Deliverable 5.55: [Preliminary Life ... - Seafront...

FP7-OCEAN-2013.3

Grant Agreement Number 614034

SEAFRONT

Synergistic Fouling Control Technologies

Deliverable 5.55:

[Preliminary Life Cycle Impact Assessment up to three successful

technologies.]

Delivery date: M38 ([February] 28th 2017)

Delayed M44 ([August 10th 2017)

EU Project SEAFRONT (614034) Public Deliverable 5.55

SEAFRONT • 614034 • of 26

Table of contents

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Deliverable objective(s). .................................................................................................... 3

2 Partners involved ...................................................................................................................... 3 3 Description of technology delivered .......................................................................................... 3

3.1 Aquaculture applications. .................................................................................................. 9 3.1.1 Inventory analysis..................................................................................................... 11

3.1.2 Results ...................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.2.1. Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact. ............ 13

3.1.2.2. Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization). ......... 15

3.2 Ship applications. ............................................................................................................ 16 3.2.1 Inventory analysis..................................................................................................... 16

3.2.2 Results. ..................................................................................................................... 16



3.3 BlueTEC device application ............................................................................................ 19 3.3.1 Inventory analysis..................................................................................................... 20

3.3.2 Results ...................................................................................................................... 20



4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 23 5 References .............................................................................................................................. 26



1 Introduction Deliverable 5.55 belongs to the the Work Package 5 Benchmarking and performance monitoring in situ, WP5.4 Environmental and economic benchmarking. The main goals and scope of the analysis will be performed taking into account the intended application of the antifouling product and the sectors and areas that it will influence. The goals defined will address the environmental, economic and social European policies in order to quantify the improvement achieved by the solutions developed within the project. 1.1 Deliverable objective(s). The main objective of Deliverable 5.55. is the one to make life cicle analysis (LCA) of 3 industrial systems when their respective treatments antifouling are made of traditional way. As result we obtain the necessary indicators that they allow us to establish a comparative of the improvements that the products developed in Project SEAFRONT suppose from the environmental point of view.

2 Partners involved The work made in this document has been made by SOLINTEL research team, with the collaboration of the different partners from the Project who have provided part of the data used in the analysis.

3 Description of technology delivered In the first stage of the LCA, 3 systems have been selected on which the new developed products will be implemented antifouling in the project. In this first evaluation, the traditional procedures will be used antifouling. In the second stage (From now to month 48), the results obtained in this first stage will be compared by us with the obtained ones from the application of the new products. The evaluated systems have been:

Aquaculture applications. Ship applications. BlueTEC device application.

The methodology used for the accomplishment of the three LCA has been the indicated one in Deliverable 5.54. Definition of the Goal, Scope and Inventory Parameters within the LCIA Framework. The software used for the analyses has been SimaPro. Method for the evaluation of the impacts has been according to ILCD 2011 Midpoint+ method, that is described briefly in the following paragraphs. The ILCD 2011 Midpoint method was released by the European Commission, Joint Research Centre in 2012. It supports the correct use of the characterization factors for impact assessment as recommended in the ILCD guidance document "Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact



Assessment in the European context - based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors (EC-JRC, 2011)". This LCIA method includes 16 midpoint impact categories:

1. Climate change: Global Warming Potential calculating the radiative forcing over a time horizon of 100 years. | IPCC 2007.

2. Ozone depletion: Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) calculating the destructive effects on the stratospheric ozone layer over a time horizon of 100 years. | World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1999.

3. Human toxicity, cancer effects: Comparative Toxic Unit for humans (CTUh) expressing the estimated increase in morbidity in the total human population per unit mass of a chemical emitted (cases per kilogramme). Specific groups of chemicals requires further works. | USEtox.

4. Human toxicity, non-cancer effects: Comparative Toxic Unit for humans (CTUh) expressing the estimated increase in morbidity in the total human population per unit mass of a chemical emitted (cases per kilogramme). Specific groups of chemicals requires further works. | USEtox.

5. Particulate matter: Quantification of the impact of premature death or disability that particulates/respiratory inorganics have on the population, in comparison to PM2.5. It includes the assessment of primary (PM10 and PM2.5) and secondary PM (incl. creation of secondary PM due to SOx, NOx and NH3 emissions) and CO. | Rabl and Spadaro 2004.

6. Ionizing radiation HH (human health): Quantification of the impact of ionizing radiation on the population, in comparison to Uranium 235. | Frischknecht et al. 2000.

7. Ionizing radiation E (ecosystems) [note: this method is classified as interim; see reference for explanation]: Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (CTUe) expressing an estimate of the potentially affected fraction of species (PAF) integrated over time and volume per unit mass of a radionucleide emitted (PAF m3 year/kg). Fate of radionucleide based on USEtox consensus model (multimedia model). Relevant for freshwater ecosystems. | Garnier-Laplace et al. 2008.

8. Photochemical ozone formation: Expression of the potential contribution to photochemical ozone formation. Only for Europe. It includes spatial differentiation | van Zelm et al. 2008.

9. Acidification: Accumulated Exceedance (AE) characterizing the change in critical load exceedance of the sensitive area in terrestrial and main freshwater ecosystems, to which acidifying substances deposit. European-country dependent. | Seppälä et al. 2006 and Posch et al. 2008.

10. Terrestrial eutrophication: Accumulated Exceedance (AE) characterizing the change in critical load exceedance of the sensitive area, to which eutrophying substances deposit. European-country dependent. | Seppälä et al. 2006 and Posch et al. 2008.

11. Freshwater eutrophication: Expression of the degree to which the emitted nutrients reaches the freshwater end compartment (phosphorus considered as limiting factor in freshwater). European validity. Averaged characterization factors from country dependent characterization factors. | ReCiPe version 1.05.

12. Marine eutrophication: Expression of the degree to which the emitted nutrients reaches the marine end compartment (nitrogen considered as limiting factor in marine water). European validity. Averaged characterization factors from country dependent characterization factors. | ReCiPe version 1.05.

13. Freshwater ecotoxicity: Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (CTUe) expressing an estimate of the potentially affected fraction of species (PAF) integrated over time and volume per unit mass of a chemical emitted (PAF m3 year/kg). Specific groups of chemicals requires further works. | USEtox.



14. Land use: Soil Organic Matter (SOM) based on changes in SOM, measured in (kg C/m2/a). Biodiversity impacts not covered by the data set. | Mila i Canals et al. 2007.

15. Water resource depletion: Freshwater scarcity: Scarcity-adjusted amount of water used. | Swiss Ecoscarcity 2006.

16. Mineral, fossil & renewable resource depletion: Scarcity of mineral resource with the scarcity calculated as 'Reserve base'. It refers to identified resources that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria related to current mining practice. The reserve base may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics. | van Oers et al. 2002.

Normalization and weighting: The normalization factors are based on "Normalisation method and data for Environmental Footprints; 2014; Lorenzo Benini, et al.; Report EUR 26842 EN". The weighting factors are based on "European Commission, 2014, Environmental Footprint Pilot Guidance document, - Guidance for the implementation of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) during the Environmental Footprint (EF) pilot phase, v. 4.0, May 2014" (all impact categories shall receive the same weight in the baseline approach). From 2011, several adaptations of the chosen method of evaluation of impacts have been carried out. Most remarkable they are:

Adaptations implemented (June 2012): To ensure the balance of carbon uptake and biogenic emissions if end of life is not

included, the characterization factors for these substances have been corrected. Added characterization factors for Nitrogen oxides - NOx - emissions (to air) in the

impact categories Particulate matter, Acidification, Terrestrial eutrophication, and Marine eutrophication as equal to those of Nitrogen dioxide (to air).

Other adaptations (Version 1.01, September 2012): The characterization factors of the impact category 'Water resource depletion' are

based on the ecological scarcity method (2006), but are recalculated by JRC to express these in the unit of "m3 water eq" instead of "EP" (the unit used in the previous version). The calculations are approved by the developers of the ecological scarcity method.

Units of the impact categories 'Freshwater eutrophication' and 'Marine eutrophication' were corrected from 'molc P eq' to 'kg P eq' and 'molc N eq' to 'kg N eq', respectively.

The substance Nitrogen monoxide (CAS nr. 175876-44-5) was replaced by Nitric oxide (CAS nr. 010102-43-9).

The characterisation factor of Gas, natural/m3 for the impact category Mineral, fossil & renewable resource depletion was corrected to 2.78E-07 kg Sb eq/m3 assuming an average density of 0.81 kg/m3. The characterisation factor of Uranium for this impact category was corrected to 0.195 kg Sb/kg and the characterisation factors for Gallium and Magnesium were added.

Characterization factors of impact categories 'Human health, cancer effects', 'Human health, non-cancer effects' and Ionising radiation E (interim) were corrected for errors due to incorrect decimal separation.

The characterisation factor for the substance 'Particulates, <2.5 um' in impact category 'Particulate matter', compartment 'Air', 'High population' was corrected for an error of a factor 1 000 000 000 too high.



Characterisation factors for Nitrogen dioxide and Nitrogen oxides in 'Marine eutrophication' were corrected from 0.389 to 0.039 kg N eq/kg in ReCiPe version 1.06, but the impact categories from ReCiPe in this method (ILCD 2011 Midpoint version 1.01) are based on ReCiPe version 1.05. So, they are not corrected here.

Some substance names and CAS numbers in the impact categories 'Freshwater ecotoxicity', 'Human health, cancer effects', and 'Human health, non-cancer effects' were mismatched. These following substance names were corrected, because of wrong names in ILCD: – CAS number - Wrong name used in ILCD – 091465-08-6 - Cyhalothrin -> Lambda-cyhalothrin – 028434-00-6 - Pyrethrin -> Trans-(+)-allethrin – 008003-34-7 - Pyrethrin -> Pyrethrum – 001910-42-5 - Paraquat -> Paraquat dichloride – 000091-22-5 - Aldicarb -> Quinoline – 027458-94-2 - Isononyl alcohol -> Isononanol – 003653-48-3 - MCPA -> MCPA - sodium salt

The following substance names were corrected, because synonyms exist with different CAS numbers and characterisation factors (!): – CAS number - Name used in ILCD -> Name used in SimaPro – 064257-84-7 - Fenpropathrin -> [Cyano-[3-(phenoxy) phenyl]methyl] 2,2,3,3-

tetramethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate – 022248-79-9 - Tetrachlorvinphos -> Tetrachlorvinphos ((Z)-isomer) – 113096-99-4 - Cyproconazole -> 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1,2,4-

triazol-1-yl) butan-2-ol – 004170-30-3 - Crotonaldehyde -> 2-Butenal – 007085-19-0 - Mecoprop -> 2-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid – 072490-01-8 - Fenoxycarb -> Ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethylcarbamate

The following substances are the synonyms of the above list with different characterisation factors: – 039515-41-8 - Fenpropathrin – 000961-11-5 - Rabon -> Tetrachlorvinphos. – 094361-06-5 - Cyproconazole – 000123-73-9 - Trans-2-butenal -> Crotonaldehyde. – 000093-65-2 - Mecoprop – 079127-80-3 - Fenoxycarb

Other adaptations (Version 1.02, October 2013): Added the substance Phosphorus in Air and Soil in the impact category Freshwater

eutrophication. Added the country and region specific water flows that are missing in the above

mentioned reference by converting the factors in the Ecological Scarcity 2006 method with the factor 598 UBP per m3 water equivalents, which is in agreement with the characterization factors that were already present in the ILCD 2011 Midpoint method version 1.02 and the Ecological Scarcity 2006 method.

Added country and region specific water flows for lake, river, well in ground resources and water to water flows.

Mineral resource flow synonyms were added to better align with the LCI libraries. Added CF for carbon dioxide emissions from land transformation.

Other adaptation (February 2014, version 1.03):



Added factors for regionalized flows starting with "Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin" and "Water, turbine use, unspecified natural origin".

The unit for ionizing radiation HH was changed from kg U235 eq into kBq U235 eq.

Other adaptations (September 2014, version 1.04): Land use. Several land occupation and transformation flows were missing. For

example, "Occupation, arable" was included, but "Occupation, arable, conservation tillage" and "Occupation, arable, conventional tillage" were not included, while they should have the same factor as the first flow. In total 113 of the 238 were missing. These factors have been added to the new version. Factors of flows that are not specified in the source spreadsheets of the method, such as unknown land occupation and flows related to water bodies, are assumed zero.

Water resource depletion. A factor for "Water, turbine use, unspecified natural origin" without region specification was incorrectly added in version 1.03. This can significantly distort the results when using Eco invent 2.2. The factor for "Water, turbine use, unspecified natural origin" without region specification was set to zero. This factor is only used in ecoinvent 2.2 but should not be counted, as ecoinvent 2.2 does not contain a water balance, there is only water use and no water release. When using ecoinvent 3.01, the method is correct, but there is an issue in the water balance of some processes in the 3.01 ecoinvent data (see description of this issue below).

Mineral, fossil & renewable resource depletion. 39 of the 44 fossil resource flows in SimaPro are missing in the method and the factors of the 5 existing fossil resource flows are incorrect. This can underestimate the results considerably. These factors have been corrected and the missing factors have been added. Characterisation factors for renewable energy flows were missing, but they have not been supplied by the JRC, so they are all assumed zero and added with a factor zero.

Toxicity. Several metal flows are missing. It concerns a metal that occurs in different ionic forms: Chromium III, IV, and VI. The unspecified Chromium, Chromium III and Chromium IV flows to several sub-compartments were missing. These have been added.

Particulate matter. Characterisation factors for "Particulates, < 10um (mobile)" and "Particulates, < 10um (stationary)" were missing. These were added assuming they are the same as for "Particulates, < 10 um". Characterisation factors for "Carbon monoxide, biogenic", "Carbon monoxide, fossil", and "Carbon monoxide, land transformation" were missing. These were added assuming they are the same as for "Carbon monoxide". No characterisation factors are supplied by the JRC for "Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um", for Particulates > 10 um, for Particulates without size specification and TSP (total suspended particulates). These were therefore all assumed zero.

Freshwater eutrophication. The flows "Fertiliser, applied (P content)" and "Manure, applied (P content)" were missing. The factors were not supplied by the JRC, but we assumed the same factor as in ReCiPe.

Marine eutrophication. The flows "Fertiliser, applied (N content)" and "Manure, applied (N content)" were missing. The factors were not supplied by the JRC, but we assumed the same factor as in ReCiPe.

Climate change. The characterisation factors for "Methane, land transformation" was missing. It was added assuming the same factor as for "Methane".

Besides these corrections, the normalization factors were added as provided in "European Commission, 2014, Environmental Footprint Pilot Guidance document, - Guidance for the



implementation of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) during the Environmental Footprint (EF) pilot phase, v. 4.0, May 2014". Weighting factors were added with equal weights for each of the recommended categories as indicated by the guidance document.

Other adaptations (October 2014, version 1.05): Added water flows to the Water resources category based on new ecoinvent regions,

assuming the factors are the same for the following equivalent regions: – IAI Area 1 (Africa) = RAF (Africa) – IAI Area 2, without Quebec (North America) = RNA (North America) – IAI Area 3 (South America) = RLA (Latin America) – IAI Area 4&5 without China (Asia) = RAS (Asia) – IAI Area 8 (Gulf region) = SA (Saudi Arabia) – UN-EUROPE = RER (Europe) – UN-OCEANIA = AU (Australia) – - Added the new Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, Zinc and Uranium flows to the Mineral,

fossil & renewable resource depletion category.

Other adaptations (March 2015, version 1.06): Updated the normalization factors based on "Normalisation method and data for

Environmental Footprints; 2014; Lorenzo Benini, et al.; Report EUR 26842 EN". Updated the characterization factors in the Land use category based on "ERRATA

CORRIGE to ILCD - LCIA Characterization Factors" - Version06_02_2015(v. 1.0.6) - "List of changes to CFs for land use from v 1 0 5 to v 1 0 6_REVISED.xlsx" and "ILCD2011-LCIA-method-documentation-FILE-2-final_v1.0.6_February2015.xlsx".

Included the option to view single score results. Corrections in the category Freshwater ecotoxicity: all Chromium IV factors were

removed because they are not specified in the source. Corrections in the category Human toxicity, cancer effects: all Chromium III and IV

factors were removed because they are not specified in the source. Corrections in the category Human toxicity, non-cancer effects: all Chromium IV factors

were removed because they are not specified in the source.

Other adaptations (September 2015, version 1.07): Added Nitrogen characterization factor to marine eutrophication category. Corrected normalization factors for cancer and non-cancer were corrected. In version

1.06, the values were switched.

Other adaptations (April 2016, version 1.08): Removed characterization factors in Land use for 6 flows, which included benthos. Changed characterization factors in Climate change for: Carbon dioxide, biogenic | from 0 to 1 Carbon dioxide, in air | from 0 to -1 Methane, biogenic | from 22.3 to 25 Removed flows in Climate change: Carbon dioxide, land transformation; Methane, land

transformation Removed flow in Particulate matter: Carbon monoxide, land transformation.

These corrections were introduced to better align this implementation with the file published by JRC.



3.1 Aquaculture applications. Although very diverse they belong the problems to those that face the offshore aquaculture facilities, one to them that it keeps direct incidence in the results account of the companies and it supposes, also, a high risk of complete losses of the production, is the degradation of the net and mooring system, due to the marine biofouling. The aquaculture nets are an ideal scenario for the development of fouling because they have a rough surface that attracts these organisms giving them protection against the currents. Also they originate in them the accumulation of food and biologycal products of the fish, so increase the development of seaweed. However, most studies are based on the biofouling that covers the boats, whose conditions are very different from the nets so that the quantity of specific data relating to the organisms that live in the nets of marine cages, is scarce. In this way, the fuoling, which is caused primarily by algae, microalgae and invertebrates, is a major problem in the facilities of cages aimed at marine cultures outside costa since, when the vegetables and animals grow in the meshes and cloths that integrate the nets, greatly increases the weight of the installation, which can cause structural problems in the installation and a poor behavior in the sea of the cages. On the other hand, maybe even more important the effect of reduction in the diameter of the meshes to integrate the nets, due to the accumulation of the agencies, since it reduces the flow of water that crosses the cage and, consequently, reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen that arrives to the cultivated species within that, in addition to preventing renewal satisfactory the volume of water and cleaning of waste. The use of methods traditional antifouling paints (heavy metals and compounds triorganotinos) is currently governed by organizations such as the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization and the Committee on the Protection of the Marine Environment, to be highly toxic to the marine ecosystem. The presence of biofouling in marine cultivation involves a large number of problems whose negative impact on a production can be very important. Therefore, the investigations that today are being carried out in this area are pursuing very specific aims:

Characterize the problems caused by the biofouling in the aquaculture industry. Identify and define the needs of the industry with regard to the protection antifouling. Provide some guidelines and recommendations for the correct treatment of biofouling.

That will contribute to resolving the problems that are presented in the crop in cages, as are:

a. The biofouling in nets does decrease the free space of the meshes that make up the cloths. This reduction in the size: restricts the flow of water through the cages. reduces the content of dissolved oxygen in the water and the purification of

metabolic waste caused by the fish. can lead to the emergence of stress in the biomass of crop.

b. The increased resistance of drag, caused by the reduced flow of water that crosses

the cloths, can cause: deformation in the sack of network and, consequently, decrease the volume of

the cage.



imposition of burdens and additional efforts on the structure of the cage and the anchorage.

Risk in the equipment, which is more vulnerable to damage caused by storms or bad weather.

c. The increase of weight of the nets, caused by the biofouling, can:

induce faults or cracks in the nets. hinder the handling and the change of the nets.

d. The process due to the biofouling (size, diversity of communities, etc.) varies with

the material used, must emphasize that: The implantation of biofouling in the meshes and cloths of network is different

and depends on the material used. Implantation of the biofouling on propylene or on metallic alloys that integrate

the rigid nets is much slower than in the conventional nets. The degree of biofouling depends on the size of the mesh.

e. The increased resistance of drag, caused by the reduced flow of water that crosses

the cloths, can cause: deformation in the sack of network and, consequently, decrease the volume of

the cage. imposition of burdens and additional efforts on the structure of the cage and the

anchorage. Risk in the equipment, which is more vulnerable to damage caused by storms

or bad weather.

f. The increase of weight of the cages, caused by the biofouling, can: induce faults or cracks in the nets. hinder the handling and the change of the nets.

g. The process due to the biofouling (size, diversity of communities, etc.) varies with

the material used, must emphasize that: The implantation of biofouling in the meshes and cloths of network is different

and depends on the material used. Implantation of the biofouling on propylene or on metallic alloys that integrate

the rigid nets is much slower than in the conventional nets. The degree of biofouling depends on the size of the mesh. On nets without knots reduces the biofouling, amen to diminish the resistance

to drag.

h. Also the process due to the biofouling varies according to environmental conditions at the site, in this way: The growth of biofouling is greatly affected by the temperature and productivity

of the marine ecosystem: in warm waters and rich organically, the biofouling is high.

Also biofouling is high in the nets located near of thermal effluents. Growth is faster in areas of slow flows. The range of biofouling and its growth decreases with the salinity. In freshwater,

biofouling does not imply greater problem.



i. The hoops of floating cages, either plastic or steel, builds up quickly: biofouling and reduces the ability of float. increasing efforts in the funding system. makes maintenance costs can be high in terms of time of replacement and

cleaning.

j. The accumulation of biofouling influences directly on the maintenance of cages, nets and the rest of the teams, whose main points are: screening programs, the replacements, the repair and cleaning, etc. require

considerable time and man-hours, in addition to high costs of operation. processes of exchange network, which typically last 30 minutes can be extended

to two and three hours in nets with biofouling. change frequency nets varies between once a month and once a year,

depending on the location of the cages, of the material used, the degree of biofouling and the type of water.

anchoring lines are sometimes forgotten and are not maintained or cleaned with the proper frequency.

k. The chemical or biological agents anti-biofouling also have influence on the normal

operation of the facilities. Some aspects to consider are: Most of the chemical agents in use today are biocides that are toxic to marine

life. As a result, the strict application of the rules is forcing farmers to adopt other alternatives that, among other consequences, increase costs considerably.

New antifouling compounds are being developed, many of them at the experimental level, but the costs generated may not always be supported by small aquaculture industries.

Another alternative for reducing the biofouling in cages would be the biological control of the species that comprise it. Some species, such as mussels, can damage the components of the installation and even to the own production.

l. The type of material, the mesh size and the degree of biofouling affects the density

of the biomass of arable land. The problem is that, times, high levels of biofouling affects the normal development of the crop, so that the densities, in some cases, must be reviewed in the low.

m. Normally, all cleaning operations of biofouling, replacement and cleaning of nets, repairs, etc., cause in the biomass arable additional stress, extremely detrimental to a satisfactory productivity.

With the foregoing, we have tried to summarize some of the problems that may occur in the offshore aquaculture facilities due, among other causes, to the existence of an accumulation of biofouling in the different parts of the installation. Identified in the scientific means this serious problem

3.1.1 Inventory analysis. For the realization of the LCA corresponding to the nets used in aquaculture, has been party to the following data:

a. Dimensions of the nets:



i. Radius: 25.00 meters. ii. Height: 30.00 meters.

b. Product antifouling employee:

i. SeaQuantum Classic S Its composition is shown in table 1.

Material %w

Cu2O A

CuPT B

Xylene C

Naptha D

Ethylbenzene E

ZnO F

Talc G

Choliph. H

Silylacrylate I

Iron Oxide Fe2O3 J

Magnesite K

Table 1 Composition of Antifouling coating used in Aquaculture applications.

c. Amount of water used for washing of the network will be included in LCA.

d. Number of times to repeat the cleaning process and implementation will be taking account.

e. Cleaning process of the nets will be taking account.

No scenario of recovery or recycling has been considered in the analysis.



3.1.2 Results Below are the data obtained in the analysis. 3.1.2.1. Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.

Impact category Unit Total Climate change kg CO2 eq 291451.746 Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0.16297136 Human toxicity, non-cancer effects CTUh 3.78816329 Human toxicity, cancer effects CTUh 0.14892562 Particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 795.187058 Ionizing radiation HH kBq U235 eq 32187.5964 Ionizing radiation E (interim) CTUe 0.0989302 Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq 2342.47218 Acidification molc H+ eq 11443.61 Terrestrial eutrophication molc N eq 8166.70041 Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 2002.01967 Marine eutrophication kg N eq 954.769476 Freshwater ecotoxicity CTUe 81215875.8 Land use kg C deficit 804335.717 Water resource depletion m3 water eq 943.635041 Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion kg Sb eq 193.682858

Table 2 Net application: Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.



Figure 1 Nets: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA.



3.1.2.2. Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization).

Figure 2 Nets: Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization).

Impact category Total Climate change 32.059692 Ozone depletion 7.545574 Human toxicity, non-cancer effects 7106.594327 Human toxicity, cancer effects 4035.884196 Particulate matter 209.134196 Ionizing radiation HH 28.486023 Ionizing radiation E (interim) 0.000000 Photochemical ozone formation 73.787874 Acidification 241.460171 Terrestrial eutrophication 46.386858 Freshwater eutrophication 1353.365297 Marine eutrophication 56.522353 Freshwater ecotoxicity 9258.609836 Land use 10.778099 Water resource depletion 11.606711 Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion 1917.460291

Table 3 Nets: Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization).



3.2 Ship applications. It is not intended to provide the full ACL of a boat throughout his life, but that we shall confine ourselves to the maintenance phase. Is excluded from the scope of the analysis phase of extraction and processing of raw materials.

manufacturing phase of helmet. distribution phase. Phase of disassembly and recycling. Construction of infrastructures (factories and facilities), where they produce the raw

materials, where parts are made and where you assemble the helmets. The manufacture of machinery and auxiliary equipment necessary.

3.2.1 Inventory analysis. The data used in the preparation of the life-cycle analysis corresponding to the application of traditional systems of antifouling on boats are indicant below:

a. Parameters of the boat: i. Form: monocoque round.

b. Dimensions of the ship (length, manga, jackstand, stalled...) c. Maintenance Data antifouling will be takind account in LCA.

3.2.2 Results. Below are the data obtained in the analysis. 3.2.2.1. Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.

Impact category Unit Total Climate change kg CO2 eq 6311.975689028Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0.003422285Human toxicity, non-cancer effects CTUh 0.077434403Human toxicity, cancer effects CTUh 0.002795172Particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 18.540068047Ionizing radiation HH kBq U235 eq 1031.002463719Ionizing radiation E (interim) CTUe 0.003381156Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq 58.063646932Acidification molc H+ eq 232.316741888Terrestrial eutrophication molc N eq 190.139769835Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 39.879921711Marine eutrophication kg N eq 22.310399825Freshwater ecotoxicity CTUe 1584852.324822100Land use kg C deficit 42518.748773054Water resource depletion m3 water eq 3.712603442Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion kg Sb eq 4.457694778

Table 4 Ships: Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.



Figure 3 Ships: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA.




º

Impact category Total

Climate change 0.6943173 Ozone depletion 0.1584518 Human toxicity, non-cancer effects 145.2669401 Human toxicity, cancer effects 75.7491578 Particulate matter 4.8760379 Ionizing radiation HH 0.9124372 Ionizing radiation E (interim) 0.0000000 Photochemical ozone formation 1.8290049 Acidification 4.9018833 Terrestrial eutrophication 1.0799939 Freshwater eutrophication 26.9588271 Marine eutrophication 1.3207757 Freshwater ecotoxicity 180.6731650 Land use 0.5697512 Water resource depletion 0.0456650 Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion 44.1311783

Table 5 Ships: Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization).



3.3 BlueTEC device application Bluewater’s Tidal Energy Converter (BlueTEC) is a floating platform for tidal turbines. Unlike conventional bottom founded designs, BlueTEC offers significant advantages by accommodating most of the critical equipment above the waterline, where it is dry and protected, allowing for easy access for inspection and repair. Furthermore, the most energy is at the top of the water column, near the surface, where the turbine is situated.1

Figure 4 BlueTEC device.

The negative impact that the fouling have on the device can be of three kinds:

Turbine blades: can greatly impact the efficiency of the turbine. A lot of growth can result in no electricity production.

Floating platform: marine growth on the platform could result in more drag on the structure and therefore higher mooring line loads.

Mooring lines and power cable & power cable components (e.g. weight and float units on the power cable): marine growth on the mooring lines and power cable & components can impact their dynamic behaviour and could potentially cause some to a lot of damage to subsea components. The mooring and power cable system layouts are designed to allow the system move in a certain way, yet marine growth can impact the layout and change the movement of these systems.

Ideally the system should not require cleaning. The present design requires the unit to be towed to shore for turbine operation and maintenance (which allows opportunities for cleaning), however the intention for commercial designs is to allow for offshore access to the turbine(s) such that the unit will not be brought to the shore. The expected frequency of turbine maintenance (performed offshore) is every 3-5 years. The main problems that the maintenance operations are on the device are the following:

The present situation is that turbines cannot be accessed offshore, which means that if there is marine growth, divers would be needed. As mentioned previously, the intention is to not clean the platform for the lifetime of the unit. If need be, this could potentially (partially) be completed offshore from above the surface with large brooms, or with an ROV or divers.

1 http://www.bluewater.com/new-energy/bluetec-phil/



If the turbine is not (properly) coated, marine growth can enter the turbine itself and we are uncertain how this impacts the turbine (there were mussels and starfish found inside a turbine that did not have any anti-fouling coating on it).

We had significant marine growth (mussels) on the mooring lines, yet at this time we are not aware of how to prevent this.

There was also significant marine growth on the weight and buoyancy elements on the power cable, however there was no anti-fouling on these elements so next time we will consider painting these elements.

The cleaning of the marine growth was quite quick; the organisms (mainly mussels) at the site came off quite easily. This is both subsea (divers cleaned the turbine blades with simple cloths/sponges) and onshore with pressure washers.

3.3.1 Inventory analysis. In the analysis are the following working hypothesis:

Life of the device: 20 years. Characteristics of the turbines (turbine blades, floating platform, electrical and

electronic components) Cleaning device. Antifouling products currently employed:

3.3.2 Results Below are the data obtained in the analysis. The complete listing of the substances is shown in Annex 3. 3.3.2.1. Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.

Impact category Unit Total Climate change kg CO2 eq 1122087.03Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0.06234669Human toxicity, non-cancer effects CTUh 1.00155185Human toxicity, cancer effects CTUh 0.34032703Particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 1341.04369Ionizing radiation HH kBq U235 eq 56074.8311Ionizing radiation E (interim) CTUe 0.19558654Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq 3395.32381Acidification molc H+ eq 8539.77052Terrestrial eutrophication molc N eq 11776.7006Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 775.403435Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1165.9312Freshwater ecotoxicity CTUe 114205339Land use kg C deficit 1235483.06Water resource depletion m3 water eq -5199.24165Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion kg Sb eq 445.094637

Table 6 Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.



Figure 5 BlueTEC: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA.




Figure 6 BlueTEC: Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization).

Impact category Total Climate change 123.429573 Ozone depletion 2.886652 Human toxicity, non-cancer effects 1878.911267 Human toxicity, cancer effects 9222.862588 Particulate matter 352.694489 Ionizing radiation HH 49.626226 Ionizing radiation E (interim) 0.000000 Photochemical ozone formation 106.952700 Acidification 180.189158 Terrestrial eutrophication 66.891659 Freshwater eutrophication 524.172722 Marine eutrophication 69.023127 Freshwater ecotoxicity 13019.408676 Land use 16.555473 Water resource depletion -63.950672 Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion 4406.436910

Table 7 BlueTEC: Environmental impact according to impact category (Standardization).



4 Conclusions According to the objective of the deliverable, 3 LCA have been made getting the full characterization for each system. Each of the results obtained will be a parameter for comparison with the results to be obtained from the products developed in our project. The main results of the characterization of the impact, are shown for each system below for each category of impact:

Aquaculture applications

Figure 7 Nets: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA

Impact category Unit Total Climate change kg CO2 eq 291451.746 Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0.16297136 Human toxicity, non-cancer effects CTUh 3.78816329 Human toxicity, cancer effects CTUh 0.14892562 Particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 795.187058 Ionizing radiation HH kBq U235 eq 32187.5964 Ionizing radiation E (interim) CTUe 0.0989302 Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq 2342.47218 Acidification molc H+ eq 11443.61 Terrestrial eutrophication molc N eq 8166.70041 Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 2002.01967 Marine eutrophication kg N eq 954.769476 Freshwater ecotoxicity CTUe 81215875.8 Land use kg C deficit 804335.717 Water resource depletion m3 water eq 943.635041 Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion kg Sb eq 193.682858

Table 8 Net application: Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.



By substances, is copper used in the products used antifouling, the main responsible for the potential damage in terms of LCA, being the category of climate change which highest score presents.

Ships applications

Figure 8 Ships: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA.

Impact category Unit Total

Climate change kg CO2 eq 6311.975689028Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0.003422285Human toxicity, non-cancer effects CTUh 0.077434403Human toxicity, cancer effects CTUh 0.002795172Particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 18.540068047Ionizing radiation HH kBq U235 eq 1031.002463719Ionizing radiation E (interim) CTUe 0.003381156Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq 58.063646932Acidification molc H+ eq 232.316741888Terrestrial eutrophication molc N eq 190.139769835Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 39.879921711Marine eutrophication kg N eq 22.310399825Freshwater ecotoxicity CTUe 1584852.324822100Land use kg C deficit 42518.748773054Water resource depletion m3 water eq 3.712603442Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion kg Sb eq 4.457694778

Table 9 Ships application: Characterization of the damage according to the category of impact.

By substances, as in the previous case, is copper used in the products used antifouling, the main responsible for the potential damage in terms of ACL. However, being the category of Freshwater ecotoxicity which highest score presents.



BlueTEC device application.

Figure 9 BlueTEC: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA.

Impact category Unit Total Climate change kg CO2 eq 1122087.03 Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 0.06234669 Human toxicity, non-cancer effects CTUh 1.00155185Human toxicity, cancer effects CTUh 0.34032703 Particulate matter kg PM2.5 eq 1341.04369 Ionizing radiation HH kBq U235 eq 56074.8311 Ionizing radiation E (interim) CTUe 0.19558654 Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOC eq 3395.32381 Acidification molc H+ eq 8539.77052 Terrestrial eutrophication molc N eq 11776.7006 Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq 775.403435 Marine eutrophication kg N eq 1165.9312 Freshwater ecotoxicity CTUe 114205339 Land use kg C deficit 1235483.06 Water resource depletion m3 water eq -5199.24165 Mineral, fossil & ren resource depletion kg Sb eq 445.094637

Table 10 BlueTEC: Outline of the process followed for the realization of LCA.

In this case, the fuel used in the maintenance process is the main responsible for the impacts on the LCA. The category that highest score offers is the Climate change



5 References

Deliverable 5.32: Definition of the Goal, Scope and Inventory Parameters within the LCIA Framework. Grant Agreement Number 614034. SEAFRONT. Synergistic Fouling Control Technologies.

ISO 14040 ISO (the International Organisation for Standardisation). ISO 14044 ISO (the International Organisation for Standardisation). European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and

Sustainability. Characterisation factors of the ILCD Recommended Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods. Database and Supporting Information. First edition. February 2012. EUR 25167. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union; 2012.

Agencia Europea Ambiental (EEA – European Environmental Agency). Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2012 and inventory report 2014, 2014.

A. A. Jensen. Guidelines for Lyfe-cucle Assessment: A “Code of Practice”1. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Press, eds. 1996.

A. H. Stromann. Methodological essentials of life cycle assessment. Department of Energy and Process Engineering of NTNY, August 2010.

El control del biofouling en las instalaciones offshore de Acuicultura marina José Fernando Núñez Basáñez. (1) Francisco Molleda Sánchez. (1) José de Lara Rey. (1) (1) Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Navales. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Trabajo presentado en las XVL Sesiones Técnicas de Ingeniería Naval, celebradas en Madrid 4 y 5 de octubre de 2006.

http://www.bluewater.com/new-energy/bluetec-phil/. www.international-marine.com www.jotun.com http://www.hempel.com/

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