Definitions of Social Capital

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Definitions of SocialCapitalPosted on January 7, 2004 by Tristan Claridge — 54 Comments ↓

The commonalities of most definitions of social capital are that

they focus on social relations that have productive benefits. The

variety of definitions identified in the literature stem from the

highly context specific nature of social capital and the

complexity of its conceptualization and operationalization.

Social capital does not have a clear, undisputed meaning, for

substantive and ideological reasons (Dolfsma and Dannreuther

2003[1] ; Foley and Edwards 1997[2] ). For this reason there is

no set and commonly agreed upon definition of social capital

and the particular definition adopted by a study will depend on

the discipline and level of investigation (Robison et al. 2002)[3] .

Not surprisingly considering the different frameworks for looking

at social capital there is considerable disagreement and even

contradiction in the definitions of social capital (Adler and Kwon

2002)[4] . Because of the difficulties in defining social capital,

authors tend to discuss the concept, its intellectual origin, its

diversity of applications and some of its unresolved issues

before adopting a school of thought and adding their own

definition (Adam and Roncevic 2003)[5] . It has been suggested

that a cross disciplinary definition would be less important if

scholars were to redefine and appreciate other discipline’s

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1 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

definitions (SCIG 2000)[6] . SCIG (2000) further identified that all

studies must discuss social capital in relation to the particular

discipline, study level and context and that a set definition for

such is not required, only an identification of operationalization

or conceptualization (SCIG 2000). Other authors have identified

that definitions vary depending on whether they focus on the

substance, the sources, or the effects of social capital (Adler

and Kwon 2002; Field et al. 2000[7] ; Robison et al. 2002[7] ).

Grootaert and Van Bastelaer (2002b)[8] supported this view

identifying that the main cause of variance in definitions is

caused by focusing on the form, source or consequence of

social capital. Social capital is multidimensional and must be

conceptualized as such to have any explanatory value (Eastis

1998)[9] . Some authors see social capital as an economic term

and do not adequately take account of its multi – dimensional

and multi – disciplinary nature, for example Day (2002)[10] .

Social capital is about the value of social networks, bonding

similar people and bridging between diverse people, with norms

of reciprocity (Dekker and Uslaner 2001[11] ; Uslaner 2001[12] ).

Sander (2002, p. 213)[13] stated that ‘the folk wisdom that more

people get their jobs from whom they know, rather than what

they know, turns out to be true’. Adler and Kwon (2002)[13]

identified that the core intuition guiding social capital research is

that the goodwill that others have toward us is a valuable

resource. As such they define social capital as ‘the goodwill

available to individuals or groups. Its source lies in the structure

and content of the actor’s social relations. Its effects flow from

the information, influence, and solidarity it makes available to

the actor’ (Adler and Kwon 2002, p. 23)[13] . Dekker and Uslaner

(2001)[13] posited that social capital is fundamentally about how

people interact with each other.

There are therefore numerous definitions of social capital found

in the literature. A considerable number of definitions have been

listed in the table below (adapted from Adler and Kwon 2002).

They vary depending on whether their focus is primarily on (1)

the relations an actor maintains with other actors, (2) the

structure of relations among actors within a collectivity, or (3)

both types of linkages (Adler and Kwon 2002). A focus on

external relations have also been called ‘bridging’ (Woolcock

1998)[14] or ‘communal’ (Oh et al. 1999)[15] and a focus on

internal relations ‘bonding’ or ‘linking’. Similar categorization

could be done according to other criteria such as strong or weak

ties, horizontal or vertical, open or closed, structural or cognitive,

There is growing

polarization in youth social

capital as economic

inequality increases.

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2 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

geographically dispersed or circumscribed, and instrumental or

principled (further discussion of these types and categorizations

can be found in the types of social capital section). In table 2

below the external definitions are those that focus primarily on

the relations as actors maintain with other actors the internal are

those that focus on the structure of relations among actors

within a collectivity and both types of linkages (Adler and Kwon

2002).

External

versus

Internal

Authors Definitions of Social

Capital

External/

Bridging/

Communal

Baker ‘a resource that actors

derive from specific

social structures and

then use to pursue their

interests; it is created by

changes in the

relationship among

actors’; (Baker 1990, p.

619)[16] .

Belliveau,

O’Reilly, Wade

‘an individual’s personal

network and elite

institutional affiliations’

(Belliveau et al. 1996, p.

1572)[17] .

Bourdieu ‘the aggregate of the

actual or potential

resources which are

linked to possession of a

durable network of more

or less institutionalized

relationships of mutual

acquaintance or

recognition’ (Bourdieu

1986, p. 248)[18] .’made

up of social obligations

(‘connections’), which is

convertible, in certain

conditions, into

economic capital and

may be institutionalized

Comments

Measurement of

Social Capital

(17)

Maiza

Kadir { Hi,

I'm looking for

instrument in

measuring

social capital

for

cooperative

society. Can

you ... } – Nov

14, 12:52 AM

Social Capital

Literature

Summary (5)

DragonWarrior

{ Hey thank

you for

making this

site, really

helpful to get

a big picture

... } – Oct 06,

8:18 PM

Social Capital

Research

Students (3)

Tinashe

Gumbo {

Thank you so

much for the

information

about social

capital. This

has greatly

helped ... } –

Jul 07, 10:21

PM

Tristan

Claridge {

Hi R.Welly,


3 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

in the form of a title of

nobility’ (Bourdieu 1986,

p. 243)[18] .

Bourdieu

Wacquant

‘the sum of the

resources, actual or

virtual, that accrue to an

individual or a group by

virtue of possessing a

durable network of more

or less institutionalized

relationships of mutual

acquaintance and

recognition’ (Bourdieu

and Wacquant 1992, p.

119)[19] .

Boxman, De

Graai. Flap

‘the number of people

who can be expected to

provide support and the

resources those people

have at their disposal’

(Boxman et al. 1991, p.

52)[20] .

Burt ‘friends, colleagues, and

more general contacts

through whom you

receive opportunities to

use your financial and

human capital’ (Burt

1992, p. 9)[21] .’the

brokerage opportunities

in a network’ (Burt 1997,

p. 355)[21] .

Knoke ‘the process by which

social actors create and

mobilize their network

connections within and

between organizations to

gain access to other

social actors’ resources’

(Knoke 1999, p. 18)[22] .

you would

need to start

by identifying

the problem

and then

defining ... } –

Oct 15, 5:46

AM

R.welly { I

Want to

formulate a

Research

question

regarding

sustainable

management

of Traditional

social capital

... } – Oct 14,

4:34 PM

Introduction to

Social Capital

Research (11)

Shahadat

Hossain {

So wonderful

a discourse on

social capital.

} – May 19,

4:42 PM

How can you

build your social

capital? (1)

Padmaja {

Hi Tristan i am

new to social

capital and i

found your

site is ... } –

Dec 23, 3:21

PM

Older »


4 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Portes ‘the ability of actors to

secure benefits by virtue

of membership in social

networks or other social

structures’ (Portes 1998,

p. 6)[23] .

Internal/

Bonding/

Linking

Brehm Rahn ‘the web of cooperative

relationships between

citizens that facilitate

resolution of collective

action problems’ (Brehm

and Rahn 1997, p.

999)[24] .

Coleman ‘Social capital is defined

by its function. It is not a

single entity, but a

variety of different

entities having two

characteristics in

common: They all

consist of some aspect

of social structure, and

they facilitate certain

actions of individuals

who are within the

structure’ (Coleman

1990, p. 302)[25] .

Fukuyama ‘the ability of people to

work together for

common purposes in

groups and

organizations’

(Fukuyama 1995, p.

10)[26] .’Social capital

can be defined simply as

the existence of a certain

set of informal values or

norms shared among

members of a group that

permit cooperation

among them’ (Fukuyama

1997)[26] .

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Inglehart ‘a culture of trust and

tolerance, in which

extensive networks of

voluntary associations

emerge’ (Inglehart 1997,

p. 188)[27] .

Portes

Sensenbrenner

‘those expectations for

action within a

collectivity that affect the

economic goals and

goal’ seeking behavior of

its members, even if

these expectations are

not oriented toward the

economic sphere’

(Portes and

Sensenbrenner 1993, p.

1323)[28] .

Putnam ‘features of social

organization such as

networks, norms, and

social trust that facilitate

coordination and

cooperation for mutual

benefit’ (Putnam 1995,

p. 67)[29] .

Thomas ‘those voluntary means

and processes

developed within civil

society which promote

development for the

collective whole’

(Thomas 1996, p. 11)[30]

.

Both types Loury ‘naturally occurring

social relationships

among persons which

promote or assist the

acquisition of skills and

traits valued in the

marketplace. . . an asset


6 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

which may be as

significant as financial

bequests in accounting

for the maintenance of

inequality in our society’

(Loury 1992, p. 100)[31] .

Nahapiet and

Ghoshal

‘the sum of the actual

and potential resources

embedded within,

available through, and

derived from the network

of relationships

possessed by an

individual or social unit.

Social capital thus

comprises both the

network and the assets

that may be mobilized

through that network’

(Nahapiet and Ghoshal

1998, p. 243)[32] .

Pennar ‘the web of social

relationships that

influences individual

behavior and thereby

affects economic growth’

(Pennar 1997, p. 154)[33]

.

Schiff ‘the set of elements of

the social structure that

affects relations among

people and are inputs or

arguments of the

production and/or utility

function’ (Schiff 1992, p.

160)[34] .

Woolcock ‘the information, trust,

and norms of reciprocity

inhering in one’s social

networks’ (Woolcock

1998, p. 153)[34] .


7 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

As previously identified, all studies must discuss social capital in

relation to the particular discipline, study level, and context and

that a set definition for such is not required, only an identification

of operationalization or conceptualization. Therefore this study

will not create a new definition of social capital and will not

select an existing definition from the literature as doing so limits

the application and understanding of the concept. This study will

identify an appropriate operationalization and conceptualization

for social capital in following sections. The above discussion of

definitions should provide ample understanding of the social

capital concept.

Footnotes

Dolfsma, Wilfred, and Charlie Dannreuther. 2003. ‘Subjects and

boundaries: Contesting social capital-based policies.’ Journal of Economic

Issues 37: 405-413. ^

1.

Foley, Michael W, and Bob Edwards. 1997. ‘Escape from politics? Social

theory and the social capital debate.’ American Behavioral Scientist 40:

550. ^

2.

Robison, Lindon J., A. Allan Schmid, and Marcelo E. Siles. 2002. “Is

social capital really capital?” Review of Social Economy 60: 1-24. ^

3.

Adler, Paul S, and Seok-Woo Kwon. 2002. ‘Social Capital: Prospects For

a New Concept.’ Academy of Management. The Academy of

Management Review 27: 17-40. ^

4.

Adam, Frane, and Borut Roncevic. 2003. ‘Social Capital: Recent Debates

and Research Trends.’ Social Science Information 42: 155-183. ^

5.

SCIG. 2000. “Short papers from the April, 1998 Social Capital Conference

at Michigan State University.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 29: 579. ^

6.

Field, John, Tom Schuller, and Stephen Baron. 2000. ‘Social capital and

human capital revisited.’ Pp. 243-264 in Social Capital: Critical

Perspectives, edited by Tom Schuller. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ^

7.

Grootaert, Christiaan, and Thierry Van Bastelaer. 2002b. ‘Introduction and

Overview.’ Pp. 1-7 in The Role of Social Capital in Development, edited by

Thierry Van Bastelaer. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ^

8.

Eastis, Carla M. 1998. ‘Organisational diversity and the production of

social capital.’ American Behavioural Scientist 42: 66-77. ^

9.

Day, Ronald E. 2002. ‘Social capital, value, and measure: Antonio Negri’s

challenge to capitalism.’ Journal of the American Society for Information

Science and Technology 53: 1074-1082. ^

10.

Dekker, Paul, and Eric M. Uslaner. 2001. ‘Introduction.’ Pp. 1 – 8 in Social

Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, edited by Eric M. Uslaner.

London: Routledge. ^

11.

Uslaner, Eric M. 2001. “Volunteering and social capital: how trust and

religion shape civic participation in the United States.” Pp. 104 – 117 in

12.


8 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, edited by Eric M.

Uslaner. London: Routledge. ^

Sander, Thomas H. 2002. “Social capital and new urbanism: leading a

civic horse to water.” National Civic Review 91: 213-221. ^

13.

Woolcock, Michael. 1998. “Social capital and economic development:

Towards a theoretical synthesis and policy framework.” Theory and

Society 27: 151-208. ^

14.

Oh, H., M. Kilduff, and D.J. Brass. 1999. “Communal social capital, linking

social capital, and economic outcomes.” in Paper presented at the annual

meeting of the Academy of Management. Chicago. ^

15.

Baker, W. 1990. ‘Market Networks and Corporate Behaviour.’ American

Journal of Sociology 96: 589 – 625. ^

16.

Belliveau, M. A, C. A III O’Reilly, and J. B Wade. 1996. ‘Social Capital at

the Top: Effects of Social Similarity and Status on CEO Compensation.”

Academy of Management Journal 39: 1568 – 1593. ^

17.

Bourdieu, P. 1986. ‘The Forms of Capital.’ Pp. 241-58 in Handbook of

theory and research for the sociology of education, edited by John G

Richardson. New York: Greenwood Press. ^

18.

Bourdieu, P., and L. P. D. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive

sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ^

19.

Boxman, E. A. W, P. M De Grant, and H. D Flap. 1991. ‘The Impact of

Social and Human Capital on the Income Attainment of Dutch Managers.”

Social Networks 13: 51 – 73. ^

20.

Burt, Ronald. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ^

21.

Knoke, D. 1999. ‘Organizational networks and corporate social capital.’

Pp. 17 – 42 in Corporate Social Capital and Liability, edited by S. M.

Gabbay. Boston: Kluwer. ^

22.

Portes, Alejandro. 1998. “Social capital: its origins and applications in

modern sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 1-25. ^

23.

Brehm, John, and W Rahn. 1997. ‘Individual-Level Evidence for the

Causes and Consequences of Social Capital.’ American Journal of

Political Science 41: 999 – 1023. ^

24.

Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of social theory. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press. ^

25.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust : the social virtues and the creation of

prosperity. London: Hamish Hamilton. ^

26.

Inglehart, R. 1997. Modernization and post-modernization: cultural,

economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton: Princeton

University Press. ^

27.

Portes, Alejandro, and Julia Sensenbrenner. 1993. “Embeddedness and

immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action.”

American Journal of Sociology 98: 1320 – 1350. ^

28.

Putnam, Robert D. 1995. “Bowling alone: America’s declining social

capital.” Journal of Democracy 6: 65-78. ^

29.


9 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Thomas, C. Y. 1996. “Capital markets, financial markets and social

capital.” Social and Economic Studies 45: 1 – 23. ^

30.

Loury, G. 1992. ‘The economics of discrimination: Getting to the core of

the problem.’ Harvard Journal for African American Public Policy 1: 91 –

110. ^

31.

Nahapiet, Janine, and Sumantra Ghoshal. 1998. “Social capital,

intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage.” Academy of

Management Review 23: 242. ^

32.

Pennar, K. 1997. “The tie that leads to prosperity: The economic value of

social bonds is only beginning to be measured.” Business Weekly: 153 –

155. ^

33.

Schiff, M. 1992. “Social capital, labour mobility, and welfare: The impact of

uniting states.” Rationailty and Society 4. ^

34.

54 comments on “Definitions of Social Capital”

Roy says:

May 16, 2013 at 12:34 am

I had quite some problems understanding what social capital

is for writing my Bachelor thesis in economics, thanks for

clearing some stuff up!

Reply

Brayen Hastingz Chisekochevana says:

May 12, 2013 at 4:40 pm

I have learned some of the aspects of social capital , but

would like to add on saying that social capital has economic

value in it like other forms of capital . Its ecomomic value is

that it increases the competitive advantage of indivuduals

and organisations through netwoking. Also in a much deeper

sense it is also necessary to understand that social capital

cannot be depleted but increases with use and is avasilable

in the fom of infomartion, knowlegde skills and so forth

Reply

M! says:

April 16, 2013 at 7:02 pm

You, my friend, are a rock star. This page is brilliantly written

and organized– it’s a brilliant capture of an elusive topic.


10 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Kudos.

(How have I not come across this website until now? This

would have been immensely helpful in my postgrad research.

Better late than never, though.)

Reply

M! says:

April 16, 2013 at 7:03 pm

I am beginning to realize my affinity for the word

“brilliant”- haha.

Reply

Usman says:

December 20, 2012 at 12:10 pm

That’s good

Reply

Ron Goodwin says:

November 28, 2012 at 12:10 pm

The best definition I have seen of “Social Capital” is from

Johathon Porritt”, pages 112 & 113 from the book “Capitalism

as if the World Matters.

“Capital is a stock of anything that has the capacity to

generate a flow of benefis which are valued by humans.

Social Capital takes the form of structures, institutions,

networks and relationships which enable individals to

maintain and develop their human capital in partnership with

others, and to be more productive when working together

than in isolation. It includes families, communities,

businesses, trade unions, voluntary organizations,

legal/political systems and educational and health bodies.”

Reply


11 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Sandra Harris says:

November 2, 2012 at 12:10 pm

Social Capital a unique concept with varied definations, at

first i was thinking human capital, but it is so different, i have

grasp the concept brilliant!

Reply

Lutfun Nesa Shantana says:

October 9, 2012 at 12:10 pm

I got a snapshot of social capital,but it not to be mote

elaborate

Reply

Nokwenama P.Sithole says:

September 17, 2012 at 12:04 pm

I appreciate the brilliant concepts i have learnt something

new about social capital

Reply

Guru Kong says:


Hi all,

very comprehensive definition.I was wondering does social

capital also encompass support from government network. I

have read from paper, it being used to be inclusive of

government network (eg the social welfare service, etc).

Reply

Tristan Claridge says:


Thanks for your comment Guru Kong. Social capital

certainly does include the role of government and the

important influence that can have on social capital at all


12 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

levels.

Reply

Carl Sloan says:

August 21, 2012 at 12:03 pm

I appreciate the social capital concept, I don’t know if the

concept is seen for the very important properties it possess

that can shape the outcome of one’s interest. Very

informative article, thanks.

Reply

Sal Leggio says:

June 14, 2012 at 12:02 pm

I notice that all of these have to do with the social

interactions between individuals, and are therefore different

from human capital, such as education or health care and

prevention, which focus on individuals.

Political discussions in this election year often mention

human capital, but social capital is different. Nonetheless, the

World Bank has taken notice. Here’s what WB says, “Social

capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that

shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social

interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion

is critical for societies to prosper economically and for

development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the

sum of the institutions which underpin a society – it is the

glue that holds them together.”

Reply


13 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Lila Time says:

May 31, 2012 at 12:02 pm

Wow, all last night I was spinning my head on the definitions

of Social Capital. This is amazing!! And to give a reference

list is a BONUS!!! Thank you so much! This will help so much

with my essay!

Reply

Christian Calvin Chipole says:

May 21, 2012 at 12:01 pm

Thank you for this article I learnt more from this article.God

bless you.[malawi]

Reply

Natalie Tan says:

May 19, 2012 at 12:01 pm

Excellent synthesis of existing literature; very helpful to a

person new to the term. I especially liked that the author of

this article did not select one definition as ‘better’ than others,

but left it to the reader to apply it themselves.

Reply

lunecia segundo says:

May 4, 2012 at 12:01 pm

Comprehensive and easily understood by student like me

Reply

Dr MJ Fox says:

April 18, 2012 at 12:00 pm

Excellent. Thorough. Well written. Outstanding source.

Reply


14 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Boogii says:

March 18, 2012 at 12:00 pm

Great article, good summary and it give systematic view on

social capital

Reply

Robert Corfe says:

January 29, 2012 at 11:59 am

In a world in which people everywhere are enjoying higher

levels of education and an increasing consciousness of their

social and other rights, there is no escaping the need to

ensure that financial-industrial systems are designed

primarily to serve majority needs. If these are ignored then

civil chaos on a global scale will inevitably follow.

The British industrial publicist and prolific writer, Robert

Corfe, is a leading authority in pointing the way ahead in his

major 3-volume work, Social Capitalism in Theory & Practice,

published by Arena Books. In this book he politicises issues

which hitherto have been beyond the radar screen of political

life, e.g., through his in-depth differentiation between Social

and Unsocial Wealth Creation; benign Productive capitalism

versus malign Rentier capitalism; Productive profitability

versus Rentier profitability; and desirable and undesirable

modes for the financing of industrial investment.

In addition, he describes how financial markets may be made

to work for home-based industry; how industrial associations

are failing in their proper purpose; how workers and bosses

may combine in the struggle against de-industrialisation; the

need for re-defining the meaning of free trade; reforming the

company for greater fairness and efficiency; an analysis of

those self-proclaimed “industrialists” amongst the super-rich

who are destroying rather than contributing to the cause of

Social Wealth Creation; and a 50-page declaration of Social

Capitalist values – amongst many other topics touching on

the material well-being of the majority.

Robert Corfe has spent a lifetime in senior management in

industry as well as involvement in politics and other spheres

of public life. In 1987 he established the Campaign for

Industry, supported by leading industrialists, an association

for which he wrote many incisive pamphlets on the problems

of commercially viable productivity. His biography is available


15 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

on Amazon and other websites – and his books are also

available on Kindle as well as print. He may be contacted on

[email protected] .

Reply

Lil says:

January 27, 2012 at 11:59 am

Great resource, thanks!!

Reply

Maxi says:

January 12, 2012 at 11:54 am

Such a helpful article. Thanks very much for all who prepared

it.

Reply

Patty Delaney says:

January 4, 2012 at 11:53 am

I work for Cancer Council NSW .I have had trouble

differentiating between ‘social capital’ and capacity building

Does this make sense?

For the purposes of this paper Cancer Council social capital

will be defined as the cumulative, cooperative, action of

capacity building that results in an outcome of successful

community engagement. When social capital reaches ‘tipping

point’ positive change in cancer control will follow because

we have been able to build social capital

Community Engagement (relationship) > Capacity Building

(process) > Social Capital (outcome)

Reply

Tristan Claridge says:


Thanks for your comment Patty.


16 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

I would describe capacity building as improving human

capital rather than changing social capital although

capacity building could be argued to be the building of

any productive assets of a person which would include

some aspects of social capital.

Community Engagement (process) > Capacity Building

(outcome) > Social Capital (outcome)

The process of successful community engagement

results in human capital benefits (in terms of capacity

building – eg knowledge, skills, processes) and social

capital benefits (in terms of bridging networks – eg trust,

belonging, information flows, etc).

Please feel free to email me. I’d be happy to discuss

further.

Reply

Ahmad Shahbaz says:

December 26, 2011 at 11:53 am

It is very helpful to me in developing the individual and as a

group social network…

Reply

Lubna says:


It helped me a lot in my research work..

Reply

Michelle says:

November 28, 2011 at 11:52 am

Thoughts, linkages to diverse groups. Informative

Reply

Laura Braeunig says:


17 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51


Extremely interesting and informative

Reply

Peter Nyambayi says:


Thanks a lot

Reply

Paulo Bento says:

October 17, 2011 at 11:51 am

Very interesting, congratulations!

Reply

Kwame Adu-Sarkodie says:

September 28, 2011 at 11:50 am

Very interesting. It’s broadened my appreciation of social

capital. We need to look into how social capital is created

and sustained for economic benefits.

Reply

Mahadie Hasan says:

September 25, 2011 at 11:50 am

It’s really wondering

Reply


18 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

EP says:

August 27, 2011 at 11:45 am

I should have read your web earlier…..I am now doing thesis

on sc.thanks for yr sharing. the literature quality is quite good

Reply

Farnaz says:

June 23, 2011 at 11:45 am

Thanks for the good definitions but there is need for more

elaboration on the categorization of these definitions as

external/internal categories.

Reply

Ade says:

April 26, 2011 at 11:45 am

It economic defination I need

Reply

Anwar Ali Malik says:

March 20, 2011 at 11:44 am

Best article, I had a need of such type of info about social

capital

Reply

Chioma Akalezi says:

March 20, 2011 at 11:44 am

The literature is great,and very concise…

Reply

Tahabub Alam says:

March 4, 2011 at 11:43 am


19 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Comprehensive and outstanding. Thanks.

Reply

Mary says:

February 15, 2011 at 11:43 am

I like the comparisons made between different schools of

thought.

Reply

Jack Onek says:


Nice definition and brilliant content.

Thanks you so much

Reply

ahmedsalad g.kolmie says:


thanks for your endeavors, I have assumed that this theory

correlated with the theory of Functionalism

Reply

Tanu says:


NICE TO THIS ALL. AND I HAVE LEARNT SUCH THINGS

TO BE ADOPTED IN MY LIFE

Reply

Lena says:


Thank you, very much!

Reply


20 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Fred says:


Excellent, thanks Tristan!

Reply

asian undergrad says:


great works!! I am an undergrad and really hard to find

literature about social capital in my univ. this help me a lot.

however, if I’d like to cite the table of definition from Adler n

Kwon above, do I have to write it as it is?(the definitions that I

don’t cite directly, should I write the end note and add it on

my reference?

thanks a lot for your help

Reply

Benjamin Rosenthal says:

October 7, 2010 at 11:34 am

Thanks Tristan, this article helped me to get a good intro into

the subject and list several future readings.

best regards

Benjamin

Reply

Alex says:


I like this article….thank you..

Reply


21 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Andre says:


Thanks for this literature….

Reply

Manmeet says:

August 3, 2010 at 11:33 am

An attempt to develop quite an exhaustive explanation on

social capital

Reply

Kay says:

July 29, 2010 at 11:33 am

This page has given me some good ideas to conceptualise

social capital in relation to studying indigenous health this

semester. Thanks!

Reply

Elham says:

May 16, 2010 at 11:33 am

This article has introduced an interesting categorized

definition of social capital

Reply

Hasan says:

April 20, 2010 at 11:32 am

Thanks. Its good. But please refer to newest author

Reply

Zenitram says:

April 4, 2010 at 11:32 am


22 de 25 23/01/2016 00:51

Thanks!

Reply

Andrew A.Thangaraj says:

March 25, 2010 at 11:32 am

I have learned something at my 62nd year of life.

Reply

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