for service

Sales effort

Advertising

COMPANY DEMAND

It Is the company’s estimated share of market demand at alternative levels of

company marketing effort in a given time period, it is depends on how its products, services ,

prices , communications and so on are perceived relative to the competitors.

COMPANY SALES FORECAST:

It is the expected level of company sales based on a chosen marketing plan and an

assumed marketing environment

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APPLICATIONS OF FORECASTING:

Forecasting has application in many situations:

Supply chain management

Weather forecasting and Meteorology

Transport planning and Transportation forecasting

Economic forecasting

Technology forecasting

Earthquake prediction

Land use forecasting

Product forecasting

Player and team performance in sports

Prediction

Calculating Demand Forecast Accuracy

Prognosis

Estimation

Foresight (future studies)

Technology forecasting

PLASTICS- OVERVIEW:

Plastic can be classified in many ways, but most commonly by their polymer backbone

(polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate and other acrylics, silicones,

polyurethanes, etc.). Other classifications include thermoplastic, thermoset, elastomer,

engineering plastic, addition or condensation or polyaddition (depending on polymerization

method used), and glass transition temperature or Tg.

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Some plastics are partially crystalline and partially amorphous in molecular structure, giving

them both a melting point (the temperature at which the attractive intermolecular forces are

overcome) and one or more glass transitions (temperatures above which the extent of

localized molecular is substantially increased). So-called semi-crystalline plastics include

polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some

polyurethanes. Many plastics are completely amorphous, such as polystyrene and its

copolymers, poly(methyl methacrylate), and all thermosets.

Plastics are polymers: long chains of atoms bonded to one another. Common thermoplastics

range from 20,000 to 500,000 in molecular weight, while thermosets are assumed to have

infinite molecular weight. These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units,

known as "repeat units", derived from "monomers"; each polymer chain will have several

1000's of repeat units. The vast majority of plastics are composed of polymers of carbon and

hydrogen alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur in the backbone. (Some of

commercial interest are silicon based.) The backbone is that part of the chain on the main

"path" linking a large number of repeat units together. To vary the properties of plastics, both

the repeat unit with different molecular groups "hanging" or "pendant" from the backbone,

(usually they are "hung" as part of the monomers before linking monomers together to form

the polymer chain). This customization by repeat unit's molecular structure has allowed

plastics to become such an indispensable part of twenty first-century life by fine tuning the

properties of the polymer.

People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for centuries. In the nineteenth

century a plastic material based on chemically modified natural polymers was discovered:

Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization of rubber (1839) and Alexander Parkes, English

inventor (1813—1890) created the earliest form of plastic in 1855. He mixed pyroxylin, a

partially nitrated form of cellulose (cellulose is the major component of plant cell walls), with

alcohol and camphor. This produced a hard but flexible transparent material, which he called

"Parkesine." The first plastic based on a synthetic polymer was made from phenol and

formaldehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invented by Leo Hendrik

Baekeland in 1909, the product being known as Bakelite. Subsequently poly(vinyl chloride),

polystyrene, polyethylene (polyethene), polypropylene (polypropene), polyamides (nylons),

polyesters, acrylics, silicones, polyurethanes were amongst the many varieties of plastics

developed and have great commercial success.

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The development of plastics has come from the use of natural materials (e.g., chewing gum,

shellac) to the use of chemically modified natural materials (e.g., natural rubber,

nitrocellulose, collagen) and finally to completely synthetic molecules (e.g., epoxy, polyvinyl

chloride, polyethylene).

In 1959, Koppers Company in Pittsburgh, PA had a team that developed the expandable

polystyrene (EPS) foam cup. On this team was Edward J. Stoves who made the first

commercial foam cup. The experimental cups were made of puffed rice glued together to

form a cup to show how it would feel and look. The chemistry was then developed to make

the cups commercial. Today, the cup is used throughout the world in countries desiring fast

food, namely, the United States, Japan, Australia,and New Zealand. Freon was never used in

the cups. As Stoves said, "We didn't know freon was bad for the ozone, but we knew it was

not good for people so the cup never used freon to expand the beads."[citation needed]

The foam cup can be buried, and it is as stable as concrete and brick. No plastic film is

required to protect the air and underground water. If it is properly incinerated at high

temperatures, the only chemicals generated are water, carbon dioxide and carbon ash. If

burned without enough oxygen or at lower temperatures (as in a campfire or household

fireplace) it can produce toxic vapors and other hazardous byproducts.[1][2] EPS can be

recycled to make park benches, flower pots and toys.

CELLULOSE-BASED PLASTICS: CELLULOID AND RAYON

All Goodyear had done with vulcanization was improve the properties of a natural polymer.

The next logical step was to use a natural polymer, cellulose, as the basis for a new material.

Inventors were particularly interested in developing synthetic substitutes for those natural

materials that were expensive and in short supply, since that meant a profitable market to

exploit. Ivory was a particularly attractive target for a synthetic replacement.

An Englishman from Birmingham named Alexander Parkes developed a "synthetic ivory"

named "pyroxlin", which he marketed under the trade name "Parkesine", and which won a

bronze medal at the 1862 World's fair in London. Parkesine was made from cellulose treated

with nitric acid and a solvent. The output of the process hardened into a hard, ivory-like

material that could be molded when heated. However, Parkes was not able to scale up the

process reliably, and products made from Parkesine quickly warped and cracked after a short

period of use.

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Englishmen Daniel Spill and the American John Wesley Hyatt both took up where Parkes left

off. Parkes had failed for lack of a proper softener, but they independantly discovered that

camphor would work well. Spill launched his product as Xylonite in 1869, while Hyatt

patented his "Celluloid" in 1870, naming it after cellulose. Rivalry between Spill's British

Xylonite Company and Hyatt's American Celluloid Company led to an expensive decade-

long court battle, with neither company being awarded rights, as ultimately Parkes was

credited with the product's invention. As a result, both companies operated in parallel on both

sides of the Atlantic.

Celluloid/Xylonite proved extremely versatile in its field of application, providing a cheap

and attractive replacement for ivory, tortoiseshell, and bone, and traditional products such as

billiard balls and combs were much easier to fabricate with plastics. Some of the items made

with cellulose in the nineteenth century were beautifully designed and implemented. For

example, celluloid combs made to tie up the long tresses of hair fashionable at the time are

now highly-collectable jewel-like museum pieces. Such pretty trinkets were no longer only

for the rich.

Hyatt was something of an industrial genius who understood what could be done with such a

shapeable, or "plastic", material, and proceeded to design much of the basic industrial

machinery needed to produce good-quality plastic materials in quantity. Some of Hyatt's first

products were dental pieces, and sets of false teeth built around celluloid proved cheaper than

existing rubber dentures. However, celluloid dentures tended to soften when hot, making tea

drinking tricky, and the camphor taste tended to be difficult to suppress.

Celluloid's real breakthrough products were waterproof shirt collars, cuffs, and the false

shirtfronts known as "dickies", whose unmanageable nature later became a stock joke in

silent-movie comedies. They did not wilt and did not stain easily, and Hyatt sold them by

trainloads. Corsets made with celluloid stays also proved popular, since perspiration did not

rust the stays, as it would if they had been made of metal.

Celluloid could also be used in entirely new applications. Hyatt figured out how to fabricate

the material in a strip format for movie film. By the year 1900, movie film was a major

market for celluloid.

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However, celluloid still tended to yellow and crack over time, and it had another more

dangerous defect: it burned very easily and spectacularly, unsurprising given that mixtures of

nitric acid and cellulose are also used to synthesize smokeless powder.

Ping-pong balls, one of the few products still made with celluloid, sizzle and burn if set on

fire, and Hyatt liked to tell stories about celluloid billiard balls exploding when struck very

hard. These stories might have had a basis in fact, since the billiard balls were often celluloid

covered with paints based on another, even more flammable, nitrocellulose product known as

"collodion". If the balls had been imperfectly manufactured, the paints might have acted as

primer to set the rest of the ball off with a bang.

Cellulose was also used to produce cloth. While the men who developed celluloid were

interested in replacing ivory, those who developed the new fibers were interested in replacing

another expensive material, silk.

In 1884, a French chemist, the Comte de Chardonnay, introduced a cellulose-based fabric that

became known as "Chardonnay silk". It was an attractive cloth, but like celluloid it was very

flammable, a property completely unacceptable in clothing. After some ghastly accidents,

Chardonnay silk was taken off the market.

In 1894, three British inventors, Charles Cross, Edward Bevan, and Clayton Beadle, patented

a new "artificial silk" or "art silk" that was much safer. The three men sold the rights for the

new fabric to the French Courtauld company, a major manufacturer of silk, which put it into

production in 1905, using cellulose from wood pulp as the "feedstock" material.

Art silk, technically known as Cellulose Acetate, became well known under the trade name

"rayon", and was produced in great quantities through the 1930s, when it was supplanted by

better artificial fabrics. It still remains in production today, often in blends with other natural

and artificial fibers. It is cheap and feels smooth on the skin, though it is weak when wet and

creases easily. It could also be produced in a transparent sheet form known as "cellophane".

Cellulose Acetate became the standard substrate for movie and camera film, instead of its

very flammable predecessor.

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PLASTICS EXPLOSION: ACRYLIC, POLYETHYLENE, Etc.

Other plastics emerged in the prewar period, though some would not come into widespread

use until after the war.

By 1936, American, British, and German companies were producing polymethyl

methacrylate (PMMA), better known as acrylic glass. Although acrylics are now well known

for their use in paints and synthetic fibers, such as fake furs, in their bulk form they are

actually very hard and more transparent than glass, and are sold as glass replacements under

trade names such as Plexiglas and Lucite. Plexiglas was used to build aircraft canopies during

the war, and it is also now used as a marble replacement for countertops.

Another important plastic, polyethylene (PE), sometimes known as polythene, was

discovered in 1933 by Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett at the British industrial giant

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). This material evolved into two forms, low density

polyethylene (LDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE).

PEs are cheap, flexible, durable, and chemically resistant. LDPE is used to make films and

packaging materials, while HDPE is used for containers, plumbing, and automotive fittings.

While PE has low resistance to chemical attack, it was found later that a PE container could

be made much more robust by exposing it to fluorine gas, which modified the surface layer of

the container into the much tougher polyfluoroethylene.

Polyethylene would lead after the war to an improved material, polypropylene (PP), which

was discovered in the early 1950s by Giulio Natta. It is common in modern science and

technology that the growth of the general body of knowledge can lead to the same inventions

in different places at about the same time, but polypropylene was an extreme case of this

phenomenon, being separately invented about nine times. The ensuing litigation was not

resolved until 1989.

Polypropylene managed to survive the legal process and two American chemists working for

Phillips Petroleum, J. Paul Hogan and Robert Banks, are now generally credited as the

"official" inventors of the material. Polypropylene is similar to its ancestor, polyethylene, and

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shares polyethylene's low cost, but it is much more robust. It is used in everything from

plastic bottles to carpets to plastic furniture, and is very heavily used in automobiles.

Polyurethane was invented by Friedrich Bayer & Company in 1937, and would come into use

after the war, in blown form for mattresses, furniture padding, and thermal insulation. It is

also one of the components (in non-blown form) of the fiber spandex.

In 1939, IG Farben filed a patent for polyepoxide or epoxy. Epoxies are a class of thermoset

plastic that form cross-links and cure when a catalyzing agent, or hardener, is added. After

the war they would come into wide use for coatings, adhesives, and composite materials.

Composites using epoxy as a matrix include glass-reinforced plastic, where the structural

element is glass fiber, and carbon-epoxy composites, in which the structural element is

carbon fiber. Fiberglass is now often used to build sport boats, and carbon-epoxy composites

are an increasingly important structural element in aircraft, as they are lightweight, strong,

and heat resistant.

Two chemists named Rex Whinfield and James Dickson, working at a small English

company with the quaint name of the "Calico Printer's Association" in Manchester,

developed polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) in 1941, and it would be used for

synthetic fibers in the postwar era, with names such as polyester, Dacron, and terylene.

PET is less gas-permeable than other low-cost plastics and so is a popular material for

making bottles for Coca-Cola and other carbonated drinks, since carbonation tends to attack

other plastics, and for acidic drinks such as fruit or vegetable juices. PET is also strong and

abrasion resistant, and is used for making mechanical parts, food trays, and other items that

have to endure abuse. PET films are used as a base for recording tape.

One of the most impressive plastics used in the war, and a top secret, was

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), better known as Teflon, which could be deposited on metal

surfaces as a scratch-proof and corrosion-resistant, low-friction protective coating. The

polyfluoroethylene surface layer created by exposing a polyethylene container to fluorine gas

is very similar to Teflon.

15

A Du Pont chemist named Roy Plunkett discovered Teflon by accident in 1938. During the

war, it was used in gaseous-diffusion processes to refine uranium for the atomic bomb, as the

process was highly corrosive. By the early 1960s, Teflon adhesion-resistant frying pans were

in demand.

Teflon was later used to synthesize the breathable fabric Gore-Tex®, which can be used to

manufacture wet weather clothing that is able to "breathe". Its structure allows water vapour

molecules to pass, while not permitting water as liquide to enter. Gore-Tex is also used for

surgical applications such as garments and implants; Teflon strand is used to make dental

floss; and Teflon mixed with fluorine compounds is used to make decoy flares dropped by

aircraft to distract heat-seeking missiles.

After the war, the new plastics that had been developed entered the consumer mainstream in a

flood. New manufacturing were developed, using various forming, molding, casting, and

extrusion processes, to churn out plastic products in vast quantities. American consumers

enthusiastically adopted the endless range of colorful, cheap, and durable plastic gimmicks

being produced for new suburban home life.

One of the most visible parts of this plastics invasion was Earl Tupper's Tupperware, a

complete line of sealable polyethylene food containers that Tupper cleverly promoted

through a network of housewives who sold Tupperware as a means of bringing in some

money. The Tupperware line of products was well thought out and highly effective, greatly

reducing spoilage of foods in storage. Thin-film plastic wrap that could be purchased in rolls

also helped keep food fresh.

Another prominent element in 1950s homes was Formica, a plastic laminate that was used to

surface furniture and cabinetry. Formica was durable and attractive. It was particularly useful

in kitchens, as it did not absorb, and could be easily cleaned of stains from food preparation,

such as blood or grease. With Formica, a very attractive and well-built table could be built

using low-cost and lightweight plywood with Formica covering, rather than expensive and

heavy hardwoods like oak or mahogany.

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Composite materials like fiberglass came into use for building boats and, in some cases, cars.

Polyurethane foam was used to fill mattresses, and Styrofoam was used to line ice coolers

and make float toys.

Plastics continue to be improved. General Electric introduced Lexan, a high-impact

polycarbonate plastic, in the 1970s. Du Pont developed Kevlar®, an extremely strong

synthetic fiber that was best known for its use in ballistic rated clothing and combat helmets.

Kevlar was so impressive that its manufacturer, DuPont, deemed it necessary to release an

official statement denying alien involvement. [3]

Plastics are durable and degrade very slowly. In some cases, burning plastic can release toxic

fumes. Also, the manufacturing of plastics often creates large quantities of chemical

pollutants.

By the 1990s, plastic recycling programs were common in the United States and elsewhere.

Thermoplastics can be remelted and reused, and thermoset plastics can be ground up and

used as filler, though the purity of the material tends to degrade with each reuse cycle. There

are methods by which plastics can be broken back down to a feedstock state.

To assist recycling of disposable items, the Plastic Bottle Institute of the Society of the

Plastics Industry devised a now-familiar scheme to mark plastic bottles by plastic type. A

recyclable plastic container using this scheme is marked with a triangle of three "chasing

arrows", which enclose a number giving the plastic type:

Plastics type marks: the Resin identification code

PET (PETE): Polyethylene Terephthalate - Commonly found on: 2-liter soft drink bottles,

cooking oil bottles, peanut butter jars.

HDPE: High Density Polyethylene - Commonly found on: detergent bottles, milk jugs.

PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride - Commonly found on: plastic pipes, outdoor furniture, shrink-

wrap, water bottles, salad dressing and liquid detergent containers.

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LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene - Commonly found on: dry-cleaning bags, produce bags,

trash can liners, food storage containers.

PP: Polypropylene - Commonly found on: bottle caps, drinking straws

PS: Polystyrene - Commonly found on: "Styrofoam peanuts," cups, plastic tableware, meat

trays, take-away food clamshell containers

OTHER: Other - This plastic category, as its name of "other" implies, is any plastic other

than the named #1 – #6, Commonly found on: certain kinds of food containers, Tupperware,

and Nalgene bottles.

Unfortunately, recycling plastics has proven difficult. The biggest problem with plastic

recycling is that it is difficult to automate the sorting of plastic waste, and so it is labor

intensive. Typically, workers sort the plastic by looking at the resin identification code,

though common containers like soda bottles can be sorted from memory. Other recyclable

materials, such as metals, are easier to process mechanically. However, new mechanical

sorting processes are being utilized to increase plastic recycling capacity and efficiency.

While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them

relatively easy to sort out, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small

parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In a case like this, the

resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is

discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of Active Disassembly, which

may result in more consumer product components being re-used or recycled. Recycling

certain types of plastics can be unprofitable, as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely

recycled because it is usually not cost effective. These unrecyclable wastes can be disposed

of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.

Biodegradable plastics

Research has been done on biodegradable plastics that break down with exposure to sunlight

(e.g. ultra-violet radiation), water (or humidity), bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasion and some

instances rodent pest or insect attack are also included as forms of biodegradation or

environmental degradation. It is clear some of these modes of degradation will only work if

the plastic is exposed at the surface, while other modes will only be effective if certain

conditions are found in landfill or composting systems. Starch powder has been mixed with

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plastic as a filler to allow it to degrade more easily, but it still does not lead to complete

breakdown of the plastic. Some researchers have actually genetically engineered bacteria that

synthesize a completely biodegradable plastic, but this material is expensive at present e.g.

BP's Biopol. BASF make Ecoflex, a fully biodegradable polyester for food packaging

applications. A potential disadvantage of biodegradable plastics is that the carbon that is

locked up in them is released into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas carbon dioxide when

they degrade, though if they are made from natural materials, such a vegetable crop

derivatives or animal products, there is no net gain in carbon dioxide emissions, although

concern will be for a worse greenhouse gas, methane release.

So far, these plastics have proven too costly and limited for general use, and critics have

pointed out that the only real problem they address is roadside litter, which is regarded as a

secondary issue. When such plastic materials are dumped into landfills, they can become

"mummified" and persist for decades even if they are supposed to be biodegradable.

There have been some success stories. The Court auld concern, the original producer of

rayon, came up with a revised process for the material in the mid-1980s to produce "Tencel".

Tencel has many superior properties over rayon, but is still produced from "biomass"

feedstock’s, and its manufacture is extraordinarily clean by the standards of plastic

production.

Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana have been working on developing

biodegradable resins, sheets and films made with zein (corn protein).[1]PDF (96.7 KiB)

Recently, however, a new type of biodegradable resin has made its debut in the United States,

called Plastarch Material (PSM). It is heat, water, and oil resistant and sees a 70%

degradation in 90 days. Biodegradable plastics based on polylactic acid (once derived from

dairy products, now from cereal crops such as maize) have entered the marketplace, for

instance as polylactates as disposable sandwich packs.

An alternative to starch based resins are additives such as Bio-Batch an additive that allows

the manufacturers to make PE, PS, PP, PET, and PVC totally biodegradable in landfills

where 94.8% of most plastics end up according to the EPA According to their latest MSW

report done in 2003, located under Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2003 Data

Tables.

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It is also possible that bacteria will eventually develop the ability to degrade plastics. This has

already happened with nylon: two types of nylon eating bacteria, Flavobacteria and

Pseudomonas, were found in 1975 to possess enzymes (nylonase) capable of breaking down

nylon. While not a solution to the disposal problem, it is likely that bacteria will evolve the

ability to use other synthetic plastics as well.

The latter possibility was in fact the subject of a cautionary novel by Kit Pedler and Gerry

Davis (screenwriter), the creators of the Cyber men, re-using the plot of the first episode of

their Doom watch series. The novel, "Mutant 59: The Plastic Eater", written in 1971, is the

story of what could happen if a bacterium were to evolve - or be artificially cultured - to eat

plastics, and be let loose in a major city.

In the novel, the mutant bacterium is cultured by a lone scientist experimenting with the

common germ Bacillus prodigious, with the intent of solving the world's plastic waste

disposal problem; it is the 59th attempted variant (hence the novel's title), and is accidentally

released when the scientist suffers a fatal cerebral hemorrhage, dropping a test-tube

containing the bacteria into a sink as he collapses.

Needless to say, the consequences would be - and, in the novel, are - catastrophic; a modern

city such as London would be paralyzed if all its plastic suddenly began disappearing under

bacterial action.

20

CHAPTER-4

OBJECTIVES

To identify potential demand for the plastic product at different areas in Chandigarh.

To estimate demand of plastic product in near future.

To find out the consumption rate of plastic product in Chandigarh.

To study and understand the quality needs of plastic product by the customer.

To identify competitor market demand.

21

CHAPTER-5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design which was selected was narrative one. It narrates the whole

research in a simple manner.

5.1.2 TYPES OF DATA COLLECTED

Primary Data

Questionnaires are prepared and interview was conducted. Most of the questions are

consist of multiple choices. The questionnaires were conducted in English. Generally 23

questions are prepared and asked to the plastic related unit in Chandigarh locations.

Secondary Data

Secondary data was collected from Internets, various books, Journals, and Company

Records.

5.1.3 QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION

In this Questionnaire Constructed on the basis of two types. There are Multiple choice

and close ended (Yes/ No) Questions.

5.1.4 DEFINING THE POPULATIONS

The Population or Universe can be infinite. The population is said to be finite if it

consist of a fixed number of elements so that it is possible to enumerate it in its totality. So

In this projects consist of finite population.

5.1.5 SAMPLE SIZE

Nearly 50 samples are taken in Chandigarh locations.

5.1.6. PERIOD OF SURVEY

The period is from August 1, 2007 to September, 2007.

22

5.1.7 DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICAL TOOLS USED

Percentage method

Weighted average

5.2 PERCENTAGE METHOD:

In this project Percentage method test was used. The following are the formula

No of Respondent

Percentage of Respondent = x 100

Total no. of Respondents

5.4 WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

Weighted average can be defined as an average whose component items are

multiplied by certain values (weights) and the aggregate of the products are divided

by the total of weights.

One of the limitations of simple arithmetic mean is that it gives equal importance to

all the items of the distribution.

In certain cases relative importance of all the items in the distribution is not the same.

Where the importance of the items varies.

It is essential to allocate weight applied but may vary in different cases. Thus

weightage is a number standing for the relative importance of the items.

23

CHAPTER-6

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

6.1 PERCENTAGE METHOD

TABLE: 1 RESPONDENT ON TYPE OF INDUSTRY

Type of Industry Frequency Percent

1 Commodity 18 36.0

2 Automobile 7 14.0

3 Engineering 11 22.0

4 Textile 6 12.0

5 Medicine 8 16.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART- 1: RESPONDENT ON TYPE OF INDUSTRY

medicinetextileengineeringautomobilecommodity

type of industry

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Pe

rcen

t

16.0%

12.0%

22.0%

14.0%

36.0%

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that 36% is commodity ,14% is automobile , 22% is engineering ,12% is textile and 16% is medicine.

24

TABLE: 2 RESPONDENTS ON BUSINESS PERIOD

Business Period Frequency Percent

1 4-5 years 18 36.0

2 6-10 years 8 16.0

3 above 10 years 24 48.0

Total50 100.0

CHART: 2 RESPONDENTS ON BUSINESS PERIOD

above 10 years6-10 years4-5 years

beeing in this industry

25

20

15

10

5

0

Co

un

t

2448.0%

816.0%

1836.0%

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that most of industry exist above 10 years(48%) in the industry

25

TABLE: 3 RESPONDENTS ON PREFERENCE TO PLACE THE ORDER

Preference to place the order Frequency Percent

1 Based on demand 45 90.0

2 Seasonal 3 6.0

3 Periodically 2 4.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 3 RESPONDENTS ON PREFERENCE TO PLACE THE ORDER

periodicallyseasonalbased on demand

placed an order

50

40

30

20

10

0

Co

un

t

2…3

6.0%

4590.0%

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that most of the industry placed an order based on

demand ( 90%).

26

ss

27

TABLE: 4 RESPONDENTS ON QUANITITY NEEDED PER MONTH

Quantity needed per month Frequency Percent

1 6-15 ton 26 52.0

2 26-40 ton 24 48.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 4 RESPONDENTS ON QUANITITY NEEDED PER MONTH

26-40 ton6-15 ton

quantity needed per month(injection molding)

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Per

cen

t

48.0%

52.0%

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that quantity of plastic needed per month (injection molding) for 6-15 ton is 52% and 26-40 ton is 48%.

28

TABLE: 5 RESPONDENTS ON SUPPLIERS RATING

Suppliers rating Frequency Percent

1 Much better 3 6.0

2 Some what better 2 4.0

3 About the same 40 80.0

4 Some what worse 4 8.0

5 Much worse 1 2.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 5 RESPONDENTS ON SUPPLIERS RATING

12.0%4

8.0%

4080.0%

24.…

36.0%

much worse

some what worse

about the same

some what better

much better

comparing of present suppliers

INFERENCE :

From the above pie diagram, we interpret that most of the industry had opinion that similar products offered by other suppliers is about the same (80%) compare to present supplier.

29

TABLE: 6 RESPONDENTS ON SPECIFICATION NEEDED OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS

Specification needed of plastics products Frequency Percent

1 1-250 gms 43 86.0

2 251--500 gms 7 14.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 6 RESPONDENTS ON SPECIFICATION NEEDED OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS

251--500 gms1-250 gms

needed specification

100.0%

80.0%

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%

Pe

rce

nt

14.0%

86.0%

INFERENCE:

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that majority of the industries needed specification of plastic product is 1-250 grams (86%).

30

TABLE: 7 RESPONDENTS ON TYPES OF RAW MATERIAL USING

Types of raw material Frequency Percent

1 ABS 20 40.0

2 Pphp & ppcp 20 40.0

3 ALL THE RAW MATERIAL 10 20.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 7 RESPONDENTS ON TYPES OF RAW MATERIAL USING

ALL THE RAW MATERIALpphp&ppcpABS

type of raw material

20

15

10

5

0

Fre

qu

en

cy

1020.0%

2040.0%

2040.0%

type of raw material

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that raw material used by more industry are ABS (40%)and PPHP & PPLP (40%)

31

TABLE: 8 RESPONDENTS ON QUANTITY NEEDED PER MONTH

( BLOW MOLDING)

Quantity needed per month Frequency Percent

1

2

6-15 ton 26 52.0

26-40 ton 24 48.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 8 RESPONDENTS ON QUANTITY NEEDED PER MONTH

( BLOW MOLDING)

26-40 ton6-15 ton

quantity needed per month(injection molding)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Perc

en

t

48.0%52.0%

quantity needed per month(injection molding)

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, it is clear that 52% of the industry need 6-15 tons of blow molding per month.

32

TABLE: 9 RESPONDENTS ON DEMAND AFTER 2 YEARS IN INJECTION

Demand after 2 year Frequency Percent

1 26-40 ton 19 38.0

2 above 40 ton 31 62.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 9 RESPONDENTS ON DEMAND AFTER 2 YEARS IN INJECTION

above 40 ton26-40 ton

demand after 2 years(injection molding)

60.0%

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%

Per

cen

t

62.0%

38.0%

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, it has been forecasted that that 86% of the industry need above 40 tons of Injection Molding per month after 2 year.

33

TABLE: 10 RESPONDENTS ON SATISFATION

Satisfaction Frequency Percent

1 Yes 47 94.0

2 No 3 6.0

Total 50 100.0

CHART: 10 RESPONDENTS ON SATISFATION

noyes

satisfied with plastic product

50

40

30

20

10

0

Fre

qu

ency

3…

4794.0%

satisfied with plastic product

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, we interpret that in the Industries 94% are satisfied with the present supplier.

34

TABLE: 11 RESPONDENTS ON MAJOR SUPPLIERS

Major suppliers Yes No

Count Percentage Count Percentage

Supreme 28 56.0 22 44.0

Brite 10 20.0 40 80.0

Diplast 12 24.0 38 76.0

SABA 18 36.0 32 64.0

Sri mother plastics 6 12.0 44 88.0

Vijay India 2 4.0 48 96.0

Hitech plastics 4 8.0 46 92.0

ACE 2 4.0 48 96.0

Mahavir plastics 6 12.0 44 88.0

Pondy hitech 7 14.0 43 86.0

Other 5 10.0 45 90.0

CHART: 11 RESPONDENTS ON MAJOR SUPPLIERS

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, it shows that 28% of market share occupied by supreme next to that is saba(18%)

35

supremebriteDiplast

SABAsri mother plastics

vijay india

hitech plasticsACEmahavir plastics

pondy hitechother

Row

28.00%

10.00%

12.00%18.00%

6.00%

2.00%

4.00%

2.00%

6.00%

7.00%

5.00%

TABLE: 12 RESPONDENTS ON SATISFACTION LEVEL

FactorHighly satisfied Satisfied

Group Group

Price 4 46

Safety and reliability 0 50

Brand 40 10

Delivery time 0 50

Service 45 5

CHART: 12 RESPONDENTS ON SATISFACTION LEVEL

pri ce

safety and reli abl ili ty

Brand

Deli very t ime

Service

Row

highly satisfied group satisfied group

Column

10

20

30

40

50

Val

ues

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, it is clear that most of the industry highly satisfied with the service(90%) of supplier for purchasing raw material and most of them satisfied with the delivery time ,safety and reliability for purchasing raw material .

36

TABLE: 13 RESPONDENTS ON FACTORS INFLUENCE TO PURCHASE

Factor influence to purchase Count

Cost 1 43

2 7

safety and reliability 4 8

5 42

Brand 3 25

4 25

delivery time 2 43

3 7

Service 1 7

2 8

3 18

4 17

CHART: 13 RESPONDENTS ON FACTORS INFLUENCE TO PURCHASE

cost 1

cost 2

safety and reli abi lity 4

safety and reli abi lity 5

brand 3

brand 4

delivery t ime 2

delivery t ime 3

servi ce 1

servi ce 2

servi ce 3

servi ce 4

Row

43 7

8

42

2525

43

7

7

8

18

17

Column : Count

INFERENCE :

From the above bar diagram, it is clear that most of the industries purchase raw material first

because of low cost then second by delivery time followed by brand and service.

37

6.2WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

The respondents are asked about the satisfaction level. Their levels are calculated below.

TABLE No: 6.2.1

Factor NoneHighly

dissatisfiesDissatisfied satisfied

highly satisfied

Price 0 0 0 5 45

safety and reliability 0 0 0 50 0

Brand 0 0 0 50 0

Delivery time 0 0 0 10 40

Service 0 0 0 46 4

Source: Primary data

TABLE No: 6.2.2

Point Weightage

0 1 2 3 4

Factor NoneHighly

dissatisfiedDissatisfied satisfied

Highly satisfied

Total Avg. Rank

Price 0 0 0 15 180 195 3.90 1

Safety and Reliability

0 0 0 150 0 150 3.00 4

Brand 0 0 0 150 0 150 3.00 5

Delivery time 0 0 0 30 160 190 3.80 2

Service 0 0 0 138 16 154 3.08 3

Inference:

Form the above calculation it is inferred that the respondents are giving more Weightage to

the Price, Delivery time, Service, Safety and reliability and Brand respectively.

CHAPTER-7

38

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

From the study if is found that 36% is commodity ,14% is automobile , 22% is

engineering ,12% is textile and 16% is medicine

From the study we found that most of industry exist above 10 years(48%) in the

industry. 36 % of respondent have 4-5 years experience and 16 % have 6-10 years

experience

According to the study it is found that most of the industry placed an order based on

demand ( 90%), and 6 % of the respondent placing the order on the basis of seasonal

From the study it is found that quantity of plastic needed per month

(injection molding) for 6-15 ton is 52% and 26-40 ton is 48%.

In Diplast Plastic according to the study it is found that, most of the industry had

opinion that similar products offered by other suppliers is about the same(80%)

compare to present supplier.

From that study it is found that majority of the industries needed specification of

plastic product is 1-250 grams (86%) and 14 % of the respondent needed 251 – 500

gms

It is found that raw material used by more industry are ABS (40%)and PPHP & PPLP

(40%). 20 % of the respondent are using all kind of materials.

It is found that, 52% of the industry need 6-15 tons of blow molding per month and 48

% of the respondent needed of the plastics upto 40 ton.

It is found that, 94% are satisfied with the present supplier

CHAPTER-8

39

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Overall study it is observed that there is high quantity of plastics will be demanded in

future. Many Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) and plastics needs company

planning to setup the plant in Chandigarh.

The company can installed the high technology injection moulding machines. Presently

Diplast Company using Low technology and manual machines, this can be changed.

The company can follow the expansion strategy.

The Company can for go for certification like TPM, EMS, and TS 16496

40

CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

In today’s business dynamic, knowledge and technology based, people are being

called on take on higher and more complex responsibilities. With increased responsibility,

comes higher impact on the organization’s success. Demand and forecasting, a main strategy

for identify the market potential. The demand forecast gives the expected levels of demand

for goods or services. This is the basic input for business planning and control. Hence, the

decisions for all the functions of any corporate house are influenced by the demand forecast.

Finally, From the overall study of an analysis on demand and forecasting of plastic

product the researcher may conclude that there is huge need of plastics will be demanded

after 2 years in plastics sectors in Chandigarh location. It may be Approximately 50 tons

per month. This will happen due to many Original Equipment Manufacturing units planning

to Setup Company in Chandigarh Locations. Once the demands are identified, it would be

possible for the management to take the necessary action to improve the business.

CHAPTER-10

41

LIMITATIONS

The study is based upon small populations like 50 samples

The time duration of the study is less than the expected

Since this is the new project called “demand and forecasting”, sufficient review of

literature /case study is not available.

The Project data can be valid up to six months, Hence there are chances of changes in

the findings and result obtained

CHAPTER-11

42

SCOPE FOR THE FURTHER STUDY

The project throws light on the specification for plastic product in Chandigarh.

The project was developed to identify potential demand for plastic product

It will be helpful for the Management to expand the plant in future.

This project can be base for the students who are doing the project in the related area.

43

ANNEXURE - I

QUESTIONNAIRE

An Analysis on demand and forecast of plastics with reference to

Diplast plastics Limited, Chandigarh.

Questionnaire

1. Company Name: …………………………………..

…………………………………..

…………………………………..

2. Contact Person &Phone No:…………………………………..

3. Core Business: ……………………………………

4. What type of industry you belong to?

a. Commodity ( )

b. Automobile ( )

c. Engineering ( )

d. Textile ( )

e. Medicine ( )

f. Other, please specify ……………………

5. Since how long have you been in this industry?

a) 1-3 yrs ( )

b) 3-5 yrs ( )

c) 5-10 yrs ( )

d) More than 10 yrs ( )

44

6. Are you using plastic product of diplast?

a) Yes. ( )

b) No ( )

7. Are you purchasing plastic parts from outside?

a. Yes ( )

b. No ( )

8. If yes, what types of product you are purchasing?

a. Injection molded component ( )

b. Blow molding component. ( )

c. others specify…………………………

9. What type of process you prefer?

a. Injection Moulding ( )

b. Blow Moulding ( )

c. Compression Moulding ( )

d. Thermoforming ( )

10. Who are your major Suppliers?

a. Supreme ( )

b. Brite ( )

c. Diplast ( )

d. SABA ( )

e. Sri Mother Plastics ( )

f. Vijay India ( )

g. Hitech Plastics ( )

h. ACE ( )

i. Mahavir Plastics ( )

j. Pondy Hitech ( )

k. Others, please specify …………………..

45

11. What is your preference to place an order?

a. Based on demand ( )

b. Seasonal ( )

c. Periodically ( )

d. Yearly once ( )

12. What is the needed specification of your plastic products?

a. 100- 250 gms ( )

b. 250-500gms ( )

c. 500-1000gms ( )

d. 1-3 kg ( )

e. More than3 kg ( )

13 What type of raw materials you prefer in your plastic products?

a. ABS ( )

b. HDPE ( )

c. PPHP&PPLP ( )

d. PC ( )

e. Nylon ( )

f. All the above ( )

14. Are you satisfied with product quality?

a. Yes ( )

b. No ( )

15. Rate the following factor that influence to purchase?

a. Cost ( )

b. Safety and reliability ( )

c. Brand ( )

46

d. Delivery time ( )

e. Service ( )

16. Mention your satisfaction level?

Highly Satisfied

Satisfied None DissatisfiedHighly

Dissatisfied

a. Price

b. Safety and

Reliability

c. Brand

d. Delivery time

17. Do you want to switch over your present suppliers?

a. Yes ( )

b. No. ( )

18. If yes, Please specify Name& reason

……………………………………

19. What is your expectation apart from these factors discussed above?

Please specify………………………………………………………….

47

ANNEXURE – II

II. BLIOGRAPHY

WEB SITE

http://www. diplast.com/

http://www. larsperner.com/

http://www. ask.com/

http://www.google.com/

BOOK referred

Marketing management-phlip kotler

Research methodology-kothari

48